Term
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Definition
· 18th Century
· Beginning of modern liberal democracy in the West
· Attempting to dominate a regime that had been ruling since 900 AD
· How this Revolution was done, is how all revolutions have followed since
· Causes:
o American Revolution was a trigger and influence
o Were overpowering the French monarchs; absolutism
o The ideas of the Enlightenment- Lafayette, Liberty and Equality, John Locke, Bourgeoisie, Sovereignty, Classical/Liberalism, Representative government, Montesquieu, Checks and Balances, The Declaration of Rights of Man, Nobility vs. Bourgeoisie, Taxation, Mercantilism, Manorial tradition was changing
o Feudal land changed its course of government
o Got rid of the King, the Catholic Church, and Christianity
· Immediate Problems-
o Debt/Taxation- bankruptcy, tax farming
o Government mismanagement- economic, nobility needs to be taxed
o Nobles and Taxation |
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Term
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Definition
• Let by the bourgeoisie
• Destroyed feudal privileges and established a capitalist order based on individualism and a market economy.
• A social change in France during the French Revolution in which the government the incongruity between legal and social reality under the Old Regime is magnified |
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Term
| Lafayette (p. 664, 668, 670) |
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Definition
• Aristocrat determined to fight only France’s traditional foe, England
• Love of liberty and firm republican conventions- got these ideas from the American Revolution which he helped in
• Commander of the city’s armed forces during the revolt of the poor
• Saved the royal family when the women were protesting at Versailles
o Made the suggestion to move the King and Queen to Paris |
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Term
| Liberty and Equality (p. 659, 660, 664) |
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Definition
• Liberty- Individual human rights, freedom
• Equality- all citizens should have equal rights and civil liberties, regardless of birth
• Key ideas of the French Revolution
• Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
• Individual human rights
• Wanted a new government
• All citizens should have identical rights and civil liberties
• Right to vote, to run for office, to participate in government (went to the men) |
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Term
| Bourgeoisie- (p. 660, 665-666) |
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Definition
• Well-educated, prosperous, middle-class groups.
• Had liberal ideas about individual rights and political freedom
• United by economic position and class interest
• Progressively became exasperated by archaic “feudal” laws and customs that restrained the economy and their needs and aspirations
• Rose up to lead the entire third estate in a great social revolution.
• Always fought with the nobility
• Supported the judicial opposition to the government, looked to investment in land and to government service as their preferred activities
• Goal of the merchant capitalist was to gain enough wealth to live nobly as a large landowner |
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Term
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Definition
• Philosopher
• “Life, Liberty, and Property”
• Responsible fro joining the Enlightenment’s concern for personal freedom and legal equality to a theoretical justification of liberal self-government.
• Maintained that England’s long political tradition rested on “the rights of Englishmen” and on representative government through Parliament.
• If a government oversteps its proper function of protecting the nautral rights of life, liberty, and private property, it becomes a tyranny. |
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Term
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Definition
• Revolutionary liberals beliefs
• People alone had the authority to make laws limit an individual’s freedom of action
• Choosing legislators who represented the people and were accountable to them
• The idea that the people alone have the authority to make laws limiting an individual’s freedom of action. |
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Definition
| • The protection of individual liberties and political safeguards to guard against unchecked political power. |
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Definition
| • Believed that powerful intermediary groups offered the best defense of liberty against despotism |
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Term
| Representative Government- |
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Definition
• Not a democracy, but the process for voting for representatives (those who owned property) as a voice for the people.
• Envisioned voting for representatives as being restricted to those who owned property |
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Term
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Definition
• The privileges of lordship that allowed lords to tax the peasantry for their own profit
• Exclusive rights to hung and fish, village monopolies on baking bread and pressing grapes for wine, fees for justice, and a host of other useful privileges.
• Nobles had honorific privileges such as the right to precedence on public occasions and the right to wear sword- superiority. |
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Term
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Definition
| • Best defense of liberty against despotism |
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Term
| Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen- August 27, 1789 |
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Definition
• States that anyone can do anything they please unless they violate the law or hurt someone/something
• It allows people to have their freedom
• Sovereignty can take away any power that was not given to you
• Protects a person’s liberty and freedom |
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Term
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Definition
| • Executive, legislative and judicial branches would balance one another and the federal government's power would be checked by the powers of individual states. |
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Definition
• The three orders into which France's inhabitants were divided: the Roman Catholic clergy, the nobility and everyone else.• Church levied a tax on landowners
• Nobles still had manorial rights- taxed the peasantry for their own profit
• Third estate- conglomeration of vastly different social groups united only by their shared legal status as distinct from the nobility and clergy.
• Only thing that untied the bourgeoisie and the nobility was by their economic position and class interest.
• Successful commoners continued to seek and obtain noble status through government service and purchase of expensive positions conferring nobility
• Nobility were no less liberal than the middle class, and both groups generally supported the judicial opposition to the government.
