Term
Microanalysis is the application of a microscope and microscopical techniques to the [blank] , collection, and analysis of microevidence that can not be clearly observed or analyzed without such devices.
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Definition
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Term
Trace evidence is the [blank] or [blank] analysis of the minor or ultraminor components of a sample
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Definition
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Term
What is the entire submitted exhibit or a subsample of the exhibit
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Definition
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Term
What is "Traces of the Victim and the scene will be carried away by the perpetrator. Traces of the Perpetrator will remain on the victim, and the victim may leave traces of himself or herself on the perpetrator. Traces of the perpetrator will be left at the Scene." |
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Definition
| Locard's Theory of Exchange |
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Term
Large forensic laboratories are generally more specific: fiber, [blank], mineralogy, [blank], serology, firearms analyses, controlled substances
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Definition
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Term
Small laboratories may be grouped differently, such as in sections of [blank], biology, [blank], drugs and ballistics
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most common microscope used in the examination of trace evidence? |
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Definition
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Term
Stereo microscopes are normally used with [blank] light |
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Definition
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Term
| The [blank] [blank] microscope is the second most common type of microscope encountered in laboratory |
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Definition
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Term
| Micrometer is a scale that measures [blank], [blank], and [blank] of an item under a microscope |
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Definition
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Term
Is it possible to individually identify a person via a hair's morphology |
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Definition
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Term
When comparing strands of human hair, the criminalist is particularly interested in matching the [blank], [blank], and [blank].
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Definition
| Color, length, and diameter |
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Term
Hair is composed of what three layers? |
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Definition
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Term
| True or False: Hair examiners can tell what part of the body the sample hair came from. |
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Definition
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Term
| The three stages of hair are: |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the Anagen stage of hair. |
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Definition
Active growth phase
lasts 2-7 years depending on genetics
1cm every 28 days
flame shaped root bulb
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Term
[image]
What stage is this hair in? |
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Definition
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Term
[image]
What stage of hair is this root in? |
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Definition
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Term
[image]
What stage is this hair root in? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the Catagen stage. |
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Definition
Short transition phase
Starts after Anagen phase
Lasts 2-3 weeks
Elongated root bulb |
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Term
| Describe the Telogen stage |
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Definition
Resting phase, no growth
These hairs begin to fall out
50 to 100 of these hairs fall out daily
club shaped root
Stress can cause hair to move to this stage prematurely
Lasts approximately 3 months |
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Term
| How long does the telogen stage in hair last |
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Definition
| approximately 3 months depending on genetics |
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Term
| How long does the anagen stage last in hair |
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Definition
| 2-7 years depending on genetics |
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Term
| How long does the catagen stage in hair last |
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Definition
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Term
| True or False: The stages of hair are all the same throughout the body |
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Definition
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Term
| True or False: The length of stages is all the same for all hair on the body |
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Definition
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Term
What is the structure covering the exterior of the hair (translucent). |
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Definition
Cuticle
It's the yellow paint of the #2 Pencil |
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Term
| What direction do the scales in hair on the cuticle always point |
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Definition
Toward the tip
Away from the root
Outward |
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Term
| What is the purpose to the cuticle |
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Definition
| Provides resistance to chemical decomposition and maintains structural features |
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Term
| What are the 3 types of cuticles? |
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Definition
| Spinous, Imbricate, Coronal |
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Term
[image]
What type of cuticle is this? |
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Definition
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Term
[image]
What type of cuticle is this? |
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Definition
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Term
[image]
What type of cuticle is this? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of cuticle is generally found on humans? |
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Definition
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Term
| The [blank] is the main body of the hair shaft. |
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Definition
Cortex
The wood part of a #2 pencil |
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Term
| What is the forensic importance of the hair's cortex? |
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Definition
| The cortex has pigment that determines the hair's color |
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Term
The [blank] is a cellular column running through the center of the hair.
