powerful hydrolytic enzymes that are secreted by fungi that enable them to digest food while it is still in the environment; help break down complex molecules to smaller organic compounds that the fungi can absorb into their bodies and use

Chitin

strong but flexible nitrogen-containing polysaccharide that is also found in the external skeletons of insects and other arthropods; what the fungal cells walls are made up of

crosswalls in which the hyphae are divided; have pores large enough to allow ribosomes, mitochondria, and even nuclei to flow from cell to cell; some fungi lack septa

specialized hyphae that allow fungi to penetrate the tissue of their hosts

form sheathes of hyphae over the surface of the root and also grow into the extracellular spaces of the root cortex

sexual signaling molecules; released by hyphae of two different mycelia à begins sexual reproduction

parts of the mycelium that are coexisting, genetically different nuclei ; in some species, become mosaics with different nuclei resitrcted to different parts of the network; in some species, the different nuclei mingle and may even exchange chromosomes and genes ]

mycelium in which the haploid nuclei pair off two to a cell, one from each parent; as dikaryotic mycelium grows, the two nuclei in each cell divide without fusing

second stage in the sexual cycle during which the haploid nuclei contributed by the two parents fuse, producing diploid cells; zygotes and other transient structures form during karyogamy; the only stage in which diploidy exists in most fungi

fungi that can produce asexually; furry; grow rapidly as mycelia and produce spores; many species can also reproduce sexually if they come into contact with the other mating types

asexual fungi that are unicellular and inhabit liquid or moise habitats including plant sap and animal tissues; reproduce asexually by simple cell dividsion or by pinching of small “budd cells” off a parent cell; some can also grow in filamentous mycelia

fungi that are found in lakes and soil; some are saprobes, others prasitize protists, plants, animals; probably diverged earliest in fungal evolution; some form colonies with hyphae, others as single spherical cells; unique because they have flagellated spores = zoospores

diverse group of fungi ; includes fast-growing molds responsible for rotting produce; parasites; neutral symbionts of animals

sturdy structure, produced by plasmogamy, in which karyogamy and meiosis occur

fungi that were formerly thought to be zygomycetes and are now separate; form a distinct type f endomycorhizzae called arbuscular mycorhizzae

type of endomycorrhizzae formed by glomeromycetes;the tips of hyphae that push plant root cells and branch into treelike structures

a saclike spore capsule located at  the tip of a dikaryotic hypha of a sac fungus

have club shape basidium; include molds, mutualists that form micorhizzae, and rust and smuts (two groups of destructive parasites); decomposers of wood and plant material

symbiotic association of millions of photosynthetic microorganizma held in a mass of fungal hyphae