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| the process of breaking down food by chewing, swallowing, and mixing in digestive juices to convert some of the food into absorbable molecules |
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| passage of digested food molecules through the walls of the intestines and into the bloodstream to be carried to cells of the body |
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| elimination of nonabsorbable nutrients and waste products from the body |
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| abdomin/o, celi/o, lapar/o |
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| cavity that receives food for digestion |
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| cavity that receives food for digestion |
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| three pairs of exocrine glands in the mouth that secrete saliva: the parotid, the submandibular (submaxillary), and the sublingual glands |
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| lateral walls of the mouth |
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| fleshy structures surrounding the mouth |
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| structure that forms the roof of the mouth; divided into the hard palate and the soft palate |
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| small projection hanging from the back middle edge of the soft palate |
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| muscular structure of the floor of the mouth covered by mucous membranes and secured by a band-like membrane known as the frenulum |
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| tissue covering the processes of the jaws |
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| hard bony projections in the jaws for masticating (chewing) food |
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| throat; passageway for food traveling to the esophagus and for air traveling to the larynx |
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| muscular tube that moves food from the pharynx to the stomach |
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| sac-like organ that chemically mixes and prepares food received from the esophagus |
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| opening from the esophagus to the stomach |
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| opening from the stomach into the duodenum |
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| smaller tubular structure that digests food received from the stomach |
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| first portion of the small intestine |
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| second portion of the small intestine |
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| third portion of the small intestine |
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| larger tubular structure that receives the liquid waste products of digestion, reabsorbs water and minerals, and forms and stores feces for defecation |
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| first part of the large intestine |
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| worm-like projection of lymphatic tissue hanging off the cecum with no digestive function; may help to resist infection |
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| portions of the large intestine extending from the cecum to teh rectum; identified by direction or shape |
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| portion of the colon that extends upward from the cecum |
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| portion of the colon that extends across from the ascending cecum |
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| portion of the colon that extends downward from the transverse colon |
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| portion of the colon (resembing and "S" in shape) that terminates at the rectum |
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| distal (end) portion of the large intestine |
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| dilated portion of the rectum just above the anal canal |
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| opening of the rectum to the outside of the body |
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| waste formed by the absorption of water in the large intestine; usually solid |
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| evacuation of feces from the rectum |
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| membrane surrounding the entire abdominal cavity and consisting of the parietal layer (lining the abdominal wall) and the visceral layer (covering each organ in the abdomen) |
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| space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum |
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| an extension of the peritoneum attached to the stomach and connecting it with other abdominal organs |
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| organ in the upper right quadrant that produces bile, which is secreted into the duodenum during digestion |
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| receptacle that stores and concentrates the bile produced in the liver |
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| gland that secretes pancreatic juice into the duodenum, where it mixes with bile to digest food |
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| ducts that convey bile; include the hepatic, cystic, and common bile ducts |
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| upper lateral regions beneath the ribs |
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| upper middle region below the sternum |
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| lower lateral groin regions |
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| accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity |
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| frequent loose or liquid stools |
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| infrequent or incomplete bowel movements characterized by hardened, dry stool that is difficult to pass |
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| gas in the stomach or intestines |
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| excessive level of bilirubin (bile pigment) in the blood |
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| yellow discoloration of the skin, sclera (white of the eye), and other tissues caused by excessive bilirubin in the blood |
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| dark-colored, tarry stool caused by old blood |
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| feeling sick in the stomach |
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| sublingual or hypoglossal |
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| tongue-tie; a defect of the tongue characterized by a short, thick frenulum (ankyl/o=crooked or stiff) |
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| swollen, twisted veins in the esophagus that are especially susceptible to ulceration and hemorrhage |
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| inflammation of the esophagus |
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| inflammation of the stomach |
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| gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) |
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| backflow of contents of the stomach into the esophagus, often resulting from abnormal function of the lower esophageal sphincter, causing burning pain in the esophagus |