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Definition
Medulla
The graphite of a #2 pencil |
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Term
The [blank] [blank] measures the diameter of the medulla relative to the diameter of the hair shaft.
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Definition
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Term
For humans, the medulla generally occupies less than [blank] the diameter of the shaft, while for animals it is generally [blank] or greater.
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Definition
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Term
The medulla may be [blank], interrupted, fragmented, or absent.
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Definition
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Term
The medulla may be continuous, [blank], fragmented, or absent.
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Definition
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Term
The medulla may be continuous, interrupted, [blank], or absent.
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Definition
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Term
The medulla may be [blank], [blank], [blank], or [blank].
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Definition
The medulla may be continuous, interrupted, fragmented, or absent.
[image] |
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Term
| What are the medulla pattern in humans? |
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Definition
| Continuous, Fragmented, Interrupted, and Absent |
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Term
| When hair is pulled, what is the tissue surrounding the hair shaft near the root called. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the significance of the follicular tag? |
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Definition
| It allows for DNA comparison to link the hair to a specific person |
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Term
| True or False: Racial origin can be determined from hair. |
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Definition
True
Hair can classify race into Caucasian, Negroid, and Mongoloid |
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Term
| True or False: The age of a person can be determined from hair. |
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Definition
| False, except for infants |
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Term
| True or False: The sex of a person can be determined from the morphology of hair. |
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Definition
False
Gender can only be determined if there is a follicular tag through DNA analysis |
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Term
| True or False: Examiners can determine if hair was forcibly removed. |
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Definition
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Term
| True or False: Examiners can tell if a hair was cut, razored, or burned. |
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Definition
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Term
| If a hair has no root, can DNA analysis be conducted? |
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Definition
| Yes, but only with mitochondrial DNA, which provides a maternal linkage. |
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Term
| How many hairs should be collected in a scalp sample? |
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Definition
| 50 hairs with roots from various locations on the scalp, but dependent on the lab procedures |
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Term
| How many pubic hairs should be collected for a proper sample |
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Definition
| 24 or two dozen depending on lab procedures |
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Term
| True or False: When someone dies their hair stays in the same stage it was in just before they died. |
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Definition
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Term
| Natural fibers are derived from [blank] and [blank] sources. |
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Definition
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Term
| Fibers are analyzed under a stereo microscope. What is documented? |
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Definition
Size, Crimp, Color , Luster, Possible cross section, Damage, Soil, and Adhering debris
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Term
| What are the steps to remove fiber evidence from an object? |
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Definition
use clean forceps, place it in a small sheet of paper, fold and label the paper, and place the paper packet inside another container.
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Term
| What type of fold is used to collect fiber and trace evidence? |
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Definition
| Druggist or Pharmaceutical Fold |
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Term
| What can be determined from paint sample evidence? |
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Definition
–Determine __________ make-up of paint
–May determine make, model, and color (layers) of vehicle
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Term
| What are the coatings of paint on a vehicle? |
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Definition
electrocoat primer, primer surfacer, basecoat, and clearcoat.
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Term
| Questioned and known evidence samples are best examined with what type of microscope |
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Definition
| stereoscopic microscope with side by side comparison |
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Term
True or False: The wide diversity of automotive paint contributes to the forensic significance of an automobile paint comparison.
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Definition
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Term
True or False: When paint is to be analyzed, it is best to submit the entire object to laboratory
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Definition
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Term
| If the entire object cannot be collected, where do you collect the paint sample? |
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Definition
Collect sample from area close to the alleged contact and any other additional samples. Obtain all the way down to the substrate.
