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| The process by which information encoded in DNA directs the synthesis of proteins or, in some cases, RNAs that are not translated into proteins and instead function as RNAs. |
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| The synthesis of a polypeptide using the genetic information encoded in an mRNA molecule. |
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| A type of RNA, synthesized using a DNA template, that attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasm and specifies the primary structure of a protein. |
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| The synthesis of a polypeptide using the genetic information encoded in an mRNA molecule. |
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| A complex of rRNA and protein molecules that function as a site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm. |
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| An initial RNA transcript from any gene. |
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| A genetic information system in which a set of three-nucleotide-long words specify the amino acids for polypeptide chains. |
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| The DNA strand that provides the pattern, or template, for ordering, by complementary base pairing, the sequence of nucleotides in an RNA transcript. |
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| A three-nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or termination signal. |
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| On an mRNA, the triplet grouping of ribonucleotides used by the translation machinery during polypeptide synthesis. |
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| An enzyme that links ribonucleotides into a growing RNA chain during transcription, based on complementary binding to nucleotides on a DNA template strand. |
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| A sequence of DNA signaling the attachment site for RNA polymerase |
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| In bacteria, a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that marks the end of a gene and signals RNA polymerase to release the newly made RNA molecule and detach from the DNA. |
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| A region of DNA that is transcribed into an RNA molecule. |
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| In transcription, the nucleotide position on the promoter where RNA polymerase begins synthesis of RNA. |
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A regulatory protein that binds to DNA and affects transcription of specific genes.
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| Transcription Initiation Complex |
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Definition
| The completed assembly of transcription factors and RNA polymerase bound to a promoter. |
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Definition
| A DNA sequence in eukaryotic promoters crucial in forming the transcription iniation complex. |
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| Modification of RNA primary transcripts, including splicing out of introns, joining together of exons, and alteration of the 5' and 3' ends. |
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| A sequence of 50-250 adenine nucleotides added onto the 3' end of a pre-mRNA molecule |
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| After synthesis of a eukaryotic primary RNA transcript, the removal of portions of the transcript (introns) that will not be included in the mRNA and the joining together of the remaining portions (exons). |
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| A noncoding, intervening sequence within a primary transcript that is removed form the transcript during RNA processing |
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| A sequence within a primary transcript that remains in the RNA after RNA processing |
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Definition
A large complex made up of proteins and RNA molecules that splices RNA by interacting with the ends of an RNA intron, relasing the intron and joining the two adjacent exons.
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| An RNA molecule that functions as an enzyme, such as an intron that catalyzes its own removal during RNA splicing |
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| A type of eukaryotic gene regulation at the RNA-processing level in which different mRNA molecules are produced from the same primary transcript, depending on which RNA segments are treated as exons and which as introns. |
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| Proteins often have a modular architecture consisting of discrete structural and functional regions. |
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| An RNA molecule that functions as a translator between nucleic adic and protein languages by carrying specific amino acids to the ribosome, where they recognize the appropriate codons in the mRNA |
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Definition
| A nucleotide triplet at one end of a tRNA molecule that base-pairs with a particular complementary codon on an mRNA molecule |
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| Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases |
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Definition
| An enzyme that joins each amino acid to the appropriate tRNA. |
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Definition
| Flexibility in the base-pairing reules in which the nucleotide at the 5' end of a tRNA anticodon can form hydrogen bonds with more than one kind of base in the third position (3' end) of a codon |
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Definition
| RNA molecules that, together with proteins, make up proteins, make up ribosomes |
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| P Site (Peptidyl-tRNA Binding Site) |
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Definition
| Holds the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain |
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| A Site (Aminoacyl-tRNA Binding Site) |
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Definition
| Holds the tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added to the chain |
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| A group of several ribosomes attached to, and translating, the same messenger RNA molecule |
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| A sequence of about 20 amino acids at or near the leading (amino) end of a polypeptide that targets it to the endoplasmic reticulium or other organelles in a eukaryotic cell |
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| Signal-Recognition Particle (SRP) |
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Definition
A protein-RNA complex that recognizes a signal peptide as it emerges from a ribosome and helps direct the ribosome to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by binding to a receptor protein on the ER
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Definition
| A change in the nucleotide sequence of an organism's DNA or in the DNA or RNA of a virus |
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Definition
| A change in a single nucleotide pair of a gene |
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| Nucleotide-Pair Substitution |
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Definition
| A type of point mutation in which one nucleotide in a DNA strand and its partner in the complementary strand are replaced by another pair of nucleotide. |
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Definition
| A nucleotide-pair substitution that has no observable effect on the phenotype |
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Definition
| A nucleotide-pair substitution that results in a codon that codes for a different amino acids |
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| A mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of the three stop codons, resulting in a shorter and usually nonfunctional protein. |
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| A mutation involving the addition of one or more nucleotide pairs to a gene. |
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| A mutational loss of one or more nucleotide pairs from a gene |
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Definition
| A mutation occurring when nucleotides are inserted in or deleted from a gene and the number inserted or deleted is not multiple of three resulting in the improper grouping of the subsequent nucleotides into codons. |
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| A chemical or physical agent that interacts with DNA and can cause a mutations |
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Transcription
Uses RNA Polymerase |
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| Segments of DNA that code for a particular function or character |
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| Transcription: Eukaryotes |
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Definition
*In nucleus
- DNA is transcribed into pre-mRNA
- Pre-mRNA is "processed" into mRNA
*In Cytoplasm
- mRNA leaved the nucleus and moves to cytoplasm
- mRNA is translated into polypeptides by ribosomes |
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| Transcription: Prokaryotes |
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Definition
*No nucleus
DNA is transcribed to mRNA
Then immediately translated to protein by ribosomes |
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| Translation and Transcription (Location) |
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Definition
Translation: Cytoplasm
Transcription: Nucleus |
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Definition
Nucleic Acid like DNA, except:
1.) Single Stranded
2.) Consists of: Ribose (With an extra O2 moleculeat the 2' position)
3.) Uses U instead of T
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Production of more DNA
Uses enzymes DNA Polymerase |
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| How many nucleotide genes are required to code 300 amino acid peptide? |
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Definition
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Definition
A triplet code means there are 64 codons
- (4 Bases)3 = 64
20 required codons (only 20 amino acids)
- many codons are duplicated
There are start and stop codons |
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Definition
Normally doesn't overlap
Small organisms overlap
If ther are mutations everything gets shifted (frame shift mutation) |
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Definition
| RNA Polymerase adds nucleotides to complement the DNA template |
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Definition
| RNA Polymerase separates from DNA |
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| A DNA sequence is transcribed in the |
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Definition
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| RNA and DNA are synthesized |
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Definition
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| DNA polymerase recognizes and binds to the promoter in |
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Definition
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| Bacteria have ___ kind of RNA Polymerase. |
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Definition
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| Promoter and transcription factors are required to initiate transcription in |
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Definition
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| Eukaryotes have ____ kinds of RNA Polymerase |
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Definition
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| __________ transcribes mRNA in eukaryotes. |
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