Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Fundamentals
culturally congruent care and critical thinking
81
Nursing
Undergraduate 3
02/25/2014

Additional Nursing Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

 




Health

 

 

 

 

Definition

a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being.


not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.


state of being that people define in relation to their own values, personality, & lifestyle.

Term

 

 

 

Health Belief Model

Definition

a health model that addresses the relationship bt a person's beliefs and behaviors.

the model helps to understand factors influencing patients' perceptions, beliefs, & behavior to plan care that will effectively assist maintaining/restoring health & preventing illness

Term

 




Health Promotion Model

Definition

model that defines health as a positive, dynamic state not merely absence of disease.

 

focuses on: individual characteristics & experiences; behavior-specific knowledge & affect; behavioral outcomes


emphasizes well-being, personal fulfillment, and self-actualization rather than reaction to threat of illness.

Term

 




Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Definition

a model that nurses use to understand the interrelationships of basic human needs.


takes into account individual experiences.


provides a basis for nurses to care for patients of all ages. 

Term

 

 

 

Holistic Health Models

Definition

a health model which creats conditions that promote optimal health. 


in this model, patients are involved in their healing process, assuming some responsibility for health maintenance.


this model recognizes the natural healing abilities of the body and incorporate complementary and alternative interventions

Term

 

 

 

Health Promotion

Definition

activities such as routine exercise and good nutrition help patients maintain or enhance their present levels of health.



motivates people to act positively to reach more stable levels of health

Term

 

 

 

Wellness

Definition

health education that teaches people how to care for themselves in a healthy way and includes topics such as physical awareness, stress management, and self responsibility

 

strategies help people achieve new understanding and control of their lives

Term

 

 

 

Illness Prevention

Definition

This model includes activities such as immunization programs protect patients from actual or potential threats to health

 

motivates people to avoid declines in health or funtional levels

Term

 

 

 

 

Primary Prevention

Definition

level of prevention which precedes disease or dysfunction and is applied to patients considered physically and emotionally healthy.

 

includes all health promotion efforts and wellness education activities that focus on maintaining or improving the general health of individuals, families, and communities

Term

 

 

Secondary Prevention

Definition

this level of prevention focuses on individuals who are experiencing health problems or illnesses and are at risk for developing complications or worsening conditions.

 

activities are directed at diagnosis and prompt intervention, reducing severity and enabling return to normal health

 

includes screening techniques and treating early stages of disease

Term

 

 

Tertiary Prevention

Definition

this level of prevention occurs when a defect or disability is permanent and irreversible.

 

involves minimizing the effects of LT disease or disability by interventions directed at preventing complications and deterioration

 

rehabilitative activities vs diagnosis and treatment

Term

 

 

 

Risk Factor

Definition
any situation, habit, social or environmental conditon, physiological or psychological condition, developmental or intellectual conditon, spiritual condition, or other variable that increases the vulnerability of an individual or group to an illness or accident
Term

 

 

 

Illness

Definition

a state in which a person's physical, emotional, intellectual, social, developmental, or spiritual functioning is diminished or impaired

 

the personal, interpersonal, and cultural reaction to disease

Term

 

 

 

Acute Illness

Definition

illness that is usually reversible, has a short duration, and is often severe

 

symptoms appear abruptly, intense, and often subside after short period

Term

 

 

 

Chronic Illness

Definition
illness that persists, usually longer than 6 months, is irreversible, and affects functioning in one or more systems
Term

 

 

 

Illness Behavior

Definition

involves how people monitor their bodies, define and interpret their symptoms, take remedial actions, and use the resources in the health care system

 

also influenced by personal hx, social situations, social norms, and past experiences 

Term

 

 

 

Health Behavior Changes

Definition

change that involves movement through a series of stages

 

stages range from precontemplation (no intension to change), contemplation (considering change in next 6 mo), preparation (making sm changes), action (actively engaging in behavior changes), maintenance 

Term

 

 

 

Passive Strategies of Health Promotion

Definition

health promotion where individuals gain from the activities of others w.o acting themselves

 

i.e. - fluoridation of drinking water & homogenized milk w/ vitamin D

Term

 

 

 

Active Strategies of Health Promotion

Definition

Health promotion where individuals are motivated to adopt specific health programs

 

 

i.e. - weight-reduction & smoking cessation programs 

Term

 

 

 

Caring 

Definition
universal phenomenon influencing the ways in which people think, feel, and behave in relation to one another
Term

 

 

 

 

Models

Definition

theoretical way to understanding a concept or idea.

 

used to understand the relationships bt these concepts and patients attitudes toward health and health behaviors

Term

 

 

Healthy People: Surgeon General's Report on Health Promotion & Disease Prevention, 1979

Definition

a report that provides 10 years of national objectives for promoting health and preventing disease.

