Term
| Peptic Acid Disorders (3) |
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Definition
Benign Peptic Ulcers (gastic, duodenum)
GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease)
Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome (gastrinoma) |
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Term
Peptic Ulcer Disease
problems/complications
treatment |
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Definition
- duodenal incidence decline and gastic incidence rising
duodanal = younger people
gastric= older people
pain, bleeding, perforation, gastic outlet obstuction
Glucocorticoids and NSAIDS |
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Term
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Definition
Gram Negative Bacillus= spiral falgellate
- more common in poor countries
FAILURE TO ERADICATE H. PYLORI RESULTS IN VERY HIGH PEPTIC ULCER RECURRENCE RATE |
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Term
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Definition
Increases risk of gastric cancer
Decreases risk of esophageal cancer |
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Term
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Definition
Eradicate H. Pylori:
Reduce Acid Secretion
Neutralizes Acid
Enhances mucosal defense |
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Term
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Definition
Product of parietal cells in gastric antrum
VERY low pH secretion...
... stimulated by: gastrin, histamine, ACH**
... suppressed by prostaglandin ED and I2 |
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Term
| How do you stop gastric acid secretion? |
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Definition
-Give Prostaglandin to reduce acid production
-meds to inhibit the proton pump
- block gastrin |
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Term
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Definition
Suppresses acid production and stimulates mucin production
*increases mucosal blood flow
*Treatment: MIsoprostol |
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Term
GERD= gastroesophageal reflux disease
symptoms
Risk Factors |
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Definition
disorder associated with frequent passage of gastric acid back into esophagus*
*failure of lower esophageal spinctor*
Esophageal Pain, Nausea, Coughing
Obesity, Hiatal Hernia, increased gastric acid secretion |
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Term
Gastric Cancer
risk factors
symptoms |
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Definition
Men are diagnosed more than women...
chronic helicobacter pylori infection, smoking, diet high in nitrates, low in vitamin C
*NONE IN EARLY STAGES*, upper abd. pain, anorexia, weight loss, nausea, anemia |
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Term
How do you diagnose Gastric Cancer
treatment |
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Definition
Endoscopy: EGD: Esophagogastroduodenoscopy
Surgical Exicision: gastrectomy
chemotherapy |
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Term
Cancer of the Esophagus
2 tissue types
Symptoms
Risk Factors |
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Definition
8th most comon form of cancer
3x in men more than women
Squamos Cell = smoking risk
Adenocarcinoma= Untreated GERD
*DYSPHAGIA*, weight loss, pain
Cigarette Smoking, Obesity, GERD, adenocarcinoma, Barrett's Esophagus |
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Term
How do you diagnose esophageal cancer
How do you treat it? |
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Definition
*ENDOSCOPY AND BIOPSY (EGD)*
CT can also help with staging, cronchoscopy, laparoscopy
survival rate is low... surgery, radiation, chemo |
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Term
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Definition
Acute inflammation of the liver= permenant scarring/damage
- Often due to viral infection
- *Most common are Hep A,B, C viruses* |
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Term
Hepatitis A Infection
Symptoms
Prevention |
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Definition
Spread by fecal-oral route*
poor sanitation, contaminated food
*DOES NOT LEAD TO CHRONIC INFECTION OR CHRONIC LIVER DAMAGE*
malaise, anorexia, myalgia, RUQ pain, jaundice,
antibodies injections |
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Term
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Definition
not as common
spread by exchange of body fluids
*CHRONIC INFECTION IS POSSIBLE* Cirrhosis, hepatoma ( liver cancer)
*risk of cirrhosis is 40%*
HBIG: hepatitis B immunoglobulin |
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Term
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Definition
similar but milder than Hep A
spread by blood transfusion, contaminated rugs or needles, anal intercourse
*CHRONIC INFECTION IS COMMON COMPLICATION*
*most common cause of cirrhosis |
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Term
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Definition
| *Requires co-infection with Hepatitis B* |
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Term
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Definition
rare in developed countries
dangerous in preganant women and immunosuppressed pt. |
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Term
| How do you treat Hepatitis? |
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Definition
Interferon= 3 groups of cytokines
anti-viral drugs to reduce liver failure
*cures of hepatitis C infection is now possible* |
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Term
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Definition
Chronic Hepatic Failure
- irreversible inflamm disease that disrupts liver fxn and structure
- decreased hepatic fxn= nodular or fibrosis
-Biliary channels become obstructed and cause portal ypertension* |
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Term
