Term
| what do joint moments come from? |
|
Definition
| internal and external forces |
|
|
Term
| what causes external forces? |
|
Definition
| gravity and ground reaction force |
|
|
Term
| why do we generate internal forces? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cyclical/repeatable, bipedal/symmetrical, variable speeds, stable vertical position during stance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the time between something happening and when it happens again |
|
|
Term
| what is convention for gait cycle? |
|
Definition
| foot contact (initial contact/heel strike) to the same foot contact |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| motions without regard to force |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| forces that cause motion (ground reaction forces, moments) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one side's hitting the ground to same side's hitting ground (gait) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| from right heel strike to left heel strike |
|
|
Term
| which is longer, stride or step? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how far apart your feet are while you're walking |
|
|
Term
| if you feel unbalanced, what will your step width be like? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a normal toe out angle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does temporal descriptions mean |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how long you're standing on one foot |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| time it takes to get from one step to the next |
|
|
Term
| what temporal descriptions are inverses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| time it takes to get from one stride to the next |
|
|
Term
| how are stride and step time related? |
|
Definition
| stride time = twice step time if step time symmetrical |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how long it took someone to move and how far they went |
|
|
Term
| what temporal description consists of both temporal and spatial measures? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| steps/unit time (minutes) |
|
|
Term
| what is normal cadence for men |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is normal cadence for women |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is cadence related to energy expenditure |
|
Definition
| slower or faster gait requires more energy |
|
|
Term
| what is the most funcitonal measure of someone's walking ability |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is speed measured in PT? |
|
Definition
| 6 min walk or 10 meter walk |
|
|
Term
| what can you do to increase walking speed |
|
Definition
| longer strides or steps, increase the cadence |
|
|
Term
| what can you do to decrease walking speed |
|
Definition
| shorten strides or steps, decrease cadence |
|
|
Term
| what description do I need to add when documenting walking speed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how much of stride is in stance phase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how much of stride is in swing phase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| define single limb support |
|
Definition
| period when only 1 foot is on ground |
|
|
Term
| define double limb support |
|
Definition
| period when both feet are on the ground at the same time |
|
|
Term
| how does double limb support change with increased speed? |
|
Definition
| DLS decreases with increased speed |
|
|
Term
| how does single limb support relate to swing time of other foot? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| body weight is transferred to "new" stance limb |
|
|
Term
| what do phases of gait cycle do? |
|
Definition
| identify the functional significance of the events within a gait cycle |
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 different terminologies of subdivisions of gait? |
|
Definition
| traditional, rancho los amigos |
|
|
Term
| what is traditional heel contact in RLA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is traditional foot flat in RLA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is traditional mid-stance in RLA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is traditional heel off in rla |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is traditional toe off in RLA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is traditional early swing in RLA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is traditional mid swing in RLA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is traditional late swing in RLA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the gait phases in order for Rancho Los Amigos |
|
Definition
| Initial Contact, Loading Response, Mid-Stance, Terminal Stance, Pre-Swing, Initial Swing, Mid Swing, Terminal Swing |
|
|
Term
| what is the phase of weight acceptance? |
|
Definition
| initial contact and loading response (mostly loading response) |
|
|
Term
| what are the phases of single limb support? |
|
Definition
| mid stance, terminal stance |
|
|
Term
| what are the stance phases |
|
Definition
| initial contact, loading response, mid stance, terminal stance, pre-swing |
|
|
Term
| what are the phases of limb advancement |
|
Definition
| pre-swing, initial swing, mid-swing, terminal swing |
|
|
Term
| what are the phases of swing |
|
Definition
| initial swing, mid-swing, terminal swing |
|
|
Term
| how can gait be analyzed quantitatively |
|
Definition
| kinematics, kinetics, EMG |
|
|
Term
| what can be used to measure the kinetics of gait? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what forces does a force plate measure? |
|
Definition
| anterior/posterior, medial/lateral, vertial |
|
|
Term
| what is a vertical ground reaction force? |
|
Definition
| once you put your foot on the ground, the ground pushes back at you with the same force that you push down onto it |
|
|
Term
| why does a typical vertical GRF graph have 2 humps? |
|
Definition
| 1st when you step down and 2nd when you push off |
|
|
Term
| describe anterior-posterior GRF |
|
Definition
| when I 1st step down, I push forward and the ground pushes back at me to slow me down (braking force.) when Ipush off, I push back into ground and it pushes me forward (propulsion force) |
|
|
Term
| what is the initial anterior-posterior GRF |
|
Definition
| posteriorly directed braking force |
|
|
Term
| what is the second GRF force |
|
Definition
| anteriorly directed propulsion force |
|
|
Term
| what is the medial-lateral component of GRF? |
|
Definition
| very small: when you land, you land on the lateral side of your foot so the ground pushes you in a medial direction. |
|
|
Term
| what makes a larger medial-lateral GRF component? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is center of pressure? |
|
Definition
| point where COG goes through foot; moves forward through foot as we go through stance |
|
|
Term
| how does pelvis motion increase with walking? |
|
Definition
| motion increases with faster walking speeds to increase step length |
|
|
Term
| describe hip flexion/extension in walking |
|
Definition
| as I land, hip is in flexion. As I go over foot, hip moves to extension. Then hip flexes again for swing. |
|
|
Term
| where does hip flexion begin? |
|
Definition
| pre-swing, to prepare to lift foot off ground |
|
|
Term