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| inflammation of the tongue |
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| inflammation of the parotid gland; also called mumps |
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| peptic ulcer disease (PUD) |
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Definition
| sore on the mucous membrane of the stomach, duodenum, or any other part of the gastrointestinal system exposed to gastric juices; commonly caused by infection with Helicobacter pylori bacteria |
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| ulcer located in the duodenum |
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| ulcer located in the duodenum |
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| narrowed condition of the pylorus |
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| inflammation of a salivary gland |
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| inflammation of the mouth |
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| an abnormal, tube-like passageway from the anus that may connect with the rectum |
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| inflammation of the appendix |
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| inflammation of the colon (large intestine) |
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| chronic inflammation of the colon with ulcerations |
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| benign tissue growths on the mucous membrane lining the large intesine and rectum; adenomatous types are precancerous and likely to develop into malignancy |
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| lying flat on the surface |
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| an abnormal side pocket in the gastrointestinal tract; usually related to a lack of dietary fiber |
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| presence of diverticula in the gastrointestinal tract, especially the colon |
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| inflammation of diverticula |
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| inflammation of the intestine characterized by frequent, bloody stools; most often caused by bacteria or protozoa (ex. amebic dysentery) |
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| inflammation of the small intestine |
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| swollen, twisted vein (varicosity) in the anal region |
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| protrusion of a part from its normal location |
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| protrusion of a part of the stomach upward through the opening in the diaphragm |
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| protrusion of a loop of the intestine through layers of the abdominal wall in the inguinal region |
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| hernia that is swollen and fixed within a sac, causing an obstruction |
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| hernia that is constricted, cut off from circulation, and likely to become gangernous |
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| protrusion of the intestine through a weakness in the abdominal wall around the umbilicus (navel) |
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| inflammation of the lower portion of the small intestine |
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| prolapse of one part of the intestine into the lumen of the adjoining part |
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| inflammation of the peritoneum |
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| inflammation of the rectum and the anus |
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| twisting of the bowel on itself, causing obstruction |
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| inflammation of the bile ducts |
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| inflammation of the gallbladder |
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| presence of stones in the common bile duct |
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| presence of stones in the gallbladder or bile ducts |
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| chronic disease characterized by degeneration of liver tissue; most often caused by alcoholism or a nutritional deficiency |
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| inflammation of the liver |
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| inflammation of the liver caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV), usually transmitted orally through fecal contamination of food or water |
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| inflammation of the liver caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV), which is transmitted sexually or by exposure to contaminated blood or body fluids |
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| inflammation of the liver caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV), which is transmitted by exposure to infected blood; this strain is rarely contracted sexually |
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| inflammation of the pancreas |
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| removal and microscopic study of tissue for pathological examination |
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| removal or a portion of a lesion |
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| removal or an entire lesion |
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| percutaneous removal of tissue or fluid using a special, hollow needle (ex. for liver biopsy) |
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| examination within a body cavity with a flexible endoscope for diagnosis or treatment; used in the gastrointestinal tract to detect abnormalities and to perform procedures such as biopsy, excision of lesions, and therapeutic interventions |
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| examination of the colon using a flexible colonoscope |
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| examination of the rectum and anus with a proctoscope |
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| examination of the sigmoid colon with a rigid or flexible sigmoidoscope |
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| esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) |
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| examination of the lining of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum with a flexible endoscope for diagnostic and/or therapeutic purposes, such as biopsy, excision of lesions, removal of swallowed objects, dilation of obstructions, stent placement, measures to control hemorrhage, etc. |
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Definition
| examination of the small intestine made by a tiny video camera placed in a capsule and then swallowed; images are transmitted to a waist-belt recorder and then downloaded onto a computer for assessment of possible abnormalities; traditional endoscopy cannot completely access the small intestine because of its length and complexity |
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| endoscopi retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) |
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Definition
| endoscopic procedure including x-ray flouroscopy to examine the ducts of the liver, gallbladder, biliary ducts, and pancreas; includes use of instruments to obtain tissue samples, extract biliary stones, relieve obstructions, etc. |
