Term
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Definition
| abortion is performed at the woman's request |
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Term
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Definition
| performed for reasons of maternal or fetal health or disease |
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Term
| 4 factors that contribute to a woman's decision to have an abortion |
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Definition
| (1) preservation of the life or health of the mother, (2) genetic disorders of the fetus, (3) rape or incest, and (4) the pregnant woman's request. |
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Term
| 3 possible biologic complications after abortions? |
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Definition
| ectopic pregnancy, infection, or hemorrhage |
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Term
| biologic complications from abortion are lowest in which trimester? |
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Definition
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Term
| Do you, as a nurse, have the right to refuse to be assigned to patients getting an abortion? |
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Definition
| Yes. Nurses whose religious or moral beliefs do not support abortion have the right to refuse such an assignment. Reassignment is usually an option so that the abortion patient receives needed care. |
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Term
| most common abortion procedure for first trimester? |
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Definition
Surgical (Aspiration) Abortion
Aspiration (vacuum or suction curettage) is the most common procedure in the first trimester, with almost 88% of all procedures being performed by this method |
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Term
| most common complications of induced abortion? |
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Definition
| Excessive vaginal bleeding and infection such as endometritis or salpingitis |
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Term
| 3 drugs used for "medical abortion" during the first trimester? |
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Definition
| Methotrexate, misoprostol, and mifepristone |
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Term
| patients should call their health provider if they have what types of symptoms after an abortion? (7) |
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Definition
• Fever greater than 38° C (100.4° F)
• Chills
• Bleeding greater than two saturated pads in 2 hours or heavy bleeding lasting a few days
• Foul-smelling vaginal discharge
• Severe abdominal pain, cramping, or backache
• Abdominal tenderness (when pressure applied)
• No return of menstrual period within 6 weeks |
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Term
| most common second semester abortion procedure? |
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Definition
| Dilation and evacuation (D&E) |
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Term
| Women having second-trimester abortions may have more _______ ______ than women having abortions in the first trimester. |
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Definition
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Term
| Cells are reproduced by whattwo different methods? |
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Definition
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Term
In Which reproduction method do the body cells replicate to yield two cells with the same genetic makeup as the parent cell?
First the cell makes a copy of its DNA, and then it divides. Each daughter cell receives one copy of the genetic material. |
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Definition
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Term
In which cell reproductive method is the process by which germ cells divide and decrease their chromosome number by half, produces gametes (eggs and sperm)?
Each homologous pair of chromosomes contains one chromosome received from the mother and one from the father. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| half of the genetic material of a normal somatic cell. Part of Meiosis |
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Term
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Definition
| the full number of human chromosomes in a cell (46 total, AKA 23 pairs) |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of egg (ovum) formation |
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Term
| The primary oocytes begin the first meiotic division when? |
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Definition
| during fetal life but remain suspended at this stage until puberty |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which the testes produce sperm |
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Term
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Definition
| The cells that undergo meiosis in the male |
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Term
| What is defined as the union of a single egg and sperm, marks the beginning of a pregnancy |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the zona pellucida. |
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Definition
| the inner protective layer of the ovum |
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Term
| what is the corona radiata |
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Definition
| the outer protective layer of the ovum, |
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Term
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Definition
| unfertilized egg in the female |
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Term
| sperm can stay alive and viable in the woman's reproductive tract for how long? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a physiologic change by enzymes that removes the protective coating from the heads of the sperm |
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Term
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Definition
| part of the zygote that turns into the placenta |
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Term
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Definition
| part of the zygote that turns into the embryo |
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Term
| Conception occurs about how long after the last menstrual period? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is the length of pregnancy tallied? |
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Definition
| from the first day of the last menstrual period (LMP) to birth. |
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Term
| 3 stages of intrauterine development |
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Definition
| ovum or preembryonic, embryo, and fetus |
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Term
