Term
| Starch (polysaccharide) serves as |
|
Definition
| as our most important source of calories |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most abundant monosaccharide in diet |
|
Definition
| glucose followed by galactose |
|
|
Term
| Major dietary disaccharides are |
|
Definition
| glucose followed by galactose |
|
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Term
|
Definition
sucrose (glucose + fructose)
lactose (galactose + glucose) |
|
|
Term
| Galactose is present in diet |
|
Definition
| as milk lactose (disaccharide: galactose + glucose) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Polysaccharides with beta 1,4 linked glucose polymers like cellulose are indigestible |
|
|
Term
Digestion of starch occurs in two phases
pahse 1--LUMEN PHASE |
|
Definition
Lumen phase starts with salivary amylase and completed by pancreatic amylase.
work best at neutral PH
Amylase digests internal alpha 1,4 linked glucose of amylopectin/amylose |
|
|
Term
Digestion of starch occurs in two phases
Phase 2--Brush border |
|
Definition
Brush border phase takes the oligomers and completes digestion to monosaccharides
directly on the surface |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Sucrase-----> glucose and fructose
Lactase----> GLucse and Galactose |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Severe reduction is levels of lactase results in lactose intolerance with symptoms of malabsorption
Quantity of lactase is limited and it declines with age |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Glucose and galactose actively taken up by SGLT1 (sodium symporter) |
|
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Term
| GLUT5 facilitated transporter |
|
Definition
| Fructose taken up by GLUT5 facilitated transporter |
|
|
Term
| GLUT2 facilitated transporter |
|
Definition
| All three traverse basolateral membrane via GLUT2 facilitated transporter |
|
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Term
|
Definition
P=phenyl
V=valine
T=threonine
T=Tryptophan
I-ISoluecine
M-meth
H-HIS
A-
L-LYS
L-LEU- |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Proteins from animal sources are considered “complete” containing all essential amino acids |
|
|
Term
Dietary proteins undergo a luminal and brush border digestive phase
Luminal phase |
|
Definition
1-Gastric phase: pepsin activation at low pH, preferentially cleaves at neutral amino
2-2. Intestinal phase: digestion completed by proteases secreted by pancreas
a. Secreted trypsinogen is cleaved by enterokinase (enteropeptidase) on duodenal epithelium to active trypsin |
|
|
Term
| Brush Boarder phase of protein |
|
Definition
b. Brush border phase of protein degradation
1. Incomplete digestion of proteins requires large number of brush border hydrolases
-->50% of ingested protein digested and absorbed in duodenum |
|
|
Term
| Major lipolytic enzymes are secreted in pancreatic juice |
|
Definition
pancreatic lipase, colipase, cholesterol esterase and phospholipase A2
lipase requires bicarb secretion for neutral ph |
|
|
Term
Release of CCK triggered by Increase in duodenal fatty acids
Causes |
|
Definition
1- increased secertion of pancreatic enzymes
2-relaxation of ODDI
3-Contracts the gallbladder
4-bile increase surface area of oil droplet |
|
|
Term
| Most active in fat absorption |
|
Definition
Duodenum and jejunum are most active in fat absorption
-----Lymph vessels deliver chylomicrons to systematic circulation via thoracic duct |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Bile salts recovered by Na-bile salt symporter and diffusion in terminal ileum
Fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E and K) suspended in micelles to diffuse through brush border |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
small intestine 7 liters-- greatest
large 1.7 liters---least
Sodium absorption highest in jejunum (more than half) by SGLT1 |
|
|
Term
| CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator) Cl- channel is present on the luminal |
|
Definition
| Cl- channel defective in cystic fibrosis |
|
|
Term
| inflammatory mediators enhance secretion |
|
Definition
a. Histamine is effective stimulant to chloride secretion while inhibiting bicarbonate secretion
b. Prostaglandins stimulating both chloride and bicarbonate secretion |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Submucosal neurons release ACh and VIP to stimulate secretion |
|
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Term
| Regulated absorption of calcium at duodenum and jejunum |
|
Definition
