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aphasia book for test 1
67
Medical
Graduate
09/22/2012

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Term
sustained attention
Definition
sometimes called vigilance, which refers to our ability to maintain attn and consistent performance over long periods of time
Term
focused or selective attention
Definition
allows us to concentrate on and prioritize certain features or stimuli
Term
divided attention
Definition
represents the more complex attentional skill of attending to and processing multiple stimuli
Term
attentional switching
Definition
this aspect of attention facilitates moving attentional focus from one task or stimulus to another
Term
declarative memory
Definition
holds information that can be stored and accessed explicitly or consciously and can be thought of as our "knowledge base"
Term
nondeclarative memories
Definition
implicit in that they can be evoked and in some cases, stored unconsciously
Term
procedural memory
Definition
a form of nondeclarative, long-term meory that holds your memory for motor (e.g. typing, fingering for a musical instrument) and cognitive (e.g. arithmetic operations) skills that are habitual and that require little effort to recall
Term
encoding fuctions such as _________________________________________ are used to maintain information in working memory as well as to transfer that information to long-term memory
Definition
association, rehearsal, categorization, chunking, and verbal mediation
Term
a pt who has difficulty matching printed names of objects to pictures of those objects , but who has adequate visual abilities, good auditory comprehension, and can still read aloud might be hypothesized to have a breakdown at the level of ...
Definition
the orthographic input lexicon (problems at semantic level unlikely because has good auditory comprehension, problems with abstract letter identification and use of letter to sound rules unlikely because can read aloud)
Term
activation of what area has been associated with maintainence of phonological representations, productions of speech sounds, and syntactic processing?
Definition
Broca's area
Term
what two areas in the parietal lobe have been found to contribute to comprehending written language?
Definition
supramarginal gyrus and angular gyrus
Term
Which area involves comprehension where phonologic, semantic, and morphosyntactic structures are processed?
Definition
wernicke's area
Term
diffuse network that supports primarily more basic attention functions (e.g. sustained and focused attention) include which possible structures?
Definition
thalamus, white matter connections between the thalamus and cortical areas of both cerebral hemispheres, and the lateral and medial aspects of both frontal lobes
Term
There are some distinctions between right and left frontal lobes' contributions to this diffuse attention network. The right frontal lobe appears more dominant for_______, whereas the left prefrontal cortex plays a fundamental role in functions such as_________
Definition
sustained attention, attention-switching
Term
what areas are important components of the right hemisphere attention network?
Definition
right posterior parietal cortex, prefrontal cortex, cingulate gyrus, and subcortical structures such as the thalamus and basal ganglia
Term
those structures that are more __________located within the right hemisphere contribute to complex spatial attention functions, those structures more _______ located support more basic spatial attention abilities such as stimulus scanning and selection
Definition
anteriorly, posteriorly
Term
research indicates that working memory's phonological buffer relies upon...
Definition
Broca's area, left supplemental motor, and premotor areas,
Term
The visuospatial buffer relies upon...
Definition
right premotor cortex
Term
the executive component relies upon...
Definition
the anterior cingulate gyrus, and dorsolateral prefrontal areas of both hemispheres
Term
long-term memory relies on ...
Definition
both cortical regions and deeper brain structures
Term
declarative (particularly episodic memory) and anterograde memory)
Definition
hippocampus deep within temporal lobe, medial regions of the temporal lobe
Term
semantic memories appear to be stored...
Definition
in modality and domain specific regions
Term
subcortical areas such as ______ and other _____ structures are germane to procedural memory
Definition
caudate nucleus, basal ganglia
Term
inferior regions of the frontal lobes (i.e., orbitofrontal areas) have been associated with
Definition
inhibition
Term
superior frontal regions (i.e., dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) are involved with
Definition
problem solving and reasoning
Term
the frontal poles that encompass the most anterior portions of the frontal lobes appear to support some of the most complex executive functions such as ...
Definition
self-awareness
Term
what does the term aphasia mean?
