Term
| Enterobacteriaceae are gram ____ , ____-shaped bacteria |
|
Definition
| gram negative, rod-shaped |
|
|
Term
| Name 4 pathogenic Enterobacteriaceae |
|
Definition
| Salmonella enterica; Shigella dysenteriae; Yersinia enterocolitica; Yersinia pestis |
|
|
Term
| Major endotoxin of gram negative bacteria which creates a multitude of immune responses that can lead to fever, hypotension, tachycardia, etc. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| lpsd mutation in mice is in the endotoxin receptor gene tlr4. This mutation causes what response? |
|
Definition
| Causes mice to be resistant to LPS |
|
|
Term
| 3 main parts that make up LPS |
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Definition
1. O polysaccharide (aka O antigen side chain)
2. Polysaccharide core
3. Lipid A |
|
|
Term
| Enterobacteriaceae utilize what for energy? |
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Definition
| Enterobacteriaceae are facultative anaerobes that ferment glucose |
|
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Term
Enterobacteriaceae are Oxidase_____;(pos/neg)
Nitrate and Catalase ______(pos/neg) |
|
Definition
Enterobacteriaceae are Oxidase negative;
Nitrate and Catalase positive |
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|
Term
| Most common Enterobacteriaceae in the gut is _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| E. Coli is lactose and indole ____ (pos/neg) |
|
Definition
| E. Coli is lactose and indole positive |
|
|
Term
| Early phase of Gram negative sepsis |
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Definition
-Decrease in arterial resistance; increased cardiac output
-Kinins in plasma due to tissue damage, endotoxin |
|
|
Term
| 2nd phase of Gram-negative sepsis |
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Definition
| Increase in arterial resistance; decreased cardiac output |
|
|
Term
| 3rd phase of Gram-negative sepsis (Irreversible) |
|
Definition
| Vascular collapse with organ failure. Endotoxin induces DIC which leads to hemorrhage and death |
|
|
Term
| E. Coli estimated to cause 4% of ____ in the U.S. and 30-40% of "Traveler's ______" in Mexico. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This type of E. Coli causes Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome |
|
Definition
| Enterohemorrhagic E. Coli |
|
|
Term
| Klebsiella pneumoniae is lactose ____(pos/neg); and ____(motile/nonmotile) |
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Definition
| Klebsiella pneumoniae is lactose positive and nonmotile |
|
|
Term
| Klebsiella pneumonia has _______ activity, which causes it to be resistant to ampicillin and carbenicillin (however, it is still sensitive to cephalosporins) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| 4 pathologies of Klebsiella pneumoniae |
|
Definition
1. Pneumonia
2. Septicemia
3. UTI
4. Memingitis |
|
|
Term
| Pneumonia mortality rate and symptoms |
|
Definition
-25-50% mortality
-Thick, non-purulent bloody sputum
-Necrosis and abscess formation |
|
|
Term
Enterobacter cloacae (E. aerogenes)
Lactose ______ (pos/neg)?
______(motile/nonmotile)?
|
|
Definition
| lactose positive, Nonmotile |
|
|
Term
-Proteus miribilis, P. vulgaris
Urease and H2S ____(pos/neg)?
____motile/nonmotile? |
|
Definition
H2S and Urease positive
Motile |
|
|
Term
| Secretory diarrhea- Bacterial toxins can cause increases of _______ (such as cAMP) in mucosal cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Malfunction of Na+ absorption mechanisms and increased Cl- secretion (increased by mucosal cAMP) can cause ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does ETEC stand for? What can it cause? |
|
Definition
| Enterotoxigenic E. Coli. It can cause secretory diarrhea due to toxins increasing/activating cyclic nucleotides in mucosal cells |
|
|
Term
| Disease caused by bacterial invasion of colonic mucosa and characterized by frequent small volume stools (often with blood and mucus) and severe abdominal cramps |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What food type caused the most food-borne illnesses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 Enterobacteriaceae that are common in food-borne illness outbreaks |
|
Definition
| Salmonella, E. Coli, Shigella |
|
|
Term
| Common food poinsoning syndrome caused by certain Samonlella sp. |
|
Definition
| Enterocolitis - Salmonella enterica |
|
|
Term
| fever caused by Samonella enterica |
|
Definition
| enteric fever/ Typhoid fever |
|
|
Term
| Most common outbreak strain of Enterohemorrhagic E. coli |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Syndrome caused by EHEC causng acute renal failure, hemolytic anemia, and thrombocytopenia |
|
Definition
| Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome |
|
|
Term
| Shigella species, closely related to E. coli, are lactose ____(pos/neg) |
|
Definition
| Shigella are lactose negative |
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|
Term
| Mycobacteria stain type and morphology |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mycobacteria oxygen dependency? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
First bacteria shown to cause disease
|
|
Definition
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
|
|
Term
| Causes Hansen's disease or leprosy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Number of cases of tuberculosis is ______(rising/falling) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Method of TB transmission |
|
Definition
| infectious droplet with 1-3 bacilli |
|
|
Term
| How many infectoius droplets of TB is considered an infectious dose? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mantoux skin test 3 positive readings |
|
Definition
15 mm - Infected
10 mm - Infected in "at risk" opulations such as IV drug users, foreign born, prisoners, low income, etc.