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Definition
| examination of the abdominal cavity with a laparoscope for diagnostic purposes and/or to perform surgery |
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| magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) |
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Definition
| nonionizing imaging technique for visualizing the abdominal cavity to identify disease or deformity in the gastrointestinal tract |
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Definition
| x-ray imaging used to detect a condition or anomaly within the gastrointestinal tract |
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| upper gastrointestinal (GI) series |
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Definition
| x-ray of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum after the patient has swallowed a contrast medium; barium is the most commonly used medium |
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| x-ray of the esophagus only; often used to locate swallowed objects |
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| x-ray imaging with a flourescent screen to visualize structures in motion (ex. during a barium swallow) |
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| x-ray examination of the small intestine; generally done in conjunction with an upper GI series |
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| lower gastrointestinal (GI) series or barium enema |
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| x-ray imaging of the colon after administration of an enema containing a contrast medium |
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| x-ray image of the bile ducts; often performed during surgery |
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Definition
| x-ray image of the gallbladder obtained after oral ingestion of iodine |
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| computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen |
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| cross-sectional x-ray imaging of the abdomen used to identify a condition or anomaly within the gastrointestinal tract |
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| ultrasound image of the abdomen to detect disease or deformity in organs and vascular structures (ex. liver, pancreas, gallbladder, spleen, and aorta) |
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| endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) |
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Definition
| images produced using a sonographic transducer within an endoscope to evaluate abnormalities of the upper and lower gastrointestinal tracts and adjacent structures (ex. biliary ducts, gallbladder, and pancreas); also used to guide needle biopsy of tissue and in determining the stage of malignancy |
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| stool culture and sensitivity (C&S) |
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Definition
| isolation of a stool specimen in a culture medium to identify disease causing organisms; if organisms are present the drugs to which they are sensitive are listed |
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Definition
| chemical test of a stool specimen to detect the presence of blood; positive findings indicate bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract |
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Definition
| puncture of the abdomen for aspiration of fluid |
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Definition
| puncture of the abdomen for aspiration of fluid in the peritoneal cavity (ex. fluid accumulated in ascites) |
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Definition
| excision of an anal fistula |
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Definition
| union of two hollow vessels; a technique used in bowel surgery |
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| excision of a diseased appendix |
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Definition
| treatment of morbid obesity by surgery to the stomach and/or intestines; procedures include restrictive techniques that limit the size of the stomach and malabsorptive techniques that limit the absorption of food |
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| excision of the gallbladder; common treatment for symptomatic gallbladder disease |
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| laparoscopic cholecystectomy |
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Definition
| excision of the gallbladder through a laparoscope |
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Definition
| creation of an opening in the colon through the abdominal wall to create an abdominal anus, allowing stool to bypass a diseased portion of the colon; performed to treat ulcerative colitis, cancer, or obstructions |
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| partial or complete removal of the stomach |
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| partial removal and repair of the stomach |
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| formation of an artificial opening between the stomach and small intestine; often performed at the time of gastrectomy to route food from the remainder of the stomach to the intestine; also performed to repair a perforated duodenal ulcer |
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| excision of all or part of the tongue |
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| excision of a lobe of the liver |
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| herniorrhaphy or hernioplasty |
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| surgical creation of an opening on the abdomen to which the end of the ileum is attached, providing a passageway for ileal discharges; performed after removal of the colon, such as to treat chronic inflammatory bowel diseases (ex. ulcerative colitis) |
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| abdominal surgery using a laparoscope |
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| incision into the abdomen |
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| repair of the anus and rectum |
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| oral insertion of a tube into the stomach for examination and treatment, such as to remove blood clots from the stomach or to monitor bleeding |
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| nasogastric (NG) intubation |
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Definition
| insertion of a tube through the nose and into the stomach for various purposes, such as to obtain a gastric fluid specimen for analysis |
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| drug that neutralizes stomach acid |
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| drug that prevents or stops vomiting |
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| drug that decreases motility in the gastrointestinal tract to arrest spasm or diarrhea |
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| drug that causes movement of the bowels; also called a laxative |
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| esophagogastroduodenoscopy |
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| endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography |
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| endoscopic ultrasonography |
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| gastroesophageal reflux disease |
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| magnetic resonance imaging |
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