b. Bound to brush border by intestinal membrane calcium-binding protein
c.Cytosolic calcium binds to calbindin or bound in vesicles
d.Transport of calcium across the basolateral membrane:
1. Ca+-ATPase
2. Na+-Ca+ antiporter
3.Exocytosis of calcium containing vesicles
e.Vitamin D enhances transport of calcium into and out of cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Individual with deficient acid secretion in stomach has difficulty in absorbing iron
Transport involves a iron binding protein principally in duodenum |
|
|
Term
| Lipid-soluble vitamins (A, D, E and K) |
|
Definition
**a. Lipid-soluble vitamins diffuse passively through brush border
All lipid-soluble forms depend on micellular solubility by bile salts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) absorption requires intrinsic factor (produced by parietal cells in stomach)
1-Intrinsic factor (IF) binds strongly with cobalamin
B12 and Intrisic factor absorbed in distal ILLEUM (Receptors for IF-B12 complex in distal ileum)
a.inside enterocyte B12 binds to transcobalamin II
b.in this form enters the portal blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Symptoms of loss of lipid-soluble vitamins
Fall in bile levels below critical concentration for micelle formation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Developmental decline in lactase undigested disaccharides
2. In colon, bacteria degrade lactose leading to abdominal pain and bloating |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
duodenum - 8 inch
jejunum- 8 feet
**** Ileum longest 12 foot |
|
|
Term
Specialized adaptations of the mucosa
----increase surface area |
|
Definition
a. circular folds (valvulae conniventes) – the inner surface of the small intestine is thrown into these valve-like folds that serve to increase the surface area approximately three-fold
greatest in the Jejuni |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sites for mitosis--> shollow invaginations |
|
|
Term
| Tubular glands located at the base of intestinal villi = crypts of Lieberkuhn |
|
Definition
1-isotonic alkaline secretion
2-paneth cells--- kill bacteria (zymogens) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
b. Chloride secretion becomes excessive in response to cholera toxin
1.Binds Gs protein resulting in massive increase in cAMP
cAMP pathways leading to opening of CFTR chloride channel |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
I. Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) generates pacemaker rhythm (slow wave) to unitary smooth muscle connected by gap junctions.
Segmentation: the primary mode of motility occurring within the small intestine that serves to mix and slowly propel the chyme. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
i. Parasympathetic stimulation enhances segmentation, whereas sympathetic stimulation attenuates such activity.
– gastrin released in response to the presence of chyme in the stomach can elicit segmentation in the empty ileum via the gastroileal reflex. |
|
|
Term
| Migrating motility complex (MMC): |
|
Definition
during the fasting state
process sweeping the remnants of the previous meal and other mucosal debris toward the cecum. MMCs are regulated by the GI hormone motilin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Submucossa--
Messners
VIP released from efferent, submucosal nerve endings increases secretion. Vagal stimulation also causes a modest increase in secretion. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
non gap metabolic acidosis
due to the rapid loss of HCO |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| i. hypermotility – usually triggered by local irritation of the gut wall, infection or pronounced emotional stress. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ii. hypertonicity – an excess of osmotically active particles present in the lumen, such as that observed with lactase deficiency or decreased absorption of bile salts |
|
|
Term
| gluten enteropathy – an autoimmune disease |
|
Definition
| intestinal T cells over express the MHC class II antigens HLA-DR3 and can mount an inflammatory allergic response to exposure to gluten, |
|
|
Term
| c. Zollinger-Ellison syndrome - the elevated gastrin levels and resultant hypersecretion of gastric acid lowers the pH of the chyme entering the duodenum |
|
Definition
MEN -1
pituitary
pancrease-- makes gastrin
parotid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Caused by a localized obstruction of the small intensine
1-causing a rise in luminal pressure and smooth muscle tension |