| During the third week after conception the embryonic disk differentiates into what three primary germ layers |
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Definition
| ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm |
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Term
| What is the upper layer of the embryonic disk that gives rise to the epidermis, glands (anterior pituitary, cutaneous, and mammary), nails and hair, central and peripheral nervous systems, lens of the eye, tooth enamel, and floor of the amniotic cavity. |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the middle layer of the embryonic disk that develops into the bones and teeth, muscles (skeletal, smooth, and cardiac), dermis and connective tissue, cardiovascular system and spleen, and urogenital system. |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the lower layer of the embryonic disk that gives rise to the epithelium lining the respiratory and digestive tracts, including the oropharynx, liver and pancreas, urethra, bladder, and vagina. |
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Definition
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Term
| How little amniotic fluid is associated with fetal renal abnormalities? |
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Definition
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Term
| how much amniotic fluid is associated with gastrointestinal and other deformations in the fetus? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Genetic studies (karyotyping) provide knowledge about the sex and the number and structure of chromosomes |
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Term
| what is the embryonic yolk sac? |
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Definition
| The yolk sac aids in transferring maternal nutrients and oxygen, which have diffused through the chorion, to the embryo. Blood vessels form to aid transport. |
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Term
| umbilical chords contain how many blood vessels? |
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Definition
| 3. Two arteries carry blood from the embryo to the chorionic villi, and one vein returns blood to the embryo. |
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Term
| Describe the Placenta in detail |
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Definition
| The chorionic villi grow into the spaces with two layers of cells: the outer syncytium and the inner cytotrophoblast. A third layer develops into anchoring septa, dividing the projecting decidua into separate areas called cotyledons. In each of the 15 to 20 cotyledons the chorionic villi branch out, and a complex system of fetal blood vessels forms. Each cotyledon is a functional unit. The whole structure is the placenta |
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Term
| when does the embryonic heart start beating? |
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Definition
| around day 17. blood circulates around the end of week 3 |
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Term
| limb defects have been associated with chorionic villi sampling of the placenta done before what week? |
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Definition
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Term
| what hormone is detected for pregnancy tests? |
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Definition
| human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) can be detected in the maternal serum by 8 to 10 days after conception, shortly after implantation. This hormone is the basis for pregnancy tests. |
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Term
| what hormone is similar to a growth hormone and stimulates maternal metabolism to supply needed nutrients for fetal growth. This hormone increases the resistance to insulin, facilitates glucose transport across the placental membrane, and stimulates breast development to prepare for lactation. |
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Definition
| human chorionic somatomammotropin (hCS) or human placental lactogen (hPL). |
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Term
| what does the hormone Progesterone do? |
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Definition
| Progesterone maintains the endometrium, decreases the contractility of the uterus, and stimulates development of breast alveoli and maternal metabolism. |
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Term
| The major estrogen secreted by the placenta is what? |
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Definition
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Term
| The majore etrogen secreted by the ovaries is what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does placental estrogen do? |
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Definition
| Estrogen stimulates uterine growth and uteroplacental blood flow. It causes a proliferation of the breast glandular tissue and stimulates myometrial contractility. |
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Term
| what are The metabolic functions of the placenta? |
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Definition
| respiration, nutrition, excretion, and storage. Oxygen diffuses from the maternal blood across the placental membrane into the fetal blood, and carbon dioxide diffuses in the opposite direction. In this way the placenta functions as a lung for the fetus. |
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Term
what nutrients are stored in the placenta for ready access to meet fetal needs?
What nutrients are pulled from maternal blood? |
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Definition
| Carbohydrates, proteins, calcium, and iron are stored in the placenta for ready access to meet fetal needs. Water, inorganic salts, carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and vitamins pass from the maternal blood supply across the placental membrane into the fetal blood, supplying nutrition. |
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Term
| can drugs cross the placental membrane and get to the fetus? |
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Definition
| yes, Caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, carbon monoxide and other toxic substances in cigarette smoke, and prescription and recreational drugs (such as marijuana and cocaine) readily cross the placenta |
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Term
| Uterine circulation is best when the mother is in what position? |
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Definition
| lying at rest on her side. |
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Term
| name some ways uterine blood flow can be diminished? |
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Definition
Vasoconstriction such as that caused by hypertension or cocaine use diminishes uterine blood flow.
Decreased maternal blood pressure or decreased cardiac output also diminishes uterine blood flow.