Definition
without speech
Term
anomia may be manifest by a variety of behaviors, including...
Definition
delayed naming resulting in excessisve pausing, errors in naming (paraphasias), circumlocutions, and production of nonwords (neologisms)
Term
what may cause increased processing time as appropriate concepts are assessed?
Definition
degraded semantic representations
Term
what may result in pauses, circumlocutions, or word choice errors (i.e., semantic paraphasias)
Definition
disrupted lexical access
Term
impairment to any of the various levels of phonological processing may result in anomic behaviors, particularly _____ errors (ie.____________)
Definition
sound, phonemic paraphasias
Term
repetition without processing for meaning is proposed to involve a specific set of decoding and encoding processes (e.g., __________)that may be disrupted to a different degree than other linguistic processing functions
Definition
acoustic to phonologic conversion
Term
disrupting in comprehension of written language
Definition
alexia
Term
impaired written expression
Definition
agraphia
Term
what underlying impairments may result in the comprehension deficits in alexia
Definition
1. difficulty decoding written forms (e.g., identifying letters or converting graphemes to phonemes)
2. disruptions in semantic or morphosyntactic processing
Term
what underlying impairments may result in the comprehension deficits in agraphia
Definition
may manifest by the same characteristics described for spoken expression as well as
1. difficulty in phoneme to grapheme conversion (e.g., writing to dictation)
2. production of specific allographs (e.g., printed letters, cursive handwriting)
Term
pts with aphasia have been found to be _____ accurate, slower, or both on sustained attention. These performances differences are evident regardless of whether attention talks have relatively high or low linguistic demands
Definition
less
Term
15-65% of pts who suffer left hemisphere brain damage will present with...
Definition
right-sided neglect, or impaired attention to information presented on the right side of the body
Term
When aphasic pts are asked to complete tasks that involve the temporary storage and subsequent recall of verbal, episodic, and auditory-nonverbal, or visuospatial information...
Definition
short term and working memory problems appear to coincide frequently with aphasia
Term
Although only a limited number of studies have evaluated long-term memory subsequent to aphasia onset, initial findings suggest that getting verbal and visual information into and out of long-term memory storage ...
Definition
is difficult for many pts with aphasia
Term
Findings from most aphasia studies indicate that these pts are at risk for deficits in a variety of executive domains including...
Definition
problem solving and reasoning, planning, organization, inhibition, self-monitoring, and cognitive flexibility
Term
nonfluent aphasia
Definition
typically exhibit speech characterized by utterances of four words or fewer, often produced haltingly and with great effort
Term
fluent aphasia
Definition
demonstrate an ease of speech production, with melodic line, rhythm, rate, and flow similar to non-aphasic speakers
Term
receptive aphasia
Definition
used to describe language characteristics of significantly impaired auditory and written comprehension
Term
expressive aphasia
Definition
denotes relatively spared language comprehension, but compromised language output abilities
Term
pts who might be classified as having receptive aphasia typically have...
Definition
expressive deficits as well
Term
both nonfluent and expressive forms of aphasia have historically been associated with relatively _________ lesions. (e.g., damage to________ and surrounding _______ association areas)
Definition
anterior, broca's area, frontal
Term
fluent and receptive forms of aphasia are traditionally associated with relatively _______ lesions (e.g., damage to ______ or surrounding ______ and _____association areas)
Definition
posterior, Wernicke's area, temporal, parietal
Term
a number of exceptions to this lesion pattern, potentially reflecting, at least in part that ______ characteristics (e.g., severity, fluency) change over the course of recovery even when the lesion is static
Definition
behavioral
Term
Broca's aphasia
Definition
(Paul Broca) characterized by nonfluent language output and relatively spared language comprehension compared to output fluency difficulties (i.e., these pts may have comprehension problems but they are not as prominent as their output difficulties)
Term
Wernicke's aphasia
Definition
characterized by marked comprehension,naming, and repetition impairments. language output in wernicke's aphasia though fluent, typically contains many paraphasias and is often described as "empty speech"
Term
Global aphasia
Definition
the aphasia type marked by significant impairments in all language modalities and functions (i.e., comprehension, speech fluency,naming, and repetition) Typically results from large lesions affecting both anterior and posterior language centers, although exceptions have been noted
Term
______,______,________ aphasias are characterized by repetition that is similar to sponataneous speech with respect to fluency, presence of paraphasic errors, morphosyntactic accuracy and so forth.
