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a geographical area in which all water drains into 1 river or stream
-boundaries defined by higher elevations or ridges
-SYN: drainage basin, catachment |
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| study of freshwater ecosystems inc. lakes, reservoirs, rivers, streams, wetlands |
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| standing water systems (lake pond) |
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| flowing water systems (river, stream) |
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| study of impact of hydrologic processes on the land |
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| study of why a stream has formed based on climate, topography, vegetation and geology |
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sometimes gaining and sometimes losing stream (lose through banks)
-can dry up |
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| period in which aquatic invertebrates transform into adult and leave water |
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primary productivity coming from within system
-higher nutrients
-EX-macrophytes, macroalgae, phytoplankton |
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primary productivity coming from outside system
-important in headwater streams
-low nutrients
-EX-leaf packs |
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| decomposing plant material and assorted flora and fauna |
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born in freshwater --> mature in sea
-EX-salmon |
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born in sea --> mature in freshwater
-EX-eel |
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| counter-rotating vortices form lines of plankton etc. (windrows) in water |
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in water cycle - from precipitation, glaciers, SOME in sedimentary rock
-cycles (we have access to this water) |
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| ancient water trapped in sedimentary rocks |
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Stream Restoration
Rock Vanes |
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Definition
J or V-shaped piles of rocks
-direct flow and create habitat |
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Stream Restoration
Gabions |
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Definition
enclosed collection of rocks placed in stream bank
-stabilize bank |
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Stream Restoration
Mud Sill |
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Definition
logs places into bank (perpindicular) with boards across
-stabilizes bank and creates trout habitat |
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Stream Restoration
Bank Reshaping |
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Definition
dig out channel, smooth banks --> plant riparian zone
-broader channel that distributes energy
-riparian zone absorbs energy |
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Stream Restoration
Biologs/coconut logs |
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Definition
| dirt covered in coconut fiber along edges of stream support riparian buffer (riparian grows out of logs) |
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Stream Restoration
Live fascines |
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| live bundles of sticks lining banks for riparian to grow out of |
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Stream Restoration
Log, Rotwood & Boulder Revetment |
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Definition
logs, rotwood, and boulders placed in and on stream bank
-stabilize bank, support restoration of riparian zone, provide trout habitat |
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Stream Restoration
Livestock fencing and Stream crossings |
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Definition
| -prevents over-enrichment from nutrients and erosion |
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partially decomposed plant material
-can accumulate up to 12 m deep
-present in bogs |
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| conditions for peat accumulation |
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-sphagnum present over water
-pH is low (acidic)
-water is stagnant |
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the amount of change in a molecule/gene over time
-EX 1% change / 1 million yrs |
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| incoming high tide opposes river flow |
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depressions filled in from rain and snow melt (spring)
-occur on flood plains
-especially arctic and tropical areas, but seen everywhere |
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Definition
occur in fall
-often depend on allochthonous detritus and marginal vegetation |
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excess amounts of nutrients (locally from NPS pollution) and Nitrogen from rain water
-succession of plant species occurs as nutrient loading increases |
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Definition
natural process of nutrient accumulation over time
-humans speed this up by adding nutrients
-silt, sediment, and organic matter accumulate organics in excess of what a pond/lake can recycle |
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Lake Productivity
Oligotophic |
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Definition
-13% of US lakes
-low nutrients
-low productivity
-newly formed or unproductive watersheds
-organisms higher on food chain lacking |
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Lake Productivity
Mesotrophic |
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Definition
-36% of US lakes
-higher in nutrients (not excessively high) |
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Lake Productivity
Eutrophic |
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Definition
-30% of US lakes
-higher productivity |
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Lake Productivity
Hypereutrophic |
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Definition
-20% of US lakes
-too much nutrients |
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layers of water of different temps
-occurs in lakes (not ponds) |
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| area of rapid temperature change |
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-2 turnovers (fall and spring)
-lakes in temperate zone usually this kind |
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Layers Stratified Lakes
epilimnion |
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Definition
-surface layer
-photosynthesis exceeds respiration |
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Layers Stratified Lakes
mesolimnion |
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Definition
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Layers Stratified Lakes
hypolimnion |
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Definition
lowest, stagnant layer
-Oxygen can be depleted although cold water holds more O2 than warm water |
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Mixis Patterns
warm monomictic |
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Definition
-winter turnover
-no ice
-20-40* latitude |
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Mixis Patterns
cold monomictic |
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Definition
-polar lakes
-turnover in summer
-70-80* latitude |
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Definition
-permanently stratified
--> usually bc salty water at bottom due to salt springs or coastal flooding with seawater --> increases density of water |
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-many mixes
-equatorial or high altitude |
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Mixis Patterns
oligomictic |
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Definition
-few mixes, rarely mix
-tropical areas |
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Definition
-NO mixes
-polar lake under permanent ice |
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