When a woman lies on her back with the pressure of the uterus compressing the vena cava, blood return to the right atrium is diminished
prolonged contractions or too-short intervals between contractions during labor can reduce the blood flow to the placenta. |
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Term
| how long is the stage "fetus"? |
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Definition
| The stage of the fetus lasts from 9 weeks (when the fetus becomes recognizable as a human being) until the pregnancy ends. |
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Term
| the term Viability refers to what? |
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Definition
| Viability refers to the capability of the fetus to survive outside the uterus. |
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Term
| what is the minimum amount of weeks a fetus can be viable with current technology? |
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Definition
| 20 weeks after conception (22 weeks since LMP; fetal weight of 500 g or more). |
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Term
| describe the development of the respiratory system |
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Definition
| The development of the respiratory tract begins in week 4 and continues through week 17 with formation of the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lung buds. Between 16 and 24 weeks the bronchi and terminal bronchioles enlarge, and vascular structures and primitive alveoli are formed. Between 24 weeks and term birth, more alveoli form. |
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Term
| aviolar surfectants start to secrete in the avioli of the fetus at about when? |
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Definition
| after about week 24. There is enough to survive outside of the womb at about week 32 |
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Term
| how do doctors determine the degree of fetal lung maturity? |
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Definition
by detecting the presence of pulmonary surfactants, surface-active phospholipids, in amniotic fluid.
It is detectable around 21 weeks |
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Term
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Definition
| the measure of lecithin in relation to sphingomyelin, or the L/S ratio, is used to determine fetal lung maturity. When the L/S ratio reaches 2:1, the infant's lungs are considered to be mature. This occurs at approximately 35 weeks of gestation. |
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Term
| Conditions such as gestational diabetes and chronic glomerulonephritis can hurt what organ in the fetus? |
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Definition
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Term
| the heart develops into a 4 chambered organ when? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the ductus arteriosus? |
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Definition
| a special artieral pathway that bypasses the lungs during fetal development, since the lungs can not help with gas exchange |
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Term
| what is cephalocaudal development of the fetus |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the three special characteristics enable the fetus to obtain sufficient oxygen from the maternal blood? |
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Definition
1. Fetal hemoglobin carries 20% to 30% more oxygen than maternal hemoglobin.
2. The hemoglobin concentration of the fetus is about 50% greater than that of the mother.
3. The fetal heart rate is 110 to 160 beats/min, making the cardiac output per unit of body weight higher than that of an adult. |
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Term
| fetal blood is created in which organ first? |
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Definition
| the fetal liver, around week 6. It starts in the bone marrow around week 8-11. |
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Term
| why do doctors/nurses give vitamin K to newborns? |
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Definition
| Coagulation factors II, VII, IX, and X cannot be synthesized in the fetal liver because of the lack of vitamin K synthesis in the sterile fetal gut. This coagulation deficiency persists after birth for several days and is the rationale for the prophylactic administration of vitamin K to the newborn. |
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Term
| what is the most common malformation of the midgut? |
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Definition
| Meckel diverticulum is the most common malformation of the midgut. It occurs when a remnant of the yolk stalk that has failed to degenerate attaches to the ileum, leaving a blind sac. |
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Term
| what are the most common abnormalities of the digestive system? |
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Definition
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Term
| Gastric emptying and intestinal peristalsis in the fetus occur when? |
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Definition
| The fetus swallows amniotic fluid beginning in the fifth month which kick starts the gastric tract. |
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Term
| The gastrointestinal system is mature by which week? |
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Definition
| 36 weeks. Digestive enzymes (except pancreatic amylase and lipase) are present in sufficient quantity to facilitate digestion. The neonate cannot digest starches or fats efficiently |
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Term
| why is a newborn susceptible to dehydration AND overhydration? |
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Definition
| At term the fetus has fully developed kidneys. However, the glomerular filtration rate is low, and the kidneys lack the ability to concentrate urine. |
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Term
| When does the nervous system start to develop? |
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Definition
| The nervous system originates from the ectoderm during the third week after fertilization. The open neural tube forms during the fourth week. |
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Term
| the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain start to develop about which week? |
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Definition
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Term
| At around which week does the fetus |
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Definition
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Term
| between which weeks will the baby's nervous system be developed enough to suck his or her thumb, swim in the amniotic fluid pool, and turn somersaults and sometimes ties a knot in the umbilical cord? |
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Definition
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Term
