fed by others, eat other organisms to survive (herbivorous, carnivorous, omnivorous)

fungi are this. usually parasites or saprobes.

organisms that get their nutrients from dead or decaying matter

fungi are this

• the body of a fungus can consist of this
• a tangle of tiny filaments
• also form special reproductive structures that are characteristic of the different phyla

• the intertwined hyphae that form the body of the fungus are collectively called______

• agriculturally important

1. many fungi edible
2. many fermented food products made with fungi
3. many are serious agricultural pests

• medically important

1. fungal diseases (yeast infections, ringworms)
2. fungal antibiotics (penicillin, streptomyocin)
3. psychoactive drugs (ergot)

• some fungi have no interior cell walls, just an open _________ tube (zygomycetes, chytridiomycetes)

• cytoplasm can stream quickly back and forth carrying nutrients to the growing tips of the hyphae, which is why fungi can grow so quickly.

• the substance that gives wood its stiffness
• only fungi can digest it

• fungi reproduce asexually by forming haploid spores called _____

• fungi reproduce sexually by fusion of nuclei called __________

• there are no male or female fungi, they are simply called mating strains + or -
• two mating strains extend a projection of their hyphae towards one another then meet and fuse at the tips

• fused structure of two mating strains of fungi
• reproductive structure used to classify fungi into phyla

• haploid cells in a protective envelope tha can develop directly into hapoid adults
• usually microscopic, size of dust grains
• non-motile, spread by wind, water, animals

• Fungi with only one nucleus in each cell

• fungi with two nuclei in each cell (basidiomycetes & ascomycetes)

• the fungi that form mycorrhizae on tree roots, can't survive without host plant

• grow around and inside the roots of most plants
• most plants grow poorly or not at all if they lack this
• may have been critical in helping plants invade the land
• two types:

1. Endomycorrhize or arbuscular mycorrhizae
2. Ectomycorrhizae

• Phylum Chytridiomycota: many are parasites on algae and other plants, cayse this disease

• Zygomycetes (Phylum Zygomycota) form these reproductive structures that look like two ice cream cones smashed together
• sporangia germinate from these

Phylum Zygomycota

• type of modified hyphae in bread mold mycelium

• runner-like, spreads the mold

Phylum Zygomycota

• type of modified hyphae in bread mold mycelium
• root-like, anchors the mold

Phylum Zygomycota

• type of modified hyphae of bread mold mycelium
• stalk holds sporangium

Phylum Zygomycota

• type of modified hyphae in bread mold mycelium
• tiny round ball full of spores

Phylum Ascomycota (sac fungi)

1. "sac" is this reproductive structure which forms ascosphores

Phylum Ascomycota

• a spore that was formed/contained in an ascus

Phylum Ascomycota

• are a symbiotic relationship between fungus and green algae
• cover more than 8% of the Earth
• has 3 different body types:

1. Crustose
2. Foliose
3. Fruticose

Phylum Ascomycota

• one form of a body type of a lichen
• thin encrustation

Phylum Ascomycota

• one form of a body type of a lichen
• leaf-like

Phylum Ascomycota

• one form of a body type of a lichen
• thin branches

Phylum Ascomycota

• the fruiting body of an ascomycete
• many are bowl-shaped

• the formation of a new organism by the protrusion of part of another organism
•  trait of Phylum Ascomycota

Phylum Ascomycota

• Asexual reproduction in Ascomycetes (the Phylum Ascomycota) is by the formation of conidia, which are borne on specialized stalks called______

• a genus of parasitic protozoa. Infection with these parasites is known as malaria

Slime mold

Club Basidiomycota

• club-shaped reproductive structures that make basidiospores

Phylum Basidiomycota

• the fruiting body of a basidiomycete, also called a mushroom

Phylum Basidiomycota

• Hold club-shaped basidia underneath the mushroom cap

Phylum Basidiomycota

• growth pattern of the basidiomycetes, when mushrooms emerge, form almost a perfect circle

• a tough biopolymer that protects plant spores and prevents dessication and other hazards

• made the first transition to land
• reshaped Earth's surface preparing it for animals
• their organic remains created fertile soil
• provided shelter for animals and a place to build their nests
• most important producers in almost all ecosystems

• solves the problem of gravity for plants.
• roots anchor plants in the soil, shoots are stiffened stems

• toxic compounds in plants created by complex metabolic chemistry of plants
• mainly toxic to animals but not to plants

• the metabolic wastes of plants which form many common drugs such as phenols and alkaloids

• tubes to carry materials back and forth (xylem and phloem)

• plants that have a vascular system
• all of these have tracheids

• drinking tubes found in tracheophytes

• found mostly in angiosperms, lacking in gymnosperms and more primitive plants
• probably evolved independently several times

• multicellular haploid phase alternates with multicellular diploid phase (haplodiplontic)

• haploid adult (1N)
• makes gametes by mitosis
• gametes fuse into a diploid zygote (2N)
• part of the "Alternation of Generations"

• diploid adult (2N)
• makes haploid spores (meiosis)
• spores grow into adult gametophytes

