APOTHECIUM

Sexual Structure
(Fruiting Body; ascocarp)

Ascomycota

• open, cuplike or saucerlike, ascus-bearing fungal fruiting body (ascocarp), often supported on a stalk
• contain asci, each with 8 ascospores inside
  

CLEISTOTHECIUM

Sexual Structure

(Fruiting Body; ascocarp)

Ascomycota

• spherical fruiting body with appendages on the outside and asci with ascospores inside
• a spherical ascocarp that is closed at maturity
• Chasmothecium= the ascocarp of powdery mildew fungi; it has no natural opening at maturity, but opens by the rupturing of its wall

PERITHECIUM

Sexual Structure

(Fruiting body; ascocarp)

Ascomycota

• Ascocarp: unitunicate asci (single-walled asci)
• flask-shaped fruiting body, sometimes with a long neck, with asci and ascospores inside
• usually dark colored
• Ostiole= opening (pore) for spore release

ASCOSTROMA

Sexual Structure

(Fruiting body; ascocarp)

Ascomycota

• Ascocarp= bitunicate asci (double-walled asci)
• a usually dark mass of mycelium containing cavities (locules) filled with bitunicate asci
• usually dark with multiple locules, but sometimes single

PSEUDOTHECIUM

Sexual Structure

(Fuiting body; ascocarp)

Ascomycota

• Ascocarp= bitunicate (double-walled asci)
• a fruiting body very similar to perithecium, but the asci are bitunicate and in unwalled locales or cavities
• holow chambers within fungal stroma that contain bitunicate asci

ASCOSPORE

Sexual Spore

Ascomycota

• produced in asci (single=ascus) (either unitunicate or bitunicate)
• (usually) formed in a fruiting body called ascocarp or ascoma
• 8 ascospores to 1 ascus
• Sexual reproduction of ascomycetes will always contain asci with ascospores (only ascomycota sexual spore)

ASCUS (pl. ASCI)

Sexual (Holding) Structure

Ascomycota

• Compartment in ascospores are produced in sexual reproduction of ascomycetes
• internal structure of ascomycete fruiting structure that holds the spores
• some asci are not produced in fruiting structures; exist as naked asci on surface of an infected plant
• not often formed on the outside of fruiting structures

LOCULES

Sexual/Asexual (Holding) Structure

Present on Ascostroma and Condial Stroma

Ascomycota

• CAVITIES WITHIN FRUITING BODIES THAT ARE LINES WITH SPORES (asci or condiophores)
• multiple locules on ascostroma (bitunicate) fruiting body that contain asci with ascospores ALSO on conidial strom

CONIDIOPHORE

Aseuxual (Holding) Structure

(Fruiting body; conidioma (pl. conidiomata))

Ascomycota

• specialized hypahe branches where conidia are produced (conidiophores are to conidia; as asci are to ascospores)
• conidiophores can be spread out throughout entire colony or clustered in one location
• may produced on the surface of a host plant or in a fruiting body (conidioma)
• CAN BE STALKED AND EXTEND TO WIND CURRENTS ABOVE PLANT TISSUE or just short branched directly on plant epidermis
  

CHLAMYDOSPORES

Asexual Spore

Ascomycota & Oomycota

• a thick-walled or double-walled asexual resting spore formed from hyphal cells (terminal or intercalary) or by transformation of conidial cells that can function as an overwintering stage
• SERVE AS SURVIVAL STRUCTURE
• develop thick-walls for protection

ACERVULUS

Asexual Structure

(Fruiting Body; conidioma)

Ascomycota

• cushion-like structure that erupts from the surface of the plant tissue and has conidia and conidiophores inside
• condiophores arranged in a thin layer below the host epidermis, becoming exposed by errupting through the plant epidermis, somtimes containing whisker-like hyphae
• common for anthranose diseases