| the thyroid glans develop when? |
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Definition
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Term
| since fetus's can not get thyroxine from maternal blood, what happens to fetuses that do not properly develop the thyroid? |
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Definition
| They will have congenital hypothyroidism which can result in severe retardation. |
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Term
| A hyperglycemic mother can have what affect on her fetus? |
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Definition
| In infants of mothers with uncontrolled diabetes, maternal hyperglycemia produces fetal hyperglycemia, stimulating hyperinsulinemia and islet cell hyperplasia. This results in a macrosomatic (large-size) fetus. The hyperinsulinemia also blocks lung maturation, placing the neonate at risk for respiratory distress and hypoglycemia when the maternal glucose source is lost at birth. |
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Term
| sexual differentiation begins at which week? |
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Definition
| week 7 Distinguishing characteristics appear around the ninth week and are fully differentiated by the twelfth week |
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Term
| fetal endometrium responds to maternal hormones. The high level of maternal estrogen from the mother does what to the newborn? |
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Definition
| stimulates mammary engorgement and secretion of fluid (“witch's milk”) in newborn infants of both sexes. |
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Term
| bones and muscles develop at which week in embryonic development? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The areas where more than two bones meet in a fetus's skull |
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Term
| what immunoglobin crosses the placenta and provides passive acquired immunity to specific bacterial toxins? |
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Definition
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Term
| a fetus produces which immunoglobulin by the end of the first trimester? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are Dizygotic Twins? |
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Definition
| When two mature ova are produced in one ovarian cycle, both have the potential to be fertilized by separate sperm. This results in two zygotes, or dizygotic twins |
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Term
| what are monozygotic twins? |
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Definition
| Identical or monozygotic twins develop from one fertilized ovum, which then divides (Fig. 8-14). They are the same sex and have the same genotype |
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Term
| If the mother's glucose is high, what affect does that have on the fetus? What if its low? |
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Definition
| Glucose directly crosses the placenta and into the fetus. fetal-paternal glucose levels are directly proportional. If the mother is Hyper, so is the fetus, and vice versa. |
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Term
| Does insulin cross the placenta barrier? |
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Definition
| No. The fetus produces its on insulin after about the 10th week. |
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Term
| A type 1 diabetic is prone to... what.. during the 1st trimester? |
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Definition
HYPOglycemia.
The rise of estrogen and progesterone in the mother stimulates insulin production. This reduces her fasting glucose levels about 10% |
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Term
| during the second semester of pregnancy, do mothers become more or less insulin resistant? |
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Definition
| they become more insulin resistant so more glucose passes through the placenta and goes to the fetus. Fetal needs for glucose rise higher and higher for about the first 36 weeks then level off a bit. |
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Term
| how long after birth does it take for the mother's insulin levels to go back to pre pregancy levels? |
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Definition
| 7-10 days if she is NOT breast feeding. If she is breastfeeding her insulin levels will remain low until she stops. |
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Term
| Why does a nursing mother's insulin needs remain low? |
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Definition
| because breast milk is high glucose, so much of it is taken from the blood stream and into the milk. |
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Term
| are maternal risks greater in women with type1 or type2 diabetes? |
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Definition
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Term
| Almost all women with pregestational diabetes are ____ ____ during pregnancy. |
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Definition
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Term
| A woman with poor glycemic control at conception and the early weeks of pregnancy has a 2x greater chance of what? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| excessive fetal growth; defined as a birth weight greater than 4000 to 4500 g |
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Term
| what is Hydramnios/polyhydramnios; |
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Definition
amniotic fluid in excess of 2000 ml
The etiology for hydramnios has been theorized as increased amniotic glucose concentration or fetal hyperglycemia and polyuria; however, it is still unknown |
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Term
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Definition
| Preeclampsia is when a pregnant woman develops high blood pressure and protein in the urine after the 20th week (late 2nd or 3rd trimester) of pregnancy |
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Term
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Definition
Eclampsia is seizures (convulsions) in a pregnant woman that are not related to a preexisting brain condition.
Eclampsia follows preeclampsia, a serious complication of pregnancy that includes high blood pressure and excess and rapid weight gain. |
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Term
| Ketoacidosis is most likely during which trimesters? |
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Definition
| during the second and third trimesters when the diabetogenic effect of pregnancy is the greatest |
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Term
| The use of tocolytic drugs such as terbutaline (Brethine) to treat premature labor may also contribute to the risk for WHAT? |
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Definition
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