|
|
Term
| Primary function of Large intestine |
|
Definition
| reclaim water from intestinal contents and process feces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| three long bands of longitudinal muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Circular muscle contracts intermittently to divide colon into segments |
|
|
Term
| longitudinal muscles predominate |
|
Definition
| Longitudinal muscle dominates in sigmoid colon and rectum |
|
|
Term
| Internal and external anal sphincters control the passage of feces |
|
Definition
3. 70-80% of tone from internal anal sphincter
4. Rapid distention of the rectum relaxes the internal sphincter (decrease to 40% tone) leaving external sphincter to compensate |
|
|
Term
| primary mode of motility of the colon |
|
Definition
| 1. Haustral contractions (haustrations): The primary mode of motility of the colon. These contractions are slow and nonpropulsive, and serve to help maximize the exposure of the luminal contents to the absorptive surfaces of the colonic mucosa. |
|
|
Term
| 2. Mass action contractions (mass movements): These powerful contractions occur 3-4 times daily, and are associated with simultaneous contractions over large, confluent segments of the ascending and transverse colon |
|
Definition
| mass action contractions are regulated primarily by the gastrocolic reflex evoked by the entry of food into the stomach, which stimulates the release of gastrin and increases the excitability of the colonic smooth muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| moves the luminal contents remaining in the distal small intestine into the large intestine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
gastrocolic reflex moves the colonic contents into the rectum--
The gastrocolic reflex is triggered during the gastric regulatory phase of gastric secretion and is partly mediated by gastrin action on colonic smooth muscle. |
|
|
Term
| aganglionic megacolon, or Hirschsprung’s disease |
|
Definition
| characterized by the conspicuous absence of nerve cells in the myenteric and submucosal plexuses of the distal colon. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Made by ADIPOSE CELLS--Leptin circulates at levels proportional to body fat.
Leptin acts on receptors in the hypothalamus of the brain where it inhibits appetite
ob/ob-- are homozygotes mutations--causing hyperphagia and severly obesity in children |
|
|
Term
| POMC--pro-opiomelanocortin |
|
Definition
stimulates Alpha MSH
stimulates ACTH
Mutations in this gene causes moderate obseity in early childhood, adrenal insuff, red hair |
|
|
Term
| MC4R---Autosomal Dominant Inheritance |
|
Definition
| Severe hyperphagia, massive obesity in early childhood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| little evidnece that meal initiation is controlled by metabolic or hormone signals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| compelling evidence that meal cessation and meal size is controlled by preabsorptive gut signals |
|
|
Term
| normal lateral hypothal nucl |
|
Definition
fat kids cant play soccer, so they sit on the bench.. thats lateral..
if they get a brain lesion.. then they will be skinny and can play |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| skinny kids play soccer in the middle of the field |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1-receptors in the taste buds recive signals
2- ion channels cause depolarization
3- neuro transmitters onto sensory axon |
|
|
Term
| hormones that INCREASE food INTAKE |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
increases food intake
released from adipose tissue
site of action---Paraventricular nuc of hypothal |
|
|
Term
| Ghrelin-only OREXOGENIC hormone released by gut |
|
Definition
increases food intake
released from ARC and stomach
increase food intake
increase intestinal motlility
stimulate GH |
|
|
Term
GLP-1
Glucagon like peptide 1 |
|
Definition
released from L (like)CELLS of sm and lrg intestine
decrease food intake
decrease intestinal motlity
potentiator of INSULIN SECRETION |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
FECAL ORAL--- WHAT you ATE and What you EAT
Pico virus,naked Icosahedral virions, +ssRNA
“non-cytolytic” --> TYPE III Immune |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Serological test ing (ELISA) looking for the presence of antibodies against the virus. IgM during the acute infection and IgG upon recovery.
IGM FOR A INFECTED.. MANIC They have acute infection..IgM anti-HAV
IGM pos is after 2 weeks of infection..