• what gametes are produced in
• a _____ that produces sperm is called an antheridium
• a ______ that produces eggs is called an archegonium

• in primitive plants its hard to tell one spore from another

• in higher plants, male and female spores look different
• female spores are much larger than the tiny male spores

• "spore leaves"
• special modified leaves which sporangia are often attached to
• are often organized into a club-shaped strobilus

• club-shaped
• pine cones

show:

1. Specialization of cells
2. division of labor
3. communication between cells

• lack vascular tissue

• tiny roots in bryophytes
• a few epidermal cells that anchor the plant to the soil

• erect stalks
• Phylum Bryophyta

• flattened mats, low-lying
• Phylum Bryophyta

• this is what's on top of the sporophyte stalk
• cells inside this undergo meiosis, form haploid spores

• The lid that opens up to release the spores from the capsule

• a thread-like chain of cells that forms the earliest stage (the haploid phase) of a bryophyte life cycle.
• develops into adult gametophytes

• vegetative buds of mosses that can break off and grow into a new plant

• retains moisture and nutrients in ecosystems
• seed bed for higher plants
• Sphagnum moss compressed into peat, used for fuel (also used in diapers, garden soil, and dressing wounds in war)

• cover 1% of the Earth's land surface, area

• long, twisted, moist cells
• when they dry out, they twist and jerk and scatter the spores

• asexual reproduction by these little cups with tiny liverwort inside, dispersed by drop of water.

• modified underground stems that help spread ferns and fern allies around.

• gametes always come from two different gametophytes
• superior plants-increased variation for natural selection

• can be same or different gametophytes
• inferior to heterosporous plants

• clusters of sporangia in Phylum Pterophyta-Ferns

• umbrella-like structure that protects the sorus in Phylum Pterophyta-Ferns

• A tiny, heart-shaped autotrophic gametophyte that spores of ferns (Phylum Pterophyta) germinate into

• the entire male gametophyte which is carried through the air by wind, water, and animals, to reach and fertilize the egg

• pine cone or flower which bears sporangia

• _________ develop into microsporangia, from a microspore mother cell
• __________ develop into male gametophytes

• ________ develop in a megasporangia, from a megaspore mother cell
• _________ develop into female gametophytes

• this is called a nucellus in seed plants
• covered by a protective layer of cells called an integument

•  a protective layer of cells covering the megasporangium
• open at one end-micropyle

• the megasporangium plus the integument
• develops into seeds-integument forms the protective seed coat

• develop from the ovule

• formed by the integument (protects the seed)

• extension of the body of the male gametophyte through which the sperm can swim to the egg

• trees used for bonsai
• seeds used in herbal medicine by ancient Chinese
• attractive shade trees, resistant to air pollution and insects

• an adaptation to conserve water by Conifers (Phylum Coniferophyta)

• open to receive pollen, then close again

• lumber-furniture, housing, tools, sailing ships
• pitch, tars, resins, turpentine
• Christmas trees!

• food-fruits, vegetables, grains, nuts, spices
• wood-homes, tools, ships
• oils and waxes-olive oil, perfumes, soaps
• drugs-coffee, chocolate, wine, beer
• Medicines-quinine, digitalis, codeine

• the ovary walls of an angiosperm form a fruit to help disperse its seeds

• occurs when an evolutionary change in one organism leads to an evolutionary change in another organism that it interacts with

• flowers that are pollinated by ______ have showy petals to attract the pollinators and advertise their reward of nectar

• flowers that rely on pollination by _____ are tiny and inconspicuous (like oak trees, maple trees, corn, grass)

• one of four types of modified leaves on a flower
• protect floral parts in the bud

• one of four modified types of leaves in a flower
• attract pollinators

• one of four modified types of leaves in a flower
• anthers and filaments

• one of four modified types of leaves in a flower
• form the pistil (stigma, style, ovary)

• invented by Goethe
• explains the evolution of the carpel

• the slender part of the stamen that supports the anther

• the hollow base of the carpel of a flower containing one of more ovules

• a small opening in the surface of an ovule through which the pollen tube penetrates, often visible as a small pore in the ripe seed

• the part of a seed that acts as a food store for the developing plant embryo, usually containing starch with protein and other nutrients

• Angiosperms-Class Dicotyledonae
• two seed leaves emerge from seed
• have flower parts in 4's and 5's or multiples of 4's and 5's

• single seed leaf emerges from the seed
• Angiosperms-Class Monocotyledonae
• have flower parts in 3's or multiples of 3 (3 petals, 3 stamens, etc.)

• a crescent shaped scar on the seed of an angiosperm
• shows where the embryo was attached to the wall of the ovary

• enlarged plant ovaries, attract animals with color and scent so animals eat them, but don't digest seeds and deposit them elsewhere

• Grains-oats, rice, corn, wheat, barley, rye
• Nuts-walnuts, pecans, acorns
• Legumes-peas, peanuts
• Achenes-dandelion, sunflower
• Samara-maple, ash

• Formed from a group of ovaries

• type of compound fruit
• ex: pineapples

• type of compound fruit
• ex: strawberries