Term
| Nervous systems transmits information very rapidly by ... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Transmits information more slowly by chemicals secreted by ductless glands |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Secret directly into blood stream are called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Communicate information to body structures, increasing or decreasing their activities as needed for healthy survival |
|
Definition
| nerve impulses & hormones |
|
|
Term
| Balanced and controlled internal environment of the body that is basic to life itself |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Oligondendrocyte, a glia cell, means |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The organs of the nervous system are |
|
Definition
1. The brain and spinal cord
2. The numerous nerves,
3. Specialized sense organs |
|
|
Term
| 2 principal divisions of nervous system |
|
Definition
CNS (central nervous system)
&
PNS (peripheral nervous system) |
|
|
Term
| Because the brain & spinal cord occupy a mid-line or central location in the body, together they are called |
|
Definition
| central nervous system, or CNS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Peripheral nervous system, or PNS consists of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gets its name because nerves extend to outlying or peripheral parts of the body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Peripheral nervous systems is divided into |
|
Definition
1. Autonomic (involuntary) motor nerves
2. Somantic (voluntary) motor nerves
and
3. Sensory nerves |
|
|
Term
| Autonomic nervous system, or ANS regulates the body's autonomic or involuntary functions such... |
|
Definition
| the heart rate, contractions of stomach & intestines, secretions of chemical compounds by glands |
|
|
Term
| The two types of cells found in the nervous system are: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specialized connective tissue cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cell body, dendrites, and one axon |
|
|
Term
| Processes or projections that transmit impulses to the neuron cell bodies are |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Processes that transmit impulses away from the neuron cell bodies |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. sensory neurons
2. motor neurons, and
3. interneurons |
|
|
Term
| Transmit impulses to the spinal cord & brain from all parts of the body are... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sensory neurons are also called... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Transmit impulses in the opposite direction - away from the brain and spinal cord... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Motor neurons only conduct impulses to 2 kinds of tissues: |
|
Definition
| muscle & glandular epithelial tissue |
|
|
Term
| Motor neurons are called... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| conduct impulses from sensory neurons to motor neurons... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| interneurons are sometimes called... |
|
Definition
| central or connecting neurons |
|
|
Term
| segmented wrapping of a fatty material is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| myelin is white, fatty substance wrapped around the axon formed by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fibers that surround the outside of CNS are called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| indentations between Schawnn cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Outer cell membrane of a Schawnn cell is called the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Axons in brain and spinal cord do not contain Neurilemma. T or F |
|
Definition
True
This is clinically significant because it plays an essential part in the regeneration of cut and injured axons. |
|
|
Term
| The potential for regeneration in the brain and spinal cord is far less than it is in the peripheral nervous system. T or F |
|
Definition
True
Neurilemma outer cell membrane does not surround Schwann cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neuroglias do not specialize in transmitting impulses. T or F |
|
Definition
True
They special type of supporting cells. One function of glia cells is to hold the functioning neurons together and protect them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| One of the most common type of brain tumors is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Brain tumor called gliomas originate from what type of cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glia perform many functions, including regulation of neuron function. T or F |
|
Definition
True
They are just not the glue, but they assist neurons to coordinate as a whole. |
|
|
Term
| Type of glia cells that look somewhat like stars because of their threadlike extensions that jut out from their surfaces. These are called... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Astrocytes threadlike branches attach to neurons and to small blood vessels, holding these structures close together to form |
|
Definition
| Blood-brain barrier (BBB) |
|
|
Term
| The 2 structures that form the blood-brain barrier are: |
|
Definition
| Blood vessels and astrocytes branches |
|
|
Term
| The 2 structures that form the blood-brain barrier are: |
|
Definition
| Blood vessels and astrocytes branches |
|
|
Term
| Separates the blood tissue and nervous tissue to protect vital brain tissue from harmful chemicals that might be in the blood. |
|
Definition