• Nobility and bourgeoisie were not really at odds in the economic sphere. Both looked to investment in land and to government service as their preferred activities, and the goal of the merchant capitalist was to gain enough wealth to live nobly as a large landowner
• The society of France was now based on wealth and education, where emerging elite that included both aristocratic and bourgeois notables was frustrated by a bureaucratic monarchy that continued to claim the right to absolute power. |
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Term
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Definition
• Pass all laws and taxes
· Individual liberties should be guaranteed by law; and that general reforms, such as the abolition of internal tariffs, should be introduced to promote economic developments.
· Louis XVI called them to meet because he needed them to look over the tax changes; It had more than a hundred years since they last met
· The clergy, nobles, and commoners were meeting together to draft petitions for change and to elect their respective delegates to be in this government, which were not chosen from the laboring poor
· Means of checks and balances was used throughout these three houses
· Decided that each house should sit separately, not very effective when all together
· When it reopened at Versailles, the thirds estate refused to transact any business until the king ordered the clergy and nobility to sit with them in a single body. This eventually led to the Tennis Court Oath, which formed the National Assembly, which was the end to this government. |
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Term
| National Assembly- June 17, 1789 |
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Definition
· Issued Declaration of Rights of Man
· Spurred by depressed economy and falling tax receipts
· The third estate was locked out of Versailles, they went to the tennis court (Tennis Court Oath) leading to the formation of this government
· Lafayette was supportive of this government
· Followed the King to Paris after the women marched to Versailles.
· Abolished the French nobility as a legal order and pushed forward with the creation of a constitutional monarchy
· King remained the head of state, but all lawmaking power was placed in their hands, which were elected by the upper half of the French males
· Believed that women should be limited to child raising and domestic duties and should leave politics and most public activities to men. Excluding women from politics would free the political system from the harmful effects of the sexual intrigue common at court.
· Prohibited monopolies, guilds, and workers’ combinations, and it abolished barriers to trade within France in the name of economic liberty
· Reform France’s laws and institutions
· Nationalized the Catholic Church’s property and abolished monasteries. Sold all former church property in an attempt to put the state’s finances on a solid footing
· Established a national church and a Civil Constitution of the Clergy, requiring priests to be chosen by voters
· Legislative Assembly began in October 1791, ending this government |
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Term
| The Bastille- July 14, 1789 |
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Definition
| • People raid Bastille for gun powder, governor of Bastille goes into lock down, eventually surrenders, he is killed |
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Term
| Great Fear- July-August, 1789 |
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Definition
• During the French Revolution; the fear of vagabonds and outlaws that seized the country side and fanned the flames of rebellion
• Peasants all across France began to rise in spontaneous, violent, and effective insurrection against their lords. They seized forests, and taxes went unpaid.
• Rebellion was everywhere |
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Term
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Definition
• In revolutionary France, a political club whose members were a radical republican group
• Representatives to the Legislative Assembly who were passionately committed to liberal revolution. |
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Term
| Maximilien Robespierre- 1758-1794 |
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Definition
• Feared
• Words were his weapons and this is what he eventually got killed for
• Kills Louis 16th |
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Term
| The Women's March on Versailles-October 5, 1789 |
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Definition
• Mostly poor, hungry women who hate Marie Antoinette
• Not against the Enlightenment but are very poor and hungry, this is why they revolt
• Wanted to move the King to Paris
o Lafayette said, instead of revolting, move both of the King and Queen to Paris, which they agreed to do
o No King of Queen ever returned to Versailles after this
o The King and Queen believed they would be rescued from their house arrest in Paris, but never were
• Women are angry over increased bread prices, march to Versailles to complain, break into Versailles searching for Marie Antoinette, want to kill her, she escapes before they can find her |
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Term
| Civil Constitution of the Clergy- July, 1790 |
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Definition
| • Established a national church |
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Term
| The Tennis Court Oath- June 20th, 1789 |
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Definition
• The third estate moves to a tennis court when they begin to have problems with the Estate General
• Take an oath that they will not leave until the can create a Constitution
• King has them locked out of the Estates General
• Delegates of the third estate leave Versailles, go out to the tennis court, say they won't leave until a constitution is written, King has them locked out of Versailles, start to revolt |
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Term
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Definition
• Locked out of the Estates General after taking the Tennis Court Oath
• Need to revolt or find a way around this
• Lots of hungry and poor people
• King was oblivious of what was happening with these people
• Form a new legislature- National Assembly |
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Term
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Definition
• Marries King Louis 16th
• Pretty; wants to win over the heart of her new family and husband
• Not interested in politics- not very smart
• Lost a lot of money to gambling, had outrageous fashions
• All of the third estate in France hated her because she displayed wealth and nobility, while they had nothing
• Cannot produce an heir to the throne |
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Term
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Definition
| • They begin with an absolute monarch and end with them as well
• Modern revolution was shaped like a spiral
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
• Economic Determinist- believes that history is determined by the evolution of economic situations
• Believes history is a straight line and a struggle between the have and have nots
• Everyone would work according to their ability and receive according to their needs; everyone would have what they needed
• French Revolution lies between mercantilism and capitalism; Bourgeoisie where the ones revolting along with the craftsmen. |
