Term
| What are the 3 chronic conditions leading to natural disease? |
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Definition
Radiation injury
Pollutants
Nutritional diseases |
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Term
Radio waves, microwaves, and ultraviolet waves are considered what type of wave?
X-rays and Gamma rays are considered what type of wave? |
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Definition
Non-ionizing electromagnetic wave
ionizing electromagnetic waves |
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Term
| What are the types of radiation? |
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Definition
electromagnetic waves (non-ionizing and ionizing)
high energy particles (alpha and beta) |
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Term
What particles have a stripped Helium nucleus without any electrons and emitted by radon?
What particles are free electrons roaming through space? |
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Definition
Alpha particles
Beta particles |
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Term
| What are the factors influencing radiation absorption? |
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Definition
Energy
Mass and charge
Radiodensity of tissue |
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Term
Greater energy causes (more or less) damage?
Greater mass causes (more or less) damage?
Greater charge causes (more or less) damage?
Greater radiodensity of tissue causes (more or less) damage? |
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Definition
Greater energy causes (more) damage
Greater mass causes (less) damage. (alpha penetrates skin less than beta)
Greater charge causes (less) damage
Greater radiodensity of tissue causes (less) damage. (bone and teeth are most radiodense, skin is next) |
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Term
| What are the mechanisms of action of radiation damaging DNA? |
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Definition
Direct damage to DNA (point mutation or frame shift)
Indirect damage by formation of O radicals (depends on oxygen and richness of blood supply --> more vascular=more damage) |
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Term
Acute whole body irradiation can lead to?
Chronic whole body irradiation can lead to? |
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Definition
Radiation sickness (or death depending on how much exposure) ex: atomic bombs
Carcinogenesis |
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Term
| Why is 2000 rads lethal, but we treat patients with 5000 rads without killing them? |
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Definition
The time we expose them is very short over a long period of time
The radiation is localized (attack tumor at different angles) rather than the whole body
The radiation is localized rather than the whole body |
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Term
Which yields a greater effect?
Higher dose over short period of time or lower dose over a long period of time? |
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Definition
Dose per unit time critical
-Higher dose yields greater effect
-Lower dose allows time for cellular DNA repair |
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Term
When are cells most sensitive to radiation?
G0/non-dividing cells or G2/mitosis? |
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Definition
Most sensitive in G2 and mitosis (ex:Gi tract or stem cells in marrow)
Less sensitive in G0 and non-dividing cells (brain or liver) |
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Term
What does the cytoplasm of irradiated cells look like?
What does the nucleus of irradiated cells look like? |
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Definition
Cytoplasmic swelling, vacuolization
Nuclear swelling, pleomorphism |
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Term
| What can radiation do our microvasculature? |
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Definition
| constriction and necrosis (downstream- good if treating a tumor) |
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Term
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Definition
-Emphysema (10-15%)-lose lung tissue=can't exchange air
-Carcinoma (10%)- leukoplakia can progress to squamous cell carcinoma
-Accelerates atherosclerosis (heart disease) |
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Term
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Definition
Acute --> accidental deaths (overdose, drinking and driving)
Chronic --> cirrhosis, nutritional deficits |
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Term
| What malnutrition is complete lack of adequate intake (ex:prison camp survivor) |
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Definition
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Term
| What malnutrition is a decrease in protein intake (Africa and Asia with nursing infants switched to carbohydrate diets) leads to depletion of liver protein? |
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Definition
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Term
| What malnutrition is choosing not to eat, vomiting, laxatives? |
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Definition
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Term
| List the vitamin deficiencies |
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Definition
Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Vitamin C
Vitamin B1
Vitamin B3
Vitamin B12 |
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Term
| List the mineral deficiencies |
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Definition
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Term
| What vitamin is necessary for retinol formation and for proper ciliated mucosa cell differentiation. A deficiency is this vitamin leads to night blindness and squamous metaplasia as well as to compromised immune system |
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Definition
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Term
A lack of this vitamin leads to improper mineralization of cartilage to bone
What is this disease in children?
Adults? |
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Definition
Vitamin D (UV radiation, milk)
Rickett's in children
osteomalacia (metabolic derangement in which the collagen matrix formed by osteoblasts is insufficiently mineralized) |
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Term
| What vitamin deficiency results in scurvy/impaired collagen formation=bleeding tendency? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is scurvy different from Rickett's/osteomalacia |
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Definition
| There is dense mineralization of the spicules but no evidence of newly formed osteoid. The connective tissue isn't being laid down/forming properly |
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Term
What mineral is necessary for hemoglobin?
Lack of it leads to? |
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Definition
Iron
hypochromic, microcytic anemia |
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Term
What mineral is necessary for thyroid hormone?
Lack of it leads to? |
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Definition
Iodine
deficiency leads to goiter and hypothyroidism, cretinism in children and myxedema in adults – apathy, mental sluggishness, cold intolerance |
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Term
| What is done to determine manner of death? |
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Definition
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