| Blood-brain barrier (BBB) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Microglias are type of glia cells. T or F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Smaller than astrocytes, remain stationary, but in inflamed or degenerating brain tissue, they enlarge, move about, and act as microbe-eating scavengers. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Surround the microbes, draw them into their cytoplasm, and digest them. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Surround the microbes, draw them into their cytoplasm, and digest them. What is the scientific name for this important cellular process? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Help hold nerve fibers together, and even more important, they produce the fatty myelin sheath that develops nerve fibers located in brain and spinal cord. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Schwann cells are glia cells that also form myelin sheaths BUT do so only in the peripheral nervous system. T or F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Group of peripheral nerve fibers (axons) bundled together like the strands of a cable. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Peripheral nerves appear white because they have... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bundles of axons in CNS are called... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tracts appear white because they have... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tracts are myelinated thus from______________ of the brain and cord. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Unmyelinated axons appear gray. This is called... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Contains nucleus and cytoplasm. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Extensions of a nerve cell. Transfer input into cell body. These receive the impulses. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Central structure of the cell. Responsible for characteristics of each cell. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Carries impulses away from neurons. It is the out box. It may, or may not have myelin sheath. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Myelinated axons carry impulses faster than unmyelinated axons. T or F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fatty covering. Insulates and spreads impulses. In order for the stimuli to travel, this has to be present. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Each axon is surrounded by a thin wrapping of fibrous connective tissue called... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Group of these wrapped axons are called... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Each fascicle is surrounded by a thin, fibrous... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tough, fibrous sheath that covers the whole nerve is called... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What would happen if all impulse conduction ceases? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neuron provide the rapid communication between cells that is necessary for maintaining ... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hormonal messages are other type of communication the body can send. These travel much... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| They move from one part of the body to another part of the body only via... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nerve impulses are also called... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Routes traveled by neurons are called... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A specialized type of neuron pathway that travels only in one direction. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The most simple reflex arc is a two-neuron arc, that consists of __________ neuron, and ___________ neuron. |
|
Definition
| Sensory neuron, and motor neuron |
|
|
Term
| Three-neuron arcs are the 2nd most simple kind. They consist of _________ neurons, ______________, and ______________ neurons. |
|
Definition
| Sensory neurons, inter-neurons, and motor neurons. |
|
|
Term
| ____________ are the beginnings of dendrites of sensory neurons. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Located in tendons, skin, or mucous membranes... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A knee-jerk is an example of a _________neuron reflex arc. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Group of nerve cells located in the PNS are called... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glanglions are located near the _________ cord. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Junction between adjacent neurons is called__________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Motor neuron axon forms a synapse with a structure called an__________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Effector means_______________ |
|
Definition
| and organ that puts nerve signals "into effect" |
|
|
Term
| Effectors can be muscles or glands. T or F |
|
Definition
True
Muscles contract, glands secret |
|
|
Term
| The response to impulse conduction over a reflex arc is called_____________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A three-neuron arc reaction is called____________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inter-neurons lie entirely within the gray matter of the brain or spinal cord. T or F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inter-neurons of three-neuron reflex arc have 2 synapses. T or F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inter-neurons of two-neuron reflex arc have only sensory neuron and a motor neuron with one synapse between them. T or F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Self-propagating wave of electrical disturbance that travels along the surface of a neuron membrane. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does a nerve impulse work? |
|
Definition
A stimulus triggers the opening of Na+ channels in the plasma membrane of neuron.