IgG pos at anytime IMMUNE, protected.. Eiother from past infection or vaccination.. G GET OVER IT |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ONLY DNA HEPATITIS VIRUS---
partial DS DNA virus --uses reverse transciptase
---Enveloped
non cystolytic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Healthy carrier state is indicated by positive HBsAg (hep B surface antigen) >6 months |
|
|
Term
| HEP B past infection/IMMUNITY |
|
Definition
surface (HBsAb) =surface antibody
past exposure or immunity from vaccination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Poly arteritis--> Extrahepatic manifestation is because of type III hypersensitivity reactions.
small artery have eosinophil invasion |
|
|
Term
| IgM antibody to Hepatitis B core antigen (IgM anti-HBc): |
|
Definition
| Positivity indicates recent infection with HBV (≤6 months). Its presence indicates acute infection |
|
|
Term
| core antibody (HBcAb) IgG= |
|
Definition
| exposure, not protective, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| acute infection (WINDOW peroid) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
If inflammation persist for >6 months
HBeAg or HBsAg will stay positive. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Leads to cirrhosis and HEPATOCELLUAR CARCINOMA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Luminal Obstruction
Fecalith
Enlarge Lymphoid follicles
Tumors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1/3 the distance from the Iliac Crest to the Umbilicus
2/3 from the umbilicus
retro appendic in pregos |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
CT-Scan with Oral and IV Contrast has the highest
sensitivity and specificity >92% |
|
|
Term
| appendicitis imaging results |
|
Definition
include a diameter greater than 6 mm, thickened wall with
enhancement, periappendiceal fat stranding, and appendicolith.
An air-filled appendix on CT essentially excludes acute
appendicitis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Perforation-->Peritonitis
Abscess or Phlegmon
Phlegmon--is a spreading diffuse inflammatory process with formation of suppurative/purulent exudate or pus
SEPSIS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| acquired herniations of the colonic mucosa and submucosa thro the muscularis propria--most commonly in the sigmoid colon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) elevated intra-luminal pressures.. usually where the vasa recta penetrate the muscularis propria.. between the teania coli
2)Colonic wall changes---collagen less
3)Change in bowel flora
4)NSAIDS--->PERFORATION |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sigmoid has a small radius that causes an increase in transmural pressure.. law of laplace |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| results from erosionf of the divertucil due to increase wall pressure or inspissated food....which results from the perforation of a diverticulum, can also have hemorrhage from the vasarecta |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
perforation of the diverticulum, resulting in inflammation to feculent peritonitis
---LLQ pain
---FEVER
---Leukocytosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| CT with CONTRAST is currently the radiograph of choice |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Metronidazole and cipro/or amoxicillin
for 7-10 days
high fiber |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lipase is more sensitive for acute pancreatits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
CT with CONTRAST
MRCP
head of Panc is retroperitoneal the tail is not |
|
|
Term
| Ca on pancreatits is patho for |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1- pancreatic duct obstruction
2-primary acinar cell injury
GET SMASHED
Gallstone
ETOH
Trauma
TRIG-- greater than 1000 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Acute--- complete resolution
Chronic---fibrosis of acinar cell loss
pancreatic insuff--Steatorhea
endocrine---TYPE 1 DM |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1)end organ failure present
2) PSEuDOCYST-->A pseudocyst was defined as a collection of pancreatic fluid enclosed by a nonepithelialized wall |
|
|
Term
| most common cause of small bowel obstruction |
|
Definition
| 60% adhesions (extrinsic...surgery) |
|
|
Term
| Cullen sign (periumbilical ecchymoses) and Grey Turner sign (flank ecchymoses) |
|
Definition
| are rare but can be seen in cases of acute pancreatitis with hemorrhage and are associated with increased mortality. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Contrast-enhanced CT is the single most important test in
diagnosing acute pancreatitis, determining its severity, and
assessing for complications |
|
|
Term
| Define Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) |
|
Definition
| Elevated ascitic fluid polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) count > 250 cells/mL |
|
|
Term
| PBP(primary bacterial peritonitis). |
|
Definition
Develops in patients who have ascites and a perforated viscus, as in ruptured diverticulitis and appendicitis.