| at initial contact, what is the degree of hip flexion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if I'm walking at a constant speed, how are braking and propulsion related? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if my propulsive impulse is greater than my braking impulse, what is happening? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if my braking impulse is greater than my propulsion impulse, what is happening? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when do we get the most knee flexion and why? |
|
Definition
| swing: get foot off ground and keep you from tripping |
|
|
Term
| how much knee flexion do I have at initial contac? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| as I accept weight onto my leg (loading response), how does knee flex/ext change? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what controls knee flexion during loading response |
|
Definition
| eccentric control from quads |
|
|
Term
| how much does my knee flex during loading response |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to knee as I get to midstance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to knee as I get to terminal stance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when is peak knee flexion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how much does knee flex in swing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why does knee flex in swing? |
|
Definition
| shorten limb to help with toe clearance |
|
|
Term
| what is PF/DF of ankle at initial contact? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens at ankle following initial contact |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what controls plantarflexion to lower foot to ground after initial contact? |
|
Definition
| eccentric Tibialis anterior contraction slowly lowers foot and minimizes foot slap |
|
|
Term
| what is the next ankle movement after plantarflexion lowers foot to ground |
|
Definition
| dorsiflexion as tibia moves anteriorly over foot |
|
|
Term
| once tibia moves over foot, what is the ankle movement |
|
Definition
| plantarflexion to push off (pre-swing) |
|
|
Term
| what is the ankle angle in swing? |
|
Definition
| dorsiflexion to improve toe clearance |
|
|
Term
| hip position at initial contact |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| knee position at initial contact |
|
Definition
| nearly extended (5 deg flexion) |
|
|
Term
| ankle position at initial contact |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is GRF at hip in initial contact |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| external force of hip at initial contact |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| internal moment of hip at initial contact |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is GRF at knee in initial contact |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is external moment of knee at initial contact |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is internal moment of knee at initial contact? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is GRF of ankle at initial contact |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is external moment of knee at initial contact? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is internal moment of ankle at initial contact |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is leg doing in initial contact? |
|
Definition
| reaching out for the ground |
|
|
Term
| what is leg doing in loading response? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the critical events of loading response? |
|
Definition
| hip stability, controlled knee flexion, ankle PF/heel rocker |
|
|
Term
| position of hip in loading response |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| position of knee in loading response |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| position of ankle in loading response |
|
Definition
| plantarflexed 10 deg, STJ pronation |
|
|
Term
| why is ankle plantarflexed in loading response |
|
Definition
| to bring foot down to the ground |
|
|
Term
| why is the knee flexed in loading response |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is GRF of hip in loading response? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| external moment of hip at loading response? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| internal moment of hip at loading response |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what provides internal extension moment for hip at loading response? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what muscles provide stability of hip in loading response? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is GRF of knee in loading response? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the external moment of the knee in loading resposne? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the internal moment of the knee in loading response? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what muscles are working in knee during loading response? |
|
Definition
| quads are working eccentrically |
|
|
Term
| where is LOG at ankle in loading response? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the external moment of the ankle in loading response? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the internal moment of the ankle in loading response? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe what is happening at ankle in loading response |
|
Definition
| lowering foot down into plantarflexion from neutral |
|
|
Term
| what muscle is working and how in ankle during loading response? |
|
Definition
| tibialis anterior working eccentrically to lower foot into plantarflexxion |
|
|
Term
| where is the 1st heel rocker? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the name of the 1st rocker |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens in the heel rocker |
|
Definition
| brining foot down and rocking forward on the heel |
|
|
Term
| describe LOG at hip from beginning to end of loading response |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe LOG at knee from beginning to end of loading response |
|
Definition
| starts anterior, ends posterior |
|
|
Term
| describe LOG at ankle from beginning to end of loading response |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the leg doing during midstance? |
|
Definition
| limb extends to allow easy passage of swing limb |
|
|
Term
| what is the critical event of midstance? |
|
Definition
| controlled tibial advancement |
|
|
Term
| what does the hip do in midstance? |
|
Definition
| extends to neutral, 5 deg adductec |
|
|
Term
| what does knee do in midstance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does ankle do in midstance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does GRF go at hip in midstance? |
|
Definition
| starts anterior, goes posterior |
|
|
Term
| what is external moment of hip in midstance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is internal moment of hip in midstance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what muscles are working in hip in midstance |
|
Definition
| nothing really. Glutes can turn off now that we're in extension |
|
|
Term
| where is GRF at knee in midstance |
|
Definition
| moves from posterior to anterior |
|
|
Term