Inward movement of positive sodium ions leave a slight excess of negative ions outside at a stimulated point. This marks the beginning of a nerve impulse. |
|
|
Term
| When a nerve impulse encounters myelin and "jumps" from one Node of Ranvier to the next. This is called____________ conduction. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A place where impulses are are transmitted from one neuron to another. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A neuron situated distal to a synapse. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A neuron situated proximal to a synapse. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tiny bulge located at the end of a terminal branch of a pre-synaptic neuron. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Each synaptic knob contains a small sac of vesicle that contain small quantities of a chemical called__________________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Space between the synaptic knob and plasma membrane of a post-synaptic neuron. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chemicals by which neurons communicate. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin are ______________- |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin belong to a group called____________ |
|
Definition
Catecholamines
which may play a role in sleep, motor functions, mood, and pleasure recognition. |
|
|
Term
| Two morphine-like neurotransmitters are endorphins and enkephalins are released into spinal cord and brain synapses in the pain conduction pathway. These inhibit conduction of ____________ impulses. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Brainstem, Diencephalon, Cerebellum, Cerebrum, & Spinal Cord constitute the________________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Consists of 3 parts of brain: names in ascending order: the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Deciding - Bring information together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cranial and spinal cord nerves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| afferent (into), carry impulses into CNS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Link neurons(association) (in between) transmits nerve impulses between neurons within the brain and spinal cord |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Efferent - Carry impulses away from CNS. Carry impulses to effectors such muscles and glands |
|
|
Term
| Schwann cells produce__________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can neurons in the PNS regenerate? |
|
Definition
| Injury in the cell body usually kills neuron, but damaged peripheral axon may regenerate at PNS. This is due to the fact that Myelin Sheath and neurilemma found on schwann cells. |
|
|
Term
| Can neurons regenerate on CNS? |
|
Definition
| Can NOT regenerate at CNS. Oligodendrocytes do not produce neurilemma on CNS. |
|
|
Term
| Neurotransmitter located at CNS that controls skeletal muscle actions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neurotransmitter that creates a sense of well-being. Low levels may lead to depression. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Called fight or flight neurotransmitter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Deficiency in some brain areas of this neurotransmitter are associated with Parkinson disease. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neurotransmitter that leads to sleepiness. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Primary inhibitor neurotransmitter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neurotransmitter that is a general inhibitor, reduce pain. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Insomnia (deficient serotonin) |
|
|
Term
| Related to low dopamine levels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Disorder in which the brain and spinal cord lose their myelin. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Autoimmune disorder that causes weak and easily fatigued muscles. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Provides 2-way communication between the CNS and PNS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Membranes covering of the brain and spinal cord. This soft tissues protect the brain and spinal cord. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The outer-most layer. Composed of TOUGH, white, dense connective tissue & contains many blood vessels. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Attaches to cranial cavity and forms internal perioustium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thin membrane of the brain that contains blood vessels and nerves. Nourish the underlying cell of the brain & spinal cord. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pia mater is the shinny part you see on the brain. T or F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thin, web-like membrane that lacks blood vessels and it is located between dura & pia mater. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _________________ is between the arachnoid and pia maters, and contains the cerebral spinal fluid. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Interconnected cavities filled with cerebral spinal fluid. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The________________is specialized mass of capillaries from pia mater and functions to secrete cerebrospinal fluid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The spinal cord consists of _________ pairs of spinal nerves. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In a cross section of the spinal cord, white matter surrounds _________ matter. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 functions of spinal cord are: |
|
Definition
1. Conduit for nerve impulses to & from brain.
2. Center for spinal reflexes |
|
|
Term
| Automatic, sub-conscious responses to stimuli is called___________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Reflexes function to maintain homeostasis by controlling many involuntary processes such as heart rate, breathing rate, etc. T or F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The patellar reflex is an example of a simple monosynaptic reflex because it only uses 2 neurons that help maintain posture. T or F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The withdrawal reflex occurs when a person touches something painful. Prevents or limits tissue damage. T or F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Withdrawal reflexes involve sensory neurons, __________________, and motor neurons. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of tract conduct sensory impulses to the brain. Ascending or descending? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of tract conduct motor impulses from the brain to motor neurons reaching muscles and glands? Ascending tracts or Descending tracts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The largest and most complex part of the nervous systems is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Largest part of the brain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
1. Interpreting impulses from sense organs
2. Thought, reasoning, determines intelligence
3. Personality, memory storage