Ascitic albumin >1.0 g/dL. (3g expected) HIGH LEVELS
Glucose concentration <50 g/dL;
Ascitic fluid wbc> 5000 PMNs/mL;
Polymicrobial- |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dysfunctino of the Reticulendothelial cells—KUPPER CELLS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cefotaxime/third generation cephalosporin X 5d.
Primary--- prevention.. Give norloxacin before SBP
Prophylactic use of antibiotics ( e.g norfloxacin) if previous episode of SBP for lifetime. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A and A (ASTERIXIS and ACITES) plus
2 labs Prothrombin increase INR and low albumin |
|
|
Term
| Hepatitis C virus (HCV)--- |
|
Definition
(Flaviviridae)
enveloped, +ssRNA virus
HCV infects liver cells and lymphocytes
spread of virus throughout body
HCV interrupts apoptotic signals via cytokines (TNFa; IFNa) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Genotype 1 (most common in the US) requires 48 weeks of therapy
Less response to standard treatment (RESISTANT)
Interferon and rivaVIRON and protease inhibitor (3 drugs)
Genotypes 2 and 3 require 24 weeks and have much higher response rate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Most common blood borne infection.
HCV RNA to confirm positive tests for anti-HCV |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-20% of exposed have resolution spontaneously
-20% develop cirrhoses
-20% end stage-> Hepatocellular CARCINOMA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the resistance to portal flow(fibrosis causes increased resistance) at the level of sinusoids
--. Vasodilaton of SPLANCHNIC -->The three major arteries that supply the splanchnic organs, celiac and superior and inferior mesenteric
$$$Difference of portal and hepatic veins-->more than 6 is portal HTN |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1- esophageal---more important to bleeding (celiac artery)
2-internal hemorrhoids (inferior MA)
3- Capul Medusea-- Collaterals (SUPerior MA) |
|
|
Term
| Diagnostic tests for ascites |
|
Definition
Paracentesis
SAAG (serum to ascites albumin gradient) >1.1 g/dL
Urine electrolytes (LOW NA <10 and HIGH K >30 in URINE)
Ultrasound of abdomen |
|
|
Term
| Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt (TIPS) |
|
Definition
Portal Vein link to hepatic Vein
is an artificial connection (stent) in the liver made between the lower pressure hepatic vein (which transports blood from the liver back to the heart) and the higher pressure portal vein (transports blood from the gastrointestinal tract) |
|
|
Term
| esophageal varices managment |
|
Definition
1- IV OCTERORITE– somatostatin analot– VASOCONSTRICTION for first few days
2- Endoscopy within 12 hrs and LIGATE or sclerotherapy ligation is superior treatment
3-antibiotic– prevent infection from bleeding or proceedure
prphylax with nonselective beta blocker--propanolol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| MUCOSAL TEAR at the JUNCTION Of THE ESOPHAGUS AND STOMACH |
|
|
Term
| decompensated cirrhosis--hepatic failure |
|
Definition
fetor hepaticus, asterixis and mental status change leads to diagnosis of hepatic failure in patient with cirrhosis.
fetor hepaticus--> body/breath odor musty that is due to GI bacteria on SULFER containing aminos---methionine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ammiona is not filtered and enters the systemic circulation.
Increases Glutamine leves causes the changes-->cerebral edema/astrocyte edema and increase GABA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hepatic encephalopathy is manifested by a spectrum of disturbances in consciousness, ranging from subtle behavioral abnormalities, to marked confusion and stupor, to deep coma and death.
