Term
| Which is generally more reliable, testimonial evidence or physical evidence? |
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Definition
| Physical evidence, as it can prove/disprove a certain event of a murder, even being able to override any contradicting testimonial evidence. |
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Term
| Which has more probative value, individual evidence or class evidence? |
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Definition
| Individual evidence, as it is a 100% proven to be relevant to the crime whilst class is far too vague. |
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Term
| What other term is used for physical evidence? |
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Definition
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Term
| Can class evidence have probative value? |
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Definition
| Somewhat, as it is way too vague to use as actual evidence but can be used to narrow down a group of people. |
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Term
| Can individual evidence have probative value? |
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Definition
| Yes, as it directly relates to the events that unfolded. |
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Term
| Are probability and statistics important when discussing the significance of circumstantial evidence? |
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Definition
| Yes, as circumstantial evidence is to make an educated guess/inference. |
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Term
| How can we tell if a questioned sample is relevant to a crime? |
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Definition
| If it is proven to be a piece of individual evidence; when it’s proven to be 100% related to the crime in some way, shape, or form. |
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Term
| Is blood typing considered an individual or class characteristic? |
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Definition
| Class, as using blood types will net plenty of irrelevant people into ones results. |
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Term
| Are fingerprints considered individual or class characteristics? |
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Definition
| Individual, as no two same people can have the same fingerprints. |
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Term
| Which historical case is also known as the Wood Chipper Case? |
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Definition
| The Murder of Helle Crafts. |
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Term
| What is testimonial evidence? |
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Definition
| It is evidence from a witness. |
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Term
| What factors can affect the reliability of eye witness accounts? |
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Definition
| If there is any form of physical (indirect) evidence that counters the statements brought up by the witness. |
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Term
| What is the significance of the Ronald Cotton case? |
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Definition
| It made it that physical evidence overruled testimonial evidence. |
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Term
| What is physical evidence? |
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Definition
| Also known as indirect evidence, it is any object/material that is relevant to the crime (i.e. Blood, Fingerprints, Hair, etc) |
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Term
| What can evidence with class characteristics be used to do? |
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Definition
| It could be used to find some sort of weak link between a crime, or to draw a possible connection that might expand into something more. |
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Term
| What does probative mean? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do known or control samples come from? |
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Definition
| Control samples may come from the victim, from the suspect, or from items found at the scene. |
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Term
| Is physical evidence always individual evidence? |
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Definition
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Term
| How can class evidence be used to narrow a field of suspects? |
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Definition
| When a certain group of suspects is selected, using class evidence can make the suspect list shrink (i.e. If the blood type is B+, then anyone without it is a lot less likely to be the killer) |
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Term
| What is the significance of the Helle Craft case? |
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Definition
| It was the case that launched Forensic science’s usage up. |
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Term
| If a forensic scientist can piece together broken pieces of glass from a bottle that was used as a weapon, what kind of characteristics does it have, individual or class? |
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Definition
| Individual, as it is 100% proven to be a part of the crime. |
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Term
| What is the difference between class and individual evidence? |
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Definition
| Individual is direct and reliable as evidence whilst class is the contrary, being unreliable and used only to narrow down subjects. |
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Term
| Which type of evidence has more probative value, class or individual evidence? |
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Definition
| Individual, as it is 100% proven to be relevant to the case. |
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Term
| What can a piece of evidence with individual characteristics do? |
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Definition
| Disprove a previously thought possibility, provide new possibilities and insights, disprove eye witnesses, prove someone is guilty, etc. |
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Term
| What word do we use for evidence that does not prove a fact, but can provide a basis of inference? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of evidence implies a fact or event without actually proving it? |
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Definition
| Class evidence, as it offers weak evidence but can create a link between the event and something else. |
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Term
| What type of evidence can be linked to a unique, single, specific source? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of evidence has characteristics common to a group of similar objects? |
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Definition
| Class evidence, as that is what is really is. |
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Term
| What type of evidence, also known as real evidence, can be tangible items that tend to prove some material fact? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Unreliable evidence that can create a link or be used to make finding the ending answer easier or to narrow down the results. |
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Term
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Definition
| It relies on an inference to connect it to a conclusion of fact. |
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Term
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Definition
| Forensic samples used to assure analyses are properly performed. |
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Term
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Definition
| When someone basis their testimony off of another person(s) testimony. |
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Term
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Definition
| Another term for physical evidence. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| An object/material relevant to the crime in any way, shape, or form. |
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Term
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Definition
| Is useful in the case in one way or another. |
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Term
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Definition
| Material that has been collected from a known location, but is of unknown origin. |
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Term
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Definition
| Evidence provided by a witness. |
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Term
| State the difference between class and individual evidence. Describe how one piece of evidence could show class and individual characteristics. |
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Definition
| Class evidence is rather vague and can only be used to narrow down the suspects or make a weak connection, like if someone possessed duct tape when duct tape was used in a murder. Individual evidence is clear and cut, like a fingerprint; it is used in court cases due to its reliability. |
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