| what is external moment at knees in midstance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is internal moment at knees in midstance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what muscles are being used in midstance at knee |
|
Definition
| nothing really. Quads can turn off as we go into extension |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| starts posterior, goes anterior |
|
|
Term
| what is the external moment at ankle in midstance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the internal moment at ankle in midstance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what muscles are working at ankle in midstance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is our LOG at the end of loading response? |
|
Definition
| anterior to hip, posterior to knee and ankle |
|
|
Term
| where is the LOG at the end of midstance? |
|
Definition
| posterior to hip, anterior to knee and ankle |
|
|
Term
| what rocker occurs in midstance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the ankle rocker? |
|
Definition
| tibia moving anteriorly on the foot to dorsiflex ankle |
|
|
Term
| in what phase do all joints have a change in LOG? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is happening in terminal stance |
|
Definition
| limb is preparing for swing phase |
|
|
Term
| what is the critical event of terminal stance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the position of the hip in terminal stance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the position of the knee in terminal stance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the position of the ankle in terminal stance? |
|
Definition
| goes to neutral with STJ supination |
|
|
Term
| what makes the STJ supinate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is GRF at hip in all of terminal stance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the external moment at hip in terminal stance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the internal moment at hip in terminal stance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what muscles are active at the hip in terminal stance? |
|
Definition
| eccentric action of hip flexors |
|
|
Term
| where is the GRF at the knee for all of terminal stance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| external moment of knee at terminal stance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| internal moment of knee in terminal stance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is GRF at ankle in terminal stance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| external moment of ankle at terminal stance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| internal moment of ankle at terminal stance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what muscles are active at ankle in terminal stance? |
|
Definition
| triceps surae eccentric control of dorsiflexion then concentric plantarflexion |
|
|
Term
| what is the final rocker? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when does forefoot rocker occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| start to bring foot up and get a metatarsal break |
|
|
Term
| how does GRF move in terminal stance? |
|
Definition
| stays posterior at hip and stays anterior at knee and ankle |
|
|
Term
| what is happening in preswing? |
|
Definition
| limb is beginning to flex for swing but foot is still on floor |
|
|
Term
| what are the critical events of terminal stance? |
|
Definition
| passive knee flexion, weight shift |
|
|
Term
| how does hip move in terminal stance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| position of knee in terminal stance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| positoin of ankle in terminal stance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hip external moment in preswing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hip internal moment in preswing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hip muscle actions in preswing |
|
Definition
| hip flexors active, concentric |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| knee external moment in preswing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| knee internal moment in preswing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| knee muscle movement in preswing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ankle external moment preswing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ankle internal moment in preswing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ankle muscle movement/action in preswin |
|
Definition
| gastrocs concentric pushoff |
|
|
Term
| summarize line of gravity in preswing |
|
Definition
| still posterior to ankle, still anterior to ankle. Posterior to knee |
|
|
Term
| what happens in initial swing |
|
Definition
| limb begins to move forward |
|
|
Term
| critical events of initial swing |
|
Definition
| hip flexion, knee flexion. Thigh advances |
|
|
Term
| positoin of hip in initial swing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| position of knee in initial swing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| position of ankle in initial swing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| critical events of midswing |
|
Definition
| hip flexion, knee extends to 30 deg flexion, ankle DF to neutral |
|
|
Term
| positition of hip in midswing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| position of knee in midswing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| position of ankle in midswing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| critical events of terminal swing |
|
Definition
| knee extension, hip/knee deceleration, ankle DF |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what muscles act on knee in terminal swing |
|
Definition
| some quads for extension, hamstrings for deceleration |
|
|
Term
| what is total excursion of pelvis in frontal plane during walking? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| as we land and go into loading response, what muscles are active and why? |
|
Definition
| glutes, quads: internal hip and knee extension moments |
|
|
Term
| in midstance, why are quads active |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when is glute max active in gait? |
|
Definition
| when LOG is anterior, in early stance |
|
|
Term
| when are hip flexors active in gait? |
|
Definition
| end of stance to bring femur forward and flex knee |
|
|
Term
| when is glute med active in gait? |
|
Definition
| early in stance to stabilize frontal plane and prevent adduction |
|
|
Term
| when are quads active in gait? |
|
Definition
| eccentric control of knee flexion in loading response |
|
|
Term
| when is rectus active in gait |
|
Definition
| extend knee and flex hip. Works same as vasti. Also see activity at end of stance beginning with swing as it flexes hip and brings femur forward |
|
|
Term
| when are hamstrings active |
|
Definition
| start towards end of swing to slow foot down. Stabilize during beginning of stance |
|
|
Term
| when is TA active in gait |
|
Definition
| beginning of stance gives eccentric control of PF to lower foot to ground. Works again at beginning of swing to pull foot back up |
|
|
Term
| when are gastroc/soleus active in gait |
|
Definition
| through much of stance to control tibial progression (tibia moving anteriorly) and provide strong pushoff |
|
|
Term
| when are both feet on the ground? |
|
Definition
| initial contact/loading response |
|
|
