clergy

less than 1%

owned 20% of the land

exampt from taxes

nobility

2-4%

owned 20% of the land

exempt from taxes

everyone else

over 95%

payed HUGE taxes

church tax on the Third Estate

(10% of annual income)

High court of France

Ruled that new taxies couldn't be levied unless approved by the estates-general

National Assembly

(June 13, 1789)

The Third Estate members of the Estates-General;

broke away, swore the Tennis Court Oath not to disband until they had written a new constitution for France

Tennis Court Oath

(June 20, 1789)

Storming of the Bastille

(July 14, 1789)

After food riots and peasant rebellions, a Parision mob storms the Bastille,

a fortress that symbolized royal injustice

The Decrees

(August 4, 1789)

Declaration of the Rights of Man

(August 26, 1789)

Passed by the National Assembly;

Guarantees:

Freedom of speech, thought, etc.

Due process of law

Taxes could only be imposed by the consent of the people

Right to rule was said to be the whole nation's

The Great Fear

(August 1789-1790)

Swept the country as the third etate rose up agaisnt the nobility;

peasants destroyed feudal records and noble residences

March on Versaille

(October 1789)

A Paris mob (mostly women) stormed Versailles to force the king to relocate to Paris;

Incited by Jean Paul Marat

Civil Constitution of the Clergy

(1790)

Convents and monasteries are abolished;

all clergymen were supposed to be paid by the state and elected by the citizens;

Clergy was forbidden to accept the authority of the pope;

Half the priests of the Gallican church refused to accept it

National Assembly's constitution of 1791

(what did it establish?)

Flight of Varenes

(June 21, 1791)

The royal family flees to Varennes to start a counterrevolutionary army;

They were stopped and became prisoners of the Parisian mobs

Declaration of Pillnitz

(August 1791)

Radical republican French people,

aroused mobs, etc.

Maximilien Robespierre

(1758-1794)

leader of the Jacobins;

eventually the leader of the National Convention;

pushed for execution of the king

Reign of Terror

(1793-1794)

Republic of Virtue

(1793)

Issued by the Committee of Public Safety in an attempt to de-Christianize France;

Isolated the Catholic majority

The Directory

(1795-1799)

End of the Directory

(1799)

Napoleon's government after overthrowing the Directory;

made up of three consuls with Napoleon as head consul

Signed by Napoleon & the Pope;

the papacy renounced claims over church property seized during the revolution in exchange for being allowed to nominate bishops

Code Napoleon

(1804)

Napoleon was threatened by Britain. He tried to starve them out by closing European ports to British commerce;

Russia, Prissia, Denmark , Portugal, and Spain joined the boycott

The Spaniards got angry when Napoleon tried to replace the Spanish king with his brother;

They waged a guerrilla war, aided by England

(and their best commander the Duke of Wellington)

Napoleon's invasion of Russia

(June 1812)

Invaded because the Russians withdrew from the Continental System (it was causing them economic problems);

Russia used "scorched earth" tactics;

Napoleon's army had no supplies and had to retreat, lost over 550,000 of 600,000 men.

Destroyed Napoleons army & reputation

Battle of Leipzig

(aka Battle of Nations)

The Bourbons--King Louis XVIII;

he's exiled to Elba

King Louis XVIII's government

(after Napoleon)

Created a legislature that represented only the upper classes;

BUT kept most of Napoleon's reforms (Code Napoleon, concordat with the Pope, abolition of feudalism)

a primary goal of the Congress of Vienna:

to return the "rightful" rulers of Europe to their thrones

rule of legitimacy (return "rightful" rulers to their thrones)

a balance of power that would guarantee peace

Klemens von Metternich

(1773-1859)

France is surrounded by a bunch of strong states

(Holland + Belgium = Kingdom of the Netherlands; a Prussian satellite state on the Rhine; Austrian buffer states in Northern Italy)

Napoleon's reorganization of Germany remains

The Holy Roman Empire isn't reestablished

The Hundred Days

(beginnng March 1, 1815)

Napoleon escapes from Elba and marches into Paris to popular acclaim;

Raises an army, defeats a Prussian army;

Is defeated by the Duke of Wellington at Waterloo

Concert of Europe

(aka Quadruple Alliance)

England, Russia, Prussia, and Austria's aim to maintain the balance of power that the Congress of Vienna had established;

also wanted uphold territorial boundaries and shore up monarchies against radical ideas, such as reublicanism