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Term
| What is the first goal of paint examination? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Glass that is heated and cooled in rapid succession that makes it much harder |
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Term
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Definition
| A layer of plastic in between two layers of regular glass |
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Term
| Where can laminated glass be most commonly found |
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Definition
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Term
| What two physical properties of glass does the forensic scientist look at to examine glass? |
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Definition
| Density and the refractive index |
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Term
| What properties are examined when looking at microscopic glass chip evidence? |
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Definition
Physical: thickness, uniformity, color, curvature, surface conditions-tinting, soiling, etc
Optical: Refractive index
Elemental: Composition of glass |
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Term
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Definition
The Becke line is a bright halo near the boarder of a particle that is immersed in a liquid of a different refractive index. |
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Term
The [blank] point, the Becke line disappears and minimum contrast between liquid and particle is observed.
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Definition
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Term
What is a rather precise and rapid method for comparing glass densities?
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the flotation method in determining glass density |
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Definition
The density of the liquid is carefully adjusted by the addition of small amounts of an appropriate liquid until the glass chip remains suspended in the liquid medium.
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Term
| True or False: By analyzing the radial and concentric fracture patterns in glass, the forensic scientist can determine the direction of impact |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe how to sequence glass defects? |
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Definition
| Radial fractures will run into the radial fractures of the previous defect |
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Term
| What are radial fractures in glass defects? |
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Definition
| Radial fractures move outward from the defect |
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Term
| What are concentric cracks pertaining to glass defects |
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Definition
| They go around the defect |
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Term
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Definition
Radial cracks form a right angle on the reverse side of the force.
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Term
What is it called when a high-velocity projectile, such as a bullet leaves a hole that is wider at the exit side, which tells us the direction of impact?
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the process for collecting soil at the scene. |
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Definition
| Standard/reference soils are to be collected at various intervals within a 100' radius of the crime scene, as well as the site of the crime, for comparison to the questioned soil |
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Term
| How should soil from garments, subject, or victim be collected? |
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Definition
•Soil found on the suspect, such as adhering to a shoe or garments, must not be removed.
•Instead, each object should be individually wrapped in paper and transmitted to the laboratory.
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Term
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Definition
| Soil is comprised of various combinations of sand, silt, clay, and organic matter. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sand is natural particles with grain diameters between 1/16 - 2mm. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fine particulate that has grain diameters less than 1/16mm. Commonly carried by moving water and deposited in concentrated piles |
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Term
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Definition
| Dense moist material made up on particles smaller than .005. |
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Term
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Definition
| Is all plant, fungi, bacteria, and animal materials, including living, dead, decaying, or excreted compounds |
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Term
| Why are so many tests done on soil? |
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Definition
| There are so many unique characteristics that visual is not enough |
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Term
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Definition
| Radial cracks form a Right angle on the Reverse side of the force. |
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Term
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Definition
| Forensic science is the application of science to the criminal and civil laws that are enforced by police agencies in a criminal justice system |
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Term
| How is evidence evaluated |
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Definition
| by using the scientific method |
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Term
| Define the scientific method |
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Definition
| A process that uses strict guidelines to ensure careful and systematic collection, organization, organization, and analysis of information |
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Term
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Definition
| Someone whom the court determines to possess knowledge relevant to the trial that is not expected of the average person |
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Term
| What is the Frye standard? |
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Definition
| Is it generally accepted in the scientific community |
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Term
| What is the Daubert standard? |
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Definition
| The judge is the gate keeper. Has the theory been tested, has it been subject to peer review, the potential rate of error, existence of standards, and is it accepted in the relevant scientific community |
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Term
| What is a comparison analysis? |
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Definition
| The process of determining whether two or more objects have a common origin |
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Term
| Define identification analysis |
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Definition
| The process of determining a substance’s physician or chemical identity |
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Term
| What are individual characteristics? |
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Definition
| Properties of evidence that can be attributed to a common source (individual) with an extremely high degree of certainty |
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Term
| What are class characteristics? |
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Definition
| Properties of evidence that link the evidence to a certain group |
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Term
| What is the product rule? |
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Definition
| Multiplying frequencies of independent genetic markers to obtain an overall frequency of occurrence for a genetic profile |
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Term