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Term
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Definition
• Road to Revolution
• Revolution à Immediate Causes à Demand Hope for Success, Corresponding Weakness of Opponents à Provocation, Plant to Reform, Leadership, Support and Organization |
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Definition
• Not interested in ruling over a country or in love
• Becomes King at 15; becomes King after his grandfather died
• Very persuasive
• Married Marie Antoinette, which allows France to become allies with France. |
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Term
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Definition
| • Machine to cut off heads; in public square, people gathered to watch, quick death |
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Term
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Definition
| A phase during which the fall of the French monarchy marked a rapid radicalization of the Revolution |
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Term
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Definition
| A group contesting control of the National Convention in France; named after a department in southwestern France |
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Term
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Definition
| • A political group of the French National Assembly, led by Robespierre, it was called the Mountain because its members sat at the uppermost left hand benches of the assembly hall. |
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Term
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Definition
| • The name for the petty traders and laboring poor of Paris, so called b/c the men wore trousers instead of the knee breeches of the aristocracy and middle class. |
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Term
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Definition
| • The period from 1793-1794 during which Robespierre used revolutionary terror to solidify the home front of France. spies hiding everywhere, if found of doing/acting/saying something suspicious, etc. you were sent to the guillotine |
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Term
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Definition
| • Patriotic dedication to a national state and mission; this was a decisive element in the French Republic's victory |
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Term
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Definition
| • A goal of Napoleon's: the power of the husband and father over his wife and children was as absolute as Napoleon's over his subjects. |
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Term
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Definition
| • Robespierre and the government set maximum prices for products, rather then relying on supply and demand |
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Definition
| • Wrote Declaration of Rights of Women after women did not get equality in declaration of rights of man, |
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Definition
| • Sent spies to watch citizens, if people were suspected of subversive activity they were arrested and sent to the guillotine |
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Term
| Napoleon Bonaparte- (1769-1821) |
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Definition
• Sharply curtailed representative institutions and individual rights
• He effectively promoted the reconciliation of old and new, of centralized bureaucracy and careers open to talent, of noble and bourgeoisies in a restructured property-owning elite
• First seized power in 1799
• Organized a takeover of the Directory (November 9, 1799)
• Made bargain with middle class through Civil Code of 1804 [stated equality of all male citizens before the law and absolute security of wealth and private property], signed the Concordat of 1801 with Pope Pius VII [pope gained religious freedom and Napoleon gained power]
• Reestablished family monarchy (1790’s)
• Concluded Treaty of Amiens with Great Britain (1802), it was a diplomatic triumph for |
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Term
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Definition
| • He was defeated by Lord Nelson at the Battle of Trafalgar (October 21st, 1805), Prussia and Austria joined Great Britain to form the quadruple alliance, a month later (April 4, 1814) defeated Napoleon was sent to the island of Elba, Louis XVIII came to power, Napoleon escaped Elba and came back to France, Louis fled. Napoleon took power once again, allies untied against him. He was defeated at Waterloo (January 18, 1815) this time sent to island of St. Helena and Louis XVIII returned to the throne |
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Term
| Useful/Honorific Privileges |
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Definition
• See Manorial Rights
• Nobles had honorific privileges such as the right to precedence on public occasions and the right to wear sword- superiority. |
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Term
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Definition
• human dignity, personal liberty, and human happiness on earth and its faith in science, rationality, and progress
• Lafayette was a huge fan of these ideas |
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Term
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Definition
• French debt resulted partly from aiding in the American Revolution.
• Much of the annual budget went to paying the interest on the debt, while another significant portion went to the military and the extravagant king.
• The debt continued to increase and the economy was in trouble.
• Resolution of that fiscal crisis required major reforms, reforms that went to the heart of the social order of France. |
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Term
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Definition
• The period after the execution of Robespierre in 1794, a reaction to the despotism of the
Reign of Terror |
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Term
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Definition
July 14, 1789 (p. 668, 669)
• Where Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette stayed in Paris
• People raid Bastille for gun powder
• Governor of Bastille goes into lock down, eventually surrenders, he is killed |
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Term
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Definition
July-August, 1789 (p. 668)
• During the French Revolution; the fear of vagabonds and outlaws that seized the country side and fanned the flames of rebellion
• Peasants all across France began to rise in spontaneous, violent, and effective insurrection against their lords. They seized forests, and taxes went unpaid.
• Rebellion was everywhere
• Before the Reign of Terror when peasants were revolting; nobility was scared. |
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Term
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Definition
October 1791 (p. 671, 672)
• In revolutionary France, a political club whose members were a radical republican group
• Representatives to the Legislative Assembly who were passionately committed to liberal revolution.
• Part of the Mountain group
• First Coalition |
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Definition
| • Wrote the Declaration of Rights of Women and Female Citizen |
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