 

introduced a goal for improving the health of Americans by 1990.

 

outlined preventive services, health protection, and health promotion.

Term

 

 

 

Healthy People 2020

Definition

promotes a society in which all people live long, healthy lives.

 

goal is to attain high-quality, longer lives free off preventable disease, disability, injury & premature death.

 

goal to achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, & improve health of all groups.

 

creat social & physical environments.

promote quality of life, health development & healthy behaviors

Term

 

 

 

Healthy People 2000

Definition

National Health Promotion & disease prevention objectives.

 

health improvement goals & objectives to be reached by 2000.

Term

 

 

 

Caring

Definition

a universal phenomenon influencing the ways in which people think, feel, and behave in relation to one another.

 

is always specific and relational for each nurse-patient encounter.

Term

 

 

 

 Leininger's Transcultural Perspective on Caring

Definition

 

perspective that describes caring as the essence and central, unifying and dominant domain that distinguishes nursing from other health disciplines. 

 

acts include nurturing and skillful activities, processes and decisions to assist people in ways that are empathetic, compassionate and supportive

Term

 

 

 

Transcultural

Definition
concept of care extending across cultures that distinguishes nursing from other health disciplines
Term

 

 

Transformative Model

Definition
a model that the relationship influences both the nurse and patient for better or for worse.
Term

 

 

Watson's Theory of Transpersonal Caring

Definition

a holistic model for nursing that suggests that a conscious intention to care promotes healing and wholeness.

 

this theory rejects the disease orientation to health care and places care before cure.

 

looks for deeper sources of inner healing to protect, enhance, and preserve a person's dignity, humanity, wholeness, and inner harmony

Term

 

 

 

Ethics

Definition
refers to the ideals of right and wrong behavior
Term

 

 

Ethic of Care

Definition
concerned with relationships bt people and w/ a nurse's character and attitude toward others
Term

 

 

 

Presence

Definition

a person-to-person encounter conveying a closeness and sence of caring.

 

involves "being there" and "being with".

 

outcomes - alleviating suffering, decreasing a sense of isolation and vulnerability, and personal growth

Term

 

 

 

Comforting

Definition

acts toward another individual that display both an emotional and physical calm.

 

i.e. - touch, presence, therapeutic use of silence, & skillful performance of a procedure 

Term

 

 

 

Touch

Definition

a comforting approach that reaches out to patients to communiate concern and support.

 

involves contact and non-contact.

 

3 types: task-oriented, caring, & protective

Term

 

 

 

Acculturation 

Definition
The process of adapting to and adopting a new culture
Term

 

 

 

Assimilation

Definition
to become absorbed into another culture and adopt its characteristics.
Term

 

 

 

Cultural Pain

Definition
feeling that a patient has after a health care worker disregards the patient's valued way of life
Term

 

 

 

Emic Worldview

Definition
insider or native perspective
Term

 

 

Ethnicity

Definition
shared identity related to social and cultural heritage such as values, language, geographical space, & racial characteristics
Term

 

 

Ethnocentrism

Definition
tendency to hold one's own way of life as superior to that of others
Term

 

 

 

Ethnohistory

Definition
significant historical experiences of a particular group
Term

 

 

 

Etic Worldview

Definition
outsider's perspective
Term

 

 

 

Cultural Care Preservation or Maintenance

Definition
retaining and/or preserving relevant care values so patients are able to maintain their well-being, recover from illness, or face handicaps and/or death
Term

 

 

Cultural Care Accommodation or Negotiation

Definition
adapting or negotiating w/ the patient/families to achieve beneficial or satisfying health outcomes
Term

 

 

 

 

Cultural Care Repatterning or Restructuring

Definition
reordering, changing, or great modifying a patient's/familys customs for a new, different, and beneficial health care pattern
Term

 

 

 

Culturally Congruent Care

Definition

care that fits people's valued life patterns and sets of meanings generated from the people themselves.

 

sometimes this differs from the professionals' perspective

Term

 

 

 

Culture

Definition
integrated patterns of human behavior that include the language, thoughts, communications, actions, customs, beliefs, values, and institutions of racial, ethnic, religious or social groups
Term

 

 

 

Cultural Competence

Definition
process in which the health care professional continually strives to achieve the ability and availability to work effectively w/ individuals, families, and communities
Term

 

 

 

Cultural Imposition

Definition
using one's own values and customs as an absolute guide in interpretating behaviors
Term

 

 

Culture-Bound Syndromes

Definition
illnesses restricted to a particular culture or group because of its psychosocial characteristics
Term

 

 

 

Subcultures

Definition
various ethnic, religious, and other groups w/ distinct characteristics from the dominant culture
Term