Cholelithaisis
Risk Factors
symptoms |
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Definition
Gallstones
Female, forty, fat, and fertile, low fiber diet,
if it's in the gallbladder = no problem,
in duct = RUQ pain 30 min - 1 hour
*associated with eating high fat meal* |
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Term
| what are the gallstones made up of? |
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Definition
Cholesterol (mostly)
and Calcium bilirubinate... which shows up on ultrasound |
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Term
| What's the treatment for gallstones? |
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Definition
laparoscopic cholecystectomy
Stone dissolution: chenocholic acid |
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Term
Acute Cholecystitis
Symptoms |
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Definition
Stone that gets stuck
causes swelling, decreased blood flow, necrosis of tissue from ischemia, than rupture*
nausea, vomiting, fever, leukocytosis, jaundice |
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Term
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Definition
secretes amylase, lipase to help with digestion
makes insulin, glucagon through islets of langerhorn
*all through the ducts |
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Term
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Definition
Acute inflammation of the pancreas
trigger= unclear but it could be edema or obstruction, or direct injury to secretory pancreatic cells
*alcohol abuse, cigarette smoking*, cholelisthis* men, biliary disease, hypercalcemia, mumps and other viruses |
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Term
Symptoms of Pancreatitis
Treatment |
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Definition
*ACUTE EPIGASTRIC PAIN*
-often times radiates to back, nausea, vomiting, fever, distended abdomen
- elevated levels of pancreatic enzymes (lipase and amylase)
- enlarged pancreas
Bed rest, IV fluids, analgesia, perhaps ICU |
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Term
Chronic pancreatitis
main risk factors |
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Definition
recurrent pain episodes... so opoid addiction can be a problem
could complicate to diabetes due to excess fat*
alcoholism, smoking, biliary tract disease |
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Term
Pancreatic Cancer
Symptoms
Risk FActors
Treatments |
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Definition
overall prognosis is very poor
*COMMON TO HAVE NO SYMPTOMS IN EARLY STAGE*
mid-abdominal pain... visceral... may radiate to back
Jaundice due to biliary tract occlusion
smoking, chronic pancreatitis, obesity, long term diabetes
surgical resection* Whipple*
chemotherapy, radiation |
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Term
Appendicitis
Symptoms
Treatment |
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Definition
very common... acute inflammation of appendix
*MOST COMMON SURGICAL EMERGENCY*
it's a part of our gut lympahtic system
ABDOMINAL PAIN*
periumbillical pain, than migrates to RLQ, nausea, low grade fever, leukocytosis
Appendectomy: laparoscopy and laparotomy, Ice, antibiotis
DO NOT WANT IT TO RUPTURE |
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Term
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Definition
what will result if appendix ruptures...
putting bacterial into ileum and cecum
- might lead to pelvic abscess
- could lead to death from septicemia |
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Term
Colorectal Cancer
Risk Factors
Symptom |
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Definition
-second leading cause of cancer death of both genders together
- genetic background risk and due to age
- HPV for rectal cancer
- inflammatory bowel disease like Chron's or ulcerative colitis
- rectal bleeding |
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Term
| How do you reduce your risk of getting colorectal cancer? |
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Definition
low dose aspirin
screening procedures: fecal immunochemistry screening, colonoscopy
high fiber and low fat diet |
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Term
| Inflammatory Bowel Disease |
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Definition
Ulcerative Colitis or Chron's Disease
*problems with microflora of intestines*
- possible problem with autoimmune dagage |
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Term
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Definition
*Diarrhea, cramping pain, rectal bleeding, passage of mucus*
- frequent episodes of this
- usually involves all of the colon |
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Term
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Definition
*Recurrent episodes of Right Lower Quadrant Abdominal Pain*
- malabsorption, steatorrhea
- bowel obstruction
- often times they get their appendix removed because they thought the problem was here
- Ileum and Cecum junction is where problem is! (where RLQ pain would be) |
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Term
| Treatment of Chron's Disease |
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Definition
Diet, symptomatic, antibiotics, corticosteroids, immunomodulating drugs (methotrexate, TNF-a inhibitors)
Surgery: terminal ileum excision and part of cecum |
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Term
| Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis |
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Definition
Aminosalicylates, glucocorticoids, immunomodulating drugs,
Surgery: total colectomy with ileostomy |
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Term
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Definition
contains bile salts, cholesterol, BILIRUBIN, electrolytes, and water
- formed by hepatocytes and secretes from canaliculi |
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