CANT FIND PHOTO

LOOKS LIKE MULTIPLE PYCNIDIUM

CONIDIAL STROMA

Asexual Structure

(Fruiting body; conidioma)

Ascomycota

• a structure similar to a pycnidium, in which conidiopohores line the surfaces of multiple cavities

PYCNIDIUM

Asexual Structure

(Fruiting Body; conidioma)

Ascomycota

• ASCOSPORES NOT IN ASCI
• flash-shaped structure with conidia and conidiophores inside with one or more ostioles (openings) in which conidia and conidiophores are produced
• Looks very similar to perithecium and pseudothecium EXCEPT conidia inside are not produced in asci (sacs) but rather on condiophores (specialized hyphae)

CONIDIA

Asexual Spore

Ascomycota

• aka condiospores
• produced on condiophores either inside fruiting structures (condiomata) or directly on plant tissue (stalked or not stalked)
• come in many shapes and can be many colors

BASIDIOSPORES

Sexual Spore

Basidiomycota

•  2 haploid nuclei fuse (karyogamy) in a specialized cell called a basidium to form a diploid nucleus
• 2N nucleus undergoes meiosis to form 4 haploid nuclei that are the basidiospores
• 4 basidiospores in 1 basidium
• Concentrated on Mushroom gill surfaces on the under side of the aerial fruiting structure
• RUST CYCLE: haploid spores that infect aecial host (alternate host) species to form PYCNIA

TELIOSPORES

Sexual Spore (Rust Cycle)

Basidiomycota (Rust)

•  2N spores produced in telia
• Produced on telial host
• produce haploid basidiospores via meiosis that will infect the aecial host
• serve as the SURVIVAL STAGE
• produced from same dikaryotic mycelium that forms the urediniospores
• MAJOR SOURCE OF GENETIC VARIATION IN THE RUST CYCLE

PYCNIOSPORES

Sexual Spore (Rust Cycle)

Basidiomycota (Rust)

• 1N spore formed in pycnia of aecial host on the UPPER PART OF LEAVES
• pycniospores fuse with receptive hyphae in pycnia (plasmogamy) and result in dikaryotic hyphae that grows to underside of leaf to form the aecium

AECIOSPORES

Sexual Spore (Rust Cycle)

Basidiomycota (Rust)

•  1N dikaryotic spores that form in aecia on the lower portion of leaves on the aecial (alternate) host
• Infect telial (primary) host if a heteroecious rust
• Formed from the dikaryotic mycelium produced by the plasmogamy of pycniospores and receptive hyphae
• In heteroecious rust--> aeciospore CANNOT infect the aecial host it was produced on
• Produced in large numbers for effective dispersal to the telial host
• Germinating aeciospores establish dikaryotic mycelium on the telial host with which urediniospores and teliospores are formed from

UREDINIOSPORES

Asexual Spore (Rust Cycle)

Basidiomycota (Rust)

• 1N dikaryotic spore produce in the uredinia of the telial host
• Formed from the same dikaryotic mycelium as teliospores that was originally produced by the germination of aeciospores on the telial host
• Act like secondary inoculum, purpose is to reinfect the telial host (the host they are formed on) in a repeating stage

BASIDIUM

Sexual (Holding) Structure

Basidiomycota

• specialized cell where basidiospores are produced
• Basidium is to basidiospores as Ascoma (ascocarp) is to ascospores as Conidiophore is to conidia
• Concentrated on Mushroom gill surfaces on the under side of the aerial fruiting structure
• RUST CYCLE: produced on telial host and release basidiospores to infect the aecial (alternate) host

TELIA

Sexual Structure (Rust Cycle)

Fruiting Body

Basidiomycota (Rust)

• 2N Fruiting body in which teliospores are produced on the telial (primary) host
• Where meiosis of 2N teliospores occurs to form basidiospores

PYCNIA

Sexual Structure (Rust Cycle)

Fruiting Body

Basidiomycota (Rust)

