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Definition
| any medication that may increase analgesic efficacy, thus allowing a smaller opioid dosage. This approach begins with opioid analgesics as pain increases in intensity. |
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those agents that are not primily indicated for pain management (such as antidepressants and anticonvulsants) - may be useful for clients with neuropathic pain unresponsive or only partially responsive to opioid therapy.
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| intermittent episodes of pain that occur despite continuous analgesic use. |
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Definition
| giving an as-needed rescue dose of an immediate-release analgesic in addition to the scheduled analgesic dosage. |
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Patient-controlled analgesia
(PCA) |
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| the process of transmitting a pain signal from a site of tissue damage to areas of the brain where perception occurs. |
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Definition
It involves anatomical and biochemical neurotransmitters. The initial tissue damage causes the release of biochemical substances (such as K, subtance P, bradykinin, and prostaglandin) that begin or enhance the nociceptive response.
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Definition
| An asending system of nerve fibers carries the pain signal to the brain, and chemical substances known as neurotransmitters assist in delivering the pain message across synapses. |
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Definition
| the primary afferent nerve fibers that initiate the pain experience when stimulated by tissue damage. They have the ability to encode the intensity of the painful stimulus. |
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Definition
| Transmission involves a series of events in which the electrical impulse passes from the site of injury to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord and then to the brain. |
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Definition
Once the signal enters the dorsal root of the spinal cord, the nerve fibers separate into groups of larger-diameter and smaller-diameter fibers.
These fibers synapse with the spinothalamic tract neurons via neurotransmitters, such as substance P. |
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Definition
The spinothalamic tract nerve fibers cross to the other side of the spinal column and continue upward through the spinal cord, ending in the thatlamus.
There, the pain signal is transmitted to various areas of the cortex. |
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Definition
| The action potential reaches cortical areas (the somatosensory projections and limbic system) that allow recognition of the pain sensation. |
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Definition
| This initial injury triggers a series of events: transduction, transmission, and perception. |
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Definition
| the process by which a chemical, thermal, or mechanical noxious stimulus is changed into an electrical stimulus by acitivating nociceptors. |
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| a common type of pain that results from stimulation of nociceptors (pain receptors) when there is trauma, ishemia or inflammation. |
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Definition
| Pain associated with events such as surgery, a broken bone, a cut or a headache. This pain is transmitted to higher brain centers along an intact nervous system. |
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Definition
| the transmission of a pain signal from one site of injury to higher brain centers via a nervous system that has been temporarily or permanently damaged in some way. |
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| Injuries that involve cutting, crushing, compression or neurotoxic chemical exposure. |
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Definition
| Internal or external restraining of the nociceptive process that inhibits transmission of the pain signal at any place along the transmission pathway. |
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Definition
| Inhibition of transmission via descending nerve fibers that originate in the pons and medulla and release biochemicals (serotonin, norepinephrine, and noradrenergic substances) that attach to receptors in the dorsal horn. |
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Definition
| Explains why the perception of pain varies widely among clients. |
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Definition
| a reduction in the perception or experience of pain. |
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Definition
| A portion of a nerve cell to which an opiod or opiate-like substance can bind. |
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Definition
| Receptors located thoughout the CNS at the spinal and supraspinal levels as well as in the periphery. |
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Definition
| mediate analgesia, euphoria, sedationm, respiratiory depression, physical dependence, tolerance, and decreased gastrointestional motility. |
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Term
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Definition
a morphinelike drug that attaches to an opioid receptor and produces analgesiaby blocking substance P.
The strength |
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