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| Common Diagnostic Measures (GI) |
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Definition
Anoscopy - viewing of anal canal
- proctoscopy - viewing of rectum
- proctosigmoidoscopy - viewing of rectum and sigmoid colon
- colonoscopy - viewing of large intestine
upper GI or lower GI
- informed consent
-bowel prep (GoLightly) can be very uncomfortable
- NPO *upper GI*, clear liquids *lower GI*
- gag reflex must return or must pass gas
-all direct/invasive procedures for any malfunction to GI tract. |
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| Common Diagnostic Measures (Urinary) |
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Definition
-X-rays of kidney/ureters/bladder (KUB)
-Intravenous pyelography (IVP) and retrograde pyelography - radiographic studies using contrast medium (check patient allergies to iodine/shellfish)
- Renal ultrasonography - non invasive, uses sound waves to visualize kidneys
-cystoscopy - bladder and urethra directly visualized using cystoscope inserted thru urethra (informed consent required) |
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Term
| Common Diagnostic Measures (Cardio Pulmonary) |
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Definition
| Electrocardiography (ECG) - graphic recording of heart's electrical activity (ni = noninvasive) stress electrocardiography - assess client's response to increase cardiac workload (ni) angiography - radiopaque dye injected to view blood flow in heart (i) informed consent required echocardiogram - ultrasound to visualize structures of heart (ni) lung scan v/q - records emissions from radioisotopes that indicate how well gas and blood travel thru lungs (i) radioisotope injected by IV (Ventilation/Perfusion) Laryngoscopy and bronchoscopy - sterile procedures to collect biopsies (i) informed consent required, gag reflex must return, NPO, use of sedation |
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Term
| Other common diagnostic measures (visualization) |
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Definition
Computed Tomography (CT) - noninvasive unless contrast medium used, shows differences in density of tissues, 3D image
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) - noninvasive unless contrast medium used, magnetic field, no metal devices in client, no exposure to radiation, better contrast than CT.
Nuclear Imaging - for bone density, involve use of radioactive isotopes targeted to specific organ, "hot"
spots vs. "cold" spots
- PET Positron Emitting Tomography - non-invasive (inhalation of radioisotope), allows study of organ function, evaluate blood flow and tumor growth, like MRI and CT combined |
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Term
| Other Common Diagnostic Measures (aspiration/biopsy) |
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Definition
Lumbar Puncture - aspiration of spinal fluid (CSF) thru needle inserted between L4-L5
Abdominal paracentesis - aspiration of fluid specimen for lab study, relieve pressure on abdominal organs
Thoracentesis - aspiration of fluid that can accumulate due to injury, infection, remove air or fluid to ease breathing, introduce chemotherapeutic drugs intrapleurally, use sitting position
Bone Marrow Biopsy: removal for lab study to detect specific diseases of blood, bones used = sternum, iliac crest (PSIS)
Liver biopsy - generally performed at bedside, apply pressure and position client on side of puncture |
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Definition
| Looks at the silhouette of the heart, can show if heart is enlarged, if the heart is in their “backwards,” any fluid around the pericardium, any interstitial fluid whatsoever. |
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Term
| :Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) |
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Definition
Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)-
Shows electrical activity of the heart. ST segment can dx an MI, the ischemia in the heart, whether the heart can be used for heart blocks, any electrical problems, any dysrthymias
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Term
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Definition
Is an ultrasound of the heart. Looks at blood flow through the valves, chambers, mostly used for structural things. One of the main tools to get an ejection fraction “EF.” How the ventricles are pumping, if they’re pumping appropriately, if there is any valve regurgitation or valve stenosis.
Doesn't provide info on coronary arteries
visualize valves, chambers of heart, wall motion, and direction of blood flow through the chambers
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Definition
| will hook the patient up to an EKG and put them on a treadmill. Will show any EKG changes while the patient is exercising, which could indicate ischemia to the heart muscle. |
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Definition
| will inject a radioactive isotope, exercise, and scan again. Will show if there is any ischemia that is reversible. |
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| Depending on the patient’s Hx, they will do either a regular stress test, and the results are remarkable, then they will do a nuclear stress test, if that is remarkable—they may go to an angiogram. |
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Definition
| Depending on the patient’s Hx, they will do either a regular stress test, and the results are remarkable, then they will do a nuclear stress test, if that is remarkable—they may go to an angiogram |
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Definition
Shows the blood flow in the heart muscle through the coronary arteries, coronary arteries, heart chambers, wall mothion, calculate cardiac output, measures pressures, and determine ejection fraction
Cardiac catheterization is THE most definitive way to find out if a patient has any blockages in their artery—because you are actually looking at the arteries, looking at blood flow because we inject a dye, any blockage will be shown.
Doing the angiogram is more risky, because you are going through the femoral artery, inserting a catheter. There can be nerve damage or clots from this. So unless the patient comes in with chest pain and the EKG and all of the signs point toward it—they will do non-invasive first, less risky. Then move toward more invasive.
Check for iodine allergies
Monitor for postprocedure bleeding and artery occlusion
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Term
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Definition
| When a patient has a dysrhythmia, like a. fib. A. flutter, tachycardias. They will take the patient in and hook electrodes in the heart and can observe the entire electrical system from the inside out. They can find out where there are electrical issues, can put a catheter in and can apply heat “ablation” to the tissue on the inside of the heart, and it scars it. So electrical activity can’t pass the scar and can be redirected. This is done in the cath lab. |
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Detects Impaired Pulmonary Function, follows course of disease and evaluates treatment responses.
-no smoking 4 hours b4 test
-may withhold bronchodilator meds
-observe for dyspnea |
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Definition
| Measures Tissue Oxygenation, CO2 Removal, and Acid-Base Balance. |
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Definition
Evaluates pulmonary perfusion when pulmonary infarction or space occupying disorders are suspected.
-high level of radioactivity in areas of good perfusion
-low levels of radioactivity in obstructed areas |
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Definition
Allows visual of larynx, trachea, and mainstream bronchi.
-NPO 6 hrs b4 test
-inspect mouth for infection
-remove dentures
-prep pt for sore throat afterwards |
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Definition
Aspiration of fluid or air from pleural space.
-to obtain specimen, relieve lung compression, obtain lung tissue for biopsy, or instill meds into pleural space
-No more than 1000 ml removed at one time!!!! |
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Evaluates Specific areas of the arterial system.
non invasive |
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Definition
Gives detailed pics of body structures
**NO METAL!!! - includes implanted (ie: insulin pumps, pacemakers, clips, etc). |
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Definition
Evaluate specific areas of arterial system
-injected iodine dye
-tx for reaction: epinephrine, antihistamine, corticosteroids
-pt may experience nausea, flushing, salty taste with dye injection, warmth.
-remove all jewlery |
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