signs-- hyperreflexia and asterixis
reversible |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A “syndrome” of right upper quadrant pain, fever, and leukocytosis |
|
|
Term
PATHOGENESIS OF CHOLESTEROL GALL STONES
2 types
Cholesterol 80%
Calcium bilirubinate 20% |
|
Definition
Supersaturation of the bile with cholesterol, or deceased bile salts
High cholesterol with precipitate and make stones.. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
gallbladder---ACUTE CHOLECYSTITIS
COMMON BILE DUCT--CHOLANGITS |
|
|
Term
| acute acalculous choleycystitis |
|
Definition
Gall bladder edema and murphy sign without gallstones
give antibiotics and wait-burn pts and immunocompromised |
|
|
Term
common gallbladder duct obstruction
DX TX |
|
Definition
ERCP---DX of CHOICE FOR COMMMON GALLBLADDER DUCT
THIS IS BOTH DX AND THERAPUETIC
endoretrocholeangioPancreatic graphy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Crohn's--- NOD2/CARD15 on chromosome 16 and IL23R on chromosome 1
dysregulated or inappropriate immune response to flora tolerated by healthy individuals
loss of tight junctions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ulcers are so terrible lets get cancer, smoke a ton and get ur appendix removed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
---The TH1 cytokine pathway is initiated by IL-12, a key cytokine in the pathogenesis of mucosal inflammation.
---Trans mural inflammation-
---TH1 cells induce transmural granulomatous inflammation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| TH2 cells, and related natural killer T cells that secrete IL-13 induce superficial mucosal inflammation |
|
|
Term
| complications of ulcerative colitis |
|
Definition
Toxic megacolon is defined as a transverse or right colon with a diameter of >6 cm, with loss of haustration
cancer---narrow of lumen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gram positive rods, spore-formers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| C. difficile – antibiotic-associated colitis; pseudomembranous colitis; most common cause of hospital-acquired diarrhea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
toxin A (an enterotoxin) cause watery diarrhea by acting directly on secretory mechanisms in the intestinal mucosa;
toxin B (a cytotoxin) destroy intestinal mucosal cells and produce the syndrome of dysentery, with bloody stools containing inflammatory cells. $$$ toxin B is the essential virulence factor
The risk of C. difficile acquisition increases in proportion to length of hospital stay |
|
|
Term
| The diagnosis of CDI is based on a combination of clinical criteria |
|
Definition
1-diarrhea (≥3 unformed stools per 24 h for 2 days) with no other recognized cause plus
(2) toxin A or B detected in the stool, toxin-producing C. difficile detected in the stool by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or culture, or pseudomembranes seen in the colon.
-PMC is a more advanced form of CDI and is visualized at endoscopy in only 50% of patients
pcr of toxin |
|
|
Term
| The most specific clinically available test for diagnosis of amebiasis is |
|
Definition
| is a stool ELISA to detect the E. histolytica adherence lectin |
|
|
Term
Adherence
Enterotoxigenic E. coli, |
|
Definition
| which causes watery diarrhea, produces an adherence protein called colonization factor antigen that is necessary for colonization of the upper small intestine |
|
|
Term
| toxins (exotoxins) include enterotoxins, which |
|
Definition
which cause watery diarrhea by acting directly on secretory mechanisms in the intestinal mucosa;
vibro cholera, ETEC, Giardia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
which cause destruction of mucosal cells and associated inflammatory diarrhea
--Bacterial cytotoxins, in contrast, destroy intestinal mucosal cells and produce the syndrome of dysentery, with bloody stools containing inflammatory cells
SCS
Shigella, EHEC (shiga over here and give me HEC)
Samonella (motile like salmon)
champlyobacter (IBS entero hyperplasia, gulliane barre)
E. histolytica |
|
|
Term
2. Salmonella
black eyed salmon swim in the neg direction |
|
Definition
a.Gram negative rod, lactose non-fermenter, motile
-Salmonella produces black-eyed colonies on Hektoen-enteric agar
--H2S gas production |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Gram negative rod, lactose non-fermenter, H2S negative non-motile
--Associated with bacillary dysentery; abdominal cramps, fever, WBCs in stools |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a. Gram negative, curved rods, motile, very small
C. jejuni most common cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in U.S.
---Associated with Guillain-Barre syndrome |
|
|
Term
| Giardia Lamblia DX of choice |
|
Definition
| Stool antigen is the dx method of choice |
|
|