 

 

 

Transcultural Nursing

Definition
distinct discipline developed by Leininger that focuses on the comparative study of culturesto understand similarities and differences among groups of people
Term

 

 

 

Fictive

Definition
nonblood kin; considered family in some collective cultures
Term

 

 

 

Cultural Awareness

Definition
component of cultural competence that is an in-depth self-examination of one's own background, recognizing biases, prejudices, & assumptions about other people
Term

 

 

 

Cultural Knowledge

Definition
component of cultural competence that involves obtaining sufficient comparative knowledge of diverse groups, including their indigenous values, health beliefs, care practices, worldview, and bicultural ecology
Term

 

 

 

Cultural Skills

Definition
component of cultural competence that involves being able to assess social, cultural, and biophysical factors influencing treatment and care of patients
Term

 

 

 

Cultural Encounters

Definition
component of cultural competence that involves engaging in cross-cultural interactions that provide learning of other cultures and opportunities for effective intercultural communication development
Term

 

 

 

 

Cultural Desire

Definition
component of cultural competence that involves motivation and commitment to caring that moves an individual to learn from others, accept the role as learner, be open and accepting of cultural differences, and build on cultural similarities
Term

 

 

Naturalistic Practitioners

Definition

attribute illness to natural, impersonal, and biological forces that cause alteration in the equilibrium of the human body

 

healing emphasizes use of naturalistic modalities including herbs, chemicals, heat, cold, massage, and surgery

Term

 

 

 

Personalistic Practitioners

Definition

believe that an external agent, human or non-human, causes health and illness

 

emphasize the importance of humans' relationships w. others, both living and deceased, and w. their deities

Term

 

 

 

Cultural Assessment

Definition

a systematic and comprehensive examination of the cultural values, beliefs, and practices of individuals, families, and communities

 

goal is to gather significant info from the patient that enables the nurse to implement culturally congruent and safe patient care

 

this model assumes cultural care values, beliefs, & practices are fixed in the cultural & social structural dimensions of society, including environment, language & ethnohistory

Term

 

 

 

Bilineal

Definition
kinship extended from both father's and mother's side of the family
Term

 

 

 

 

Patrilineal

Definition
kinship limited to the father's side of the family
Term

 

 

 

Matrilineal

Definition
kinship limited to the mother's side of the family
Term

 

 

 

Critical Thinking

Definition

a continuous process characterized by open-mindedness, continual inquiry, and perseverance, combined w. a willingness to look at eah patient situation and determine which identified assumptions are true and relevant.

 

involves recognizing that an issue exists, analyzing info about the issue, evaluating info, and making conclusions

Term

 

 

 

 

Interpretation

Definition
step in critical thinking that requires you to be orderly in data collection; look for patterns to categorize data; and clarify any data you are uncertain about
Term

 

 

 

Evidence-Based Knowledge

Definition

knowledge based on research or clinical expertise

 

makes you an informed critical thinker

Term

 

 

 

Analysis

Definition
step in critical thinking process where you must be open-minded as you look at information about a patient;
Term

 

 

 

 

Inference

Definition
step in critical thinking process where you look at the meaning and significance of findings
Term

 

 

 

Evaluation

Definition
step in critical thinking process where you look at all situation objectively; use criteria, such as expected outcomes, pain characteristics, learning objectives to determine results of nursing actions; reflect on your own behavior
Term

 

 

 

Explanation

Definition
step in critical thinking process in which you support your findings and conclusions; use knowledge and experience to chose strategies to use in the care of patients
Term

 

 

 

 

Self-Regulation

Definition
Step in critical thinking process where you reflect on your own experiences; identify ways to improve your own performance
Term

 

 

 

Scientific Method

Definition

a systematic, ordered approach to gathering data and solving problems used by nurses, physicians, and a variety of other health care professionals

 

 

5 step process: identifying the problem, collecting data, formulating a question/hypothesis, testing the question/hypothesis, evaluating the results of the test/study

Term

 

 

 

Problem Solving

Definition

the process of obtaining information and use it plus previous knowledge, to find a solution.

 

also involves evaulating the solution over time to make sure it is effective

Term

 

 

 

 

Decision Making

Definition

a product of critical thinking that focuses on problem resolution.

 

involves recognizing and defining the problem/situation and assess all options.

 

must weigh options against a set of personal criteria, test possible options, consider the consequences before __________.

Term

 

General Critical Thinking

Definition

critical thinking process not unique to nursing.

 

include scientific method, problem solving, and decision making

Term

 

 

 

Specific Critical Thinking in Clinical Situations

Definition

competencies in clinical health care situations.

 

include diagnostic reasoning, clinical inference, and clinical decision making

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