4. Controls voluntary muscles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Seat of intelligence and personality |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Composed of gray matter. Consists of thalamus and hypothalamus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Known as the gateway for sensory impulses. Receives all sensory impulses except for smell. Receives sense of pain. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Links nervous and endocrine systems and helps maintain homeostasis by regulating visceral activities. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Regulates heart rate, arterial B/P, body temp., H2O and electrolyte balance, controls hunger & body weight. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Consists of thalamus, hypothalamus, and basal nuclei. Responsible for feelings, emotions such: fear, anger, pleasure, & sorrow. Interpreting sense impulses. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Joins parts of brainstem and spinal cord with higher part of the brain. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Connects brain to spinal cord |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Contains centers for visual and auditory reflexes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rounded bulge on underside of brainstem, between medulla oblongata and midbrain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Regulates rate & depth of breathing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Enlarged continuation of spinal cord. This is the control center for visual reflexes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Responsible for coughing, sneezing, swallowing, vomiting (non-vital reflex control centers) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Posterior to the pons and medulla oblongata. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Integrates sensory information concerning the position of body parts; coordinates muscle activity & maintain posture. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Conduct impulses into the brain and spinal cord. Sensory or Motor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Conducts impulses to muscles and glands. Sensory or Motor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The autonomic Nervous system has 2 divisions: |
|
Definition
1. Sympathetic
2. Parasympathetic |
|
|
Term
| Prepares the body for fight or fly situations. Sympathetic or parasympathetic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Prepares the body for resting & digesting activities. Sympathetic or parasympathetic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The cardiac, respiratory, and vasomotor centers - collectively are called___________ centers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The hypothalamus exerts major control over virtually all internal organs. T or F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Some neurons of the hypothalamus function in making the hormones of the posterior pituitary gland secretes into the blood. One of these hormones is the ADH (antidiuretic hormone) T or F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Affects the volume of urine excreted. |
|
Definition
| ADH (Anti-diuretic hormone) |
|
|
Term
| Plays an essential role in maintaining the body's water balance. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Some of the neurons in the hypothalamus function as endocrine (ductless) glands. T or F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thalamus and Hypothalamus are located in the ___________ ventricle. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Helps produce sensations. Relay information from the sense organs to the cerebral cortex. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Associates sensations to emotions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Plays a part in the so called "arousal" or alerting mechanism. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Surface of cerebrum is called___________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Islands of gray matter are called___________ |
|
Definition
| cerebral nuclei or basal ganglia |
|
|
Term
| If other neurons were functioning normally and only cerebral neurons were NOT working, you could not do the following: |
|
Definition
| You could not: think, remember anything, you could not decide, make the smallest movement, see, hear, could not experience any of the sensations, emotions, feelings. In short, you could not be conscious. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consciousness, thinking, memory, sensation, emotions, and willed movements, vision, hearing, and normal speech. |
|
|
Term
| Hemorrhage from or cessation of blood flow through cerebral blood vessels. |
|
Definition
| Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) |
|
|
Term
| When a cerebrovascular accident happens, victim can not voluntarily move parts of the body on the side opposite on which the CVA occured. T or F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Specific function of temporal lobe is__________________ |
|
Definition
| interpret incoming nervous signals from the ears |
|
|
Term
| Specific function of occipital lobe is__________________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cerebrospinal fluid filters out of the blood in a network of brain capillaries known as_______________ |
|
Definition
| Choroid pluxes and into the ventricles |
|
|
Term
| Remembering that the cerebrospinal fluid forms continually from blood, circulates, and it is resorbed into blood can be useful. It can help you understand certain abnormalities. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Suppose a brain tumor that presses on the cerebral aqueduct blocks the way for the return of CSF to the blood. Fluid accumulates in the ventricles and meninges causing a condition called_____________ |
|
Definition
| Hydrocephalus or "water in the brain" |
|
|
Term
| Nerves that function in the reception of stimuli; the receiving end of sensory nerves |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| automatically regulates the action of the glands, the smooth muscles of the hollow organs, and the heart, often without one's awareness |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| part of the neuron that conducts impulses away from body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| consists of nerves tissues that form the bran and spinal cord; controls voluntary acts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the outer layer of gray matter of the cerebrum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| watery fluid found in the ventricles of the cerebrum and surrounding the spinal cord |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cell body that acts as a sending and receiving center, carries on metabolism and stores energy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the part of the neuron that carries impulses to the cell body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| motor nerve endings that carry out actions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the membrane covering the brain and spinal cord |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a substance that forms a sheath around the axons of some nerves |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| thread-like projections of cytoplasm from the cell body of a neuron; axons and dendrites |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| bundle of nerve cells within the central nervous system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| supporting structure for nerve tissue consisting of blood vessels, connective tissue, and specialized cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the study of the nervous system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pertaining to the back of the head |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| provides input from sensory receptors to the central nervous system and output from the central nervous system to effectors |
|
Definition
| peripheral nervous system |
|
|
Term
| repair, regrowth, or restoration of a part |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| any agent or influence that produces a response or increase in activity in living protoplasm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the junction of an axon and one or more dendrites |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| large cavities of the brain |
|
Definition
|
|