5 mm - Infected if immunosuppressed or has come into recent close contact with TB |
|
|
Term
| blood test to detect latent (existing) M. tuberculosis infection |
|
Definition
| Quantiferon-Gold (IFN-gamma release assay) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Alcoholism, AIDS, Iatrogenic immunosuppression, diabetes, genetics |
|
|
Term
| Oral treatment for tuberculosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| AFB smear; TB skin test (Mantoux test); chest radiograph; AFB culture |
|
|
Term
| disseminated (spread throughout body tissues) Mycobacterial disease in 50% of AIDS patients (begins as a pulmonary disease) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
(Other impt Mycobacteria)
Causes TB like disease; photochromogen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
(Other impt Mycobacteria)
Found in water (fish tanks and surface water); photochromogen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
(Other impt Mycobacteria)
Causes granulomatous cervical lymphadenitis in children |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
(Other impt Mycobacteria)
Rapid growers (colonies in less than 7 days) that cause skin infections and pulmonary disease |
|
Definition
| M. fortuitum - M. cheloni complex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inhalation or skin contact with contaminated respiratory secretions of lepromatous patients |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| AFB stain of nasal secretions OR lepromin skin test |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| at least 1 year of dapsone and rifampicin |
|
|
Term
Type of leprosy with intact cell-mediated response to M. leprae
-organisms grow in nerves in cooler parts of the body
-cutaneous loss of sensation…nerve damage due to cell mediated immunity
-non-progressive |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type of leprosy where there are a high number in macrophages with a depressed CMI response. Bacteremia with localization in nerves and skin. Loss of nerve function. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neisseria meningitidis stain type and morphology |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| N. meningitidis is oxidase _______ (pos/neg) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| N. meningitidis is capnophilic. What does this mean |
|
Definition
| grows well with high CO2 (5-7%) |
|
|
Term
| 2 types of media that N. meningitidis grows on? |
|
Definition
| chocolate and sheep blood agar |
|
|
Term
| 3 pathogenic factors of N. meningitidis |
|
Definition
polysaccharide capsule
LPS
IgA protease |
|
|
Term
| pathway of N. meningitidis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| These 3 serogroups make up 90% of meningitis cases globally |
|
Definition
A, B, and C
A- epidemics in developing countries
B,C,and Y - sporadic and outbreaks in developed countries |
|
|
Term
T or F
N. meningitidis is the only form of meningitis that causes epidemics |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| N. meningitidis risk factors |
|
Definition
| Crowding, socioeconomic status, exposure to tobacco smoke, asplenia |
|
|
Term
| Meningococcal Meningitis symptoms |
|
Definition
| Headache, stiff neck, photophobia, altered mental status, fever, nausea/vomiting, petechial or purpuric rash, pneumonia |
|
|
Term
| Meningococcal vaccine recommended for |
|
Definition
| U.S. military personnel, children 11-12 yrs, college students, asplenic people, those about to travel to high risk area |
|
|
Term
| Is the Meningococcal meningitis vaccine effective on children less than 2 yrs of age? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neisseria gonorrhoeae is Gram ________; ______(morphology) and _______(motile/nonmotile) |
|
Definition
| Gram-negative; diplococci; nonmotile |
|
|
Term
T or F
N. gonorrhoeae is penicillin resistant |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| N. gonorrhoeae is ________(intra/extracellular) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Disease- Neonatal gonococcol or chlamydial ocular infection |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chlamydia trachomatis are Obligate _____(intra/extracellular) pathogens |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chlamydia lacks ______ in cell wall |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chlamydia trachomatis prevents ________ in host cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this ocular disease affects 400 million children and adults worldwide, mostly in developing countries |
|
Definition
| Ocular Trachoma - Follicular keratoconjunctivitus |
|
|
Term
| Disease of parrots and parakeets sometimes transmitted to humans. Causes respiratory infection (pneumonitis) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| New species (1980s) similar to mycoplasma which can cause acute lower respiratory illness, pharyngitis, sinusitis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| term - single celled eukaryotes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| term - multi-cell eukaryotes (worms) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Entamoeba histolytica
How is it spread?
How is it diagnosed?
What does it cause? |
|
Definition
-Spread fecal oral or water borne in the form of cysts
-Diagnosed as cysts or trophozoites in stool or serology
-Causes amoebic dysentary by lysing tissue (histolytica) in the colon liver or lung |
|
|
Term
| Non pathogenic amoeba that is morphologically identical to Entamoeba histolytic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most commonly diagnosed and important parasite of humans in the US |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| transmission of Giardia lamblia |
|
Definition
| fecal oral or water borne |
|
|
Term
| Symptoms of Giardia lamblia |
|
Definition
| frothy fatty diarrhea, malabsorption, osmotic diarrhea |
|
|
Term
| Reservoir hosts of Giardia lamblia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cat litter organism that causes congenital infections |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Intracellular pathogen that causes watery diarrhea. They line up along the epithelium of the small intestine. Cysts are resistant to chlorine. Severe and untreatable disease in AIDS patients |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this parasite causes malaria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| malignant malaria species |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| species infects small intestine epithelial cells. watery diarrhea for 4-7 days with multiple relapses over 3-4 months. Outbreaks seen in raspberries and sweet basil (not Cryptosporidium parvum) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Large roundworm. Eggs hatch in duodenum, larvae penetrate the intestine and migrate through the lungs. Adults live in small intestine Diagnose with eggs in stool or a passed adult |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Worm that penetrates intact bare feet. Larvae bore through intact skin. |
|
Definition
| Strongyloides stercoralis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| can catch this in snail infested water. The cercaria penetrates intact skin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| "Guinea worm" - resides in leg - pulled out through ankle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| "Botfly" - adult flies of this species deposit eggs where hosts will be exposed. Eggs hatch in response to body heat…gain entrance through nose or mouth, migrate to subcutaneous area and complete development in 30 days |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Non flagellate parasites that can cause amoebic meningoencephalitis. Contact lens wearers are at risk of corneal infections. Resistant to chlorine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| causes river blindness through inflammation in the eye. Endotoxin in bacteria from this worm causes inflammation in the eye |
|
Definition
|
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