Definition
Broca's, wernicke's , global
Term
_______, ________, and ________ aphaisia types are characterized by repetition is much less impaired than would be predicted from spontaneous speech
Definition
transcortical motor aphasia, transcortical sensory aphasia, transcortical mixed aphasia
Term
transcortical motor aphasia
Definition
similar to broca's asphasia with respect to speech fluency, comprhension, and naming. When pts with transcortical motor aphasia are asked to repeat phrases and sentences, their spoken output is generally more fluent and contains fewer errors than their spontaneous verbal output. Lesions resulting in transcortical motor aphasia are usually anterior or superior to broca's area, and hypothesized to reflect a disconnection between broca's area and supplementary motor area
Term
transcortical sensory aphasia
Definition
characterized by poor comprehension, and fluent speech. Repetition tends to be more preserved than spontaneous speech, which typically contains many paraphasias and neologisms. Lesions resulting from disrupted blood supply to the posterior cereral artery that affect the inferior temporal lboe and parts of the occipital lobe are typically associated with transcortical sensory aphasia.
Term
Lesions resulting from disrupted blood supply to posterior cerebral artery that affect the inferior temporal lobe and parts of the occipital lobe are typically associated with...
Definition
transcortical sensory aphasia
Term
transcortical mixed aphasia (also known as isolation aphasia)
Definition
similar to global aphasia, pts with isolation aphasia exhibit notable impairments in comprehension, speech fluency, and naming, but retain the ability to repeat at a level not predicted by the severity of their other language deficits. Isolation tends to be associated with large lesions involving bother anterior and posterior language association areas.
Term
conduction aphasia
Definition
disproportionately severe deficits during repetition. Pts with conduction aphasia tend to have relatively good comprehension and fluent speech, with mild to moderate naming deficits. However, when they are asked to repeat, their speech may become more nonfluent, or paraphasias may become more prominent than is observed during their spontaneous speech. The lesion sites traditionally associated with conduction aphasias are the left arcuate fasiculus, the supramarginal gyrus in the inferior parietal lobe, or both.
Term
Anomic aphasia
Definition
exhibit a relatively isolated impairment of naming, with fluent aphasia early post onset, other pt's impairments will evolve via spontaneous recovery and language treatment into anomic aphasia. Anomic aphasia can result from brain damage to various cortical and subcortical regions
Term
subcortical aphasia
Definition
aphasia resulting from damage to non-cortical sites
Term
crossed aphasia
Definition
aphasia resulting from lesions to the right hemisphere. (quite rare)may co-occur with cog. com. deficits associated with right-hemisphere lesions
Term
pure aphasia
Definition
used to denote apparently isolated impairments of specific language function
Term
pure alexia
Definition
word blindness, pts demonstrate reading difficulties in teh absense of any other language impairment
Term
pure agraphia
Definition
refers to isolated impairments of writing
Term
pure word deafness
Definition
describes profound auditory comprehension deficits without evidence of impairment in other language functions
Term
primary progressive aphasia (PPA)
Definition
generally associated with left hemisphere pathology . Pts with PPA may demonstrate a range of impairments in comprehension, naming, speech fluency, and reading and writing skills. Deficits associated with PPA continue to progress. Diagnostic criteria for PPA is that pts show a relatively isolated decline of language abilities for at least 2 years. (before the gradual onset of PPA, may be confused with early dementia, altho careful assessment reveals broader intellect, memory and executive functions, ability to complete daily activities independently are relatively spared, often for many years)
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