| A [blank] analysis subjects a suspect specimen and a standard specimen to the same tests and examination n order to determine whether they have a common origin. |
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Definition
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Term
| the number and type of tests needed to identify a substance must be sufficient to [blank] all other substances from consideration. |
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Definition
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Term
| The process of [blank] determines a substance's physical or chemical identity with as near absolute certainty as existing analytical techniques will permit. |
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Definition
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Term
| [blank] is the frequency of occurrence of an event. |
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Definition
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Term
| Evidence that can be traced to a common source with an extremely high degree of probability is called [blank] characteristics |
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Definition
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Term
| Evidence that can be associated with a group and not with a single source is said to possess [blank] characteristics |
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Definition
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Term
| True or False: One of the major deficiencies of forensic science is the inability of the examiner to assign exact or approximate probability values to the comparison of most class physical evidence. |
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Definition
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Term
| The value of class physical evidence lies in its ability to [blank] events with data in a manner that is, as nearly as possible, free of human error and bias. |
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Definition
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Term
| The value of class physical evidence lies in its ability to [blank] events with data in a manner that is, as nearly as possible, free of human error and bias. |
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Definition
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Term
| The [blank] accorded physical evidence during a trial is left entirely to the trier of fact |
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Definition
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Term
| Although databases are consistently updated so that scientists can assign probabilities to class evidence, for the most part, forensic scientists must rely on [blank] when interpreting the significance of class physical evidence. |
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Definition
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Term
| The [blank] database contains chemical and color information pertaining to original automotive paints. |
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Definition
| International Forensic Automotive Paint Data Query |
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Term
| The [blank] database allows firearm analysts to compare markings made by firearms on bullets that have been recovered from crime scenes. |
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Definition
| National Integrated Ballistics Information Network |
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Term
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Definition
| A process for developing DNA profiles from a buccal swab in 90 minutes or less suitable for comparison with CODIS |
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Term
| What does LASER stand for? |
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Definition
| Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation |
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Term
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Definition
| a small packet of electromagnetic radiation energy |
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Term
| What are the two physical properties most widely used for characterizing glass particles |
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Definition
| density and refractive index |
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Term
| What is the range of the visible light spectrum |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The bending of a light wave as it passes from one medium to another. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to its speed in a given substance |
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Term
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Definition
| Two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds |
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Term
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Definition
| A substance composed of a large number of atoms; these atoms are usually arranged in repeating units or monomers. |
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Term
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Definition
| The basic unit of structure from which a polymer is constructed |
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Term
| True or False: Individual hairs can show variable morphological characteristics (Medulla) within a single individual |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the average rate of hair growth |
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Definition
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Term
| True or False: Examiners can possibly estimate when hair was last bleached or dyed by microscopic examination. |
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Definition
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Term
| True or False: the onset of postmortem changes to the root portion of hair is only observed in anagenic and catagenic hairs |
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Definition
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Term
| What plant fiber is the most prevalent |
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Definition
|
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Term
| [blank] fibers are derived from plants and animals |
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Definition
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Term
| What was the first manufactured fiber |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A naturally occurring crystalline solid |
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Term
| Why do laboratories have quality assurance programs? |
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Definition
| To ensure results are scientifically valid and opinions are based only on results deemed reliable |
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Term
Proficiency tests are simulated cases which assist criminalists in determining [blank] |
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Definition
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Term
| Who accredits laboratories and how long does the accreditation last? |
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Definition
| American Society of Crime Laboratory Directors; 5 years |
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Term
| How does testing refractive index work? |
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Definition
| Put glass in a fluid with a known refractive index. As the glass disappears it is closer to the refractive index of the fluid |
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Term
| How do you calculate the medullary index? |
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Definition
| Divide the diameter of the medulla by the diameter of the entire hair |
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Term
| How does one see the shape of the cortex? |
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Definition
| make a cast by using latex and then remove the hair after it has set after some time |
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Term
| What three properties of glass are used when investigating glass? |
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Definition
| refractive nature of the glass, density, and the way the glass breaks |
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