• Flask shaped
• 1N Fruiting body in which pycniospores are produced and under plasmogamy with receptive hyphae to produce dikaryotic mycelium (from which all other rust spores will be produced)
• Present on the upper part of leaves on the aecial host

AECIA

Sexual Structure (Rust Cycle)

Fruiting Body

Basidiomycota (Rust)

• 1N fruiting body where dikaryotic aeciospores are produced on the lower portion of the leaves on aecial (alternate) host

UREDINIA

Asexual Structure (Rust Cycle)

Fruiting Body

Basidiomycota (Rust)

• 1N fruiting body where dikaryotic urediniospores are produced on the telial host from dikaryotic mycelium of a germinated aeciospore (just like teliospores)
• Location of rust asexual reproduction where a repeating stage of re-infecting the telial host occurs which serves to produce multiple infections on the same host and increase disease severity

OOSPORE

Sexual Spore

Oomycota

• 2N nuclei spores produced in the oogonium by the joining of 2 haploid nuclei from the oogonium and the antheridium after contact
• Oogonium = female, antheridium= male; each undergoes meiosis to form a male and a female halpoid nuclei (gamete)

ZOOSPORE

Asexual Spore

Oomycota

•  Motile spores with 2 flagella that can travel through water
• produced in a sporangium
• can look like lumpy hyphae or a defined round/lemon shaped

ZYGOSPORE

Sexual Spore

Zygomycota

• 2N large and dark colored
• Produced at the UNION of 2 gametangia of opposite mating types (a (+) and (-) strand hyphae)
• A 1N gametangia is meet and combine to form the 2N zygote and ultimately to the 2N zygospore

SPORANGIOSPORES

Asexual Spore

Zygomycota

•  Small and wind dispersed
• Form in the sporangium at the end of a hyphal stalk
• Released from fragile membrane covered sporangium

GAMETANGIA

Sexual Structure

Zygomycota & Oomycota

• Cells containing gametes of nuclei that act like gametes
• Form 2N zygospores or oospores
• Zygospores: 2 opposite mating type 1N gametangia form union and produce a zygote that matures into a 2N zygospores
• Oospores: female gametangia (oogonium) and male gametangia (antheridium) undergo plasmogamy and karyogamy to form 2N oospore

SPORANGIUM (pl. SPORANGIA)

Asexual Structure

Zygomycota (Oomycota=zoosporangium)

• sac-like fungal structure in which the entire contents are converted into an indefinite number of asexual spores (sporangiospores)
• spores produced are non-motile
• Covered with a fragile fungal membrane
• Formed at the end of a hyphal stalk (sporangiophores)
• same function as ascoma or basidium in spore production (specialized sac/cell where spores are produced)

OOGONIUM

Sexual Structure

Oomycota

• where oospores are produced
• Female 1N gametangia of Oomycota
• contains one or more gametes
• Grow through antheridium or antheridium attaches to it to combine gametes--> under plasmogamy and karyogamy to form a 2N (nuclei) oospore

ANTHERIDIUM

Sexual Structure

Oomycota

• Male 1N gametangium (sex organ)
• Can attach to oogonium or be grown through by an oogonium where gametes meet--> undergo plasmogamy and Karyogamy to form 2N (nuclei) oospores

SPORANGIOPHORE

Asexual (Holding) Structure

Oomycota & Zygomycota

• Sporangium bearing body of the fungus
• Sporangiospores/zoospores inside sporangium at the end of a hyphal stalk (sporangiophore)
• Much like a conidiophore to conidia

ZOOSPORANGIUM

Asexual Structure

Zygomycota

• sac-like fungal structure in which the entire contents are converted into an indefinite number of asexual spores (zoospores)
• spores produced are motile
• Covered with a fragile fungal membrane
• Formed at the end of a hyphal stalk (sporangiophores)
• same function as ascoma or basidium in spore production (specialized sac/cell where spores are produced)