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| the orders of the three estates, and the population percentages |
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Definition
First estate- Clergy- 1-2%
Second Estate - Nobles - 1-2%
Third Estate - Commoners - 96-98% |
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| 4 Characteristics of Old Regime France |
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| particularist, hierarchical, corporatist, absolutist |
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| Three types of tax systems of the Old Regime |
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Pays d' election - the king selects representatives
Pays d'Etat - regional assembly elected by the people
Pays d' Imposition - King Directly sets taxes |
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| Number of Parements in Old Regime |
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| the two legal systems of Old Regime France |
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1. Civil Law- south - adopted from Roman law
2.Common Law- north, also called customary law |
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| Flight of the Royal Family from Paris happened when? |
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| The King tried to go on a traditional Easter retreat, leaving Paris, on this day. He was stopped by and angry crowd. |
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| Day of Daggers: While Layfayette was out of Paris, armed nobles gather around the Tuileries in Paris. They were disarmed and 400 arrested. |
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| occurred on 28 February 1791 |
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| Finance Minister, 1776-81: 1788-1789; 1789-1790. popular between 1781 & 1789. He was the Finance Minister from 1777-1781 & again from 1788-1790. He was widely thought to be the wizard who saved France from financial failure. Notice that he holds a cornucopia out of which pour food & gold. On the table, beneath the bust of Louis XVI, is his Compte Rendu au Roi which was supposed to have made France’s finances public & to have restored French credit |
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| Controller General 1783-1787 |
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| Controller General 1774-76 |
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| interest bearing binds backed by confiscated church lands, became like paper money, but were over printed, declined in value. |
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| National Assembly dismisses all clergy that do not accept the Civil Constitution of the Clergy |
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| The Bishop in the National Assembly that proposed Church nationalization |
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Definition
| Talleyrand proposed it on Oct 10, 1790 |
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| Started in 1790 on July 14, Bastille Day. Build a giant stadium in only 30 days. Countless demonstrations of ‘fraternité’ celebrating the achievements of the revolution occurred since the summer of 1789. On June 5, 1790, the Assembly adopted Bailly’s proposal to invite all the regional Federations to one great ceremony to honor the Federation in Paris on July 14. Regiments of regular troops will join the National Guards of the regions to remind them (especially the newly minted militias) that they all comply with the law which is the expression of the nation’s will as represented by the deputies of the National Assembly. |
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| June 20, 1789. Third Estate swore not to disband until they had written a new constitution for France. |
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| Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen |
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Definition
| Passed August 26, 1798. Freedom of speech, thought, and religion guaranteed; due process of law guaranteed; taxes could be imposed only by consent of the governed; the right to rule belonged not just to the king but to the whole nation. |
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| Civil Constitution of the Clergy |
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Definition
| passes on July 12, 1790. 30 member committee, only 5 clergy. Clergy positions now elective offices. Better wages and conditions for lower clergy. Opposition didn't speak out until it was too late. Creates major divisions in society, test of loyalty to revolution. |
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| Advocated standardized French, get rid of France's patois. Step toward compulsory education. |
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| Redrawing of the Administrative Map |
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Definition
| Feb 26, 1790. Named after geographical formations. Broke up large provinces. were 83 departments, 547 districts, 4,872 cantons, and roughly 44,000 communes. At each level, offices were open to election. |
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Term
| Neker's final resignation, he denounces assignats |
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| Fueled by rumors of a reception for the King's bodyguards on 1 October 1789 at which the national cockade had been trampled upon, on 5 October 1789 crowds of women began to assemble at Parisian markets. The women first marched to the Hôtel de Ville, demanding that city officials address their concerns. The women were responding to the harsh economic situations they faced, especially bread shortages. 7-8000 women marcher to Versailles with the National Guard and a reluctant Layfayette. Brought the royal family back to Paris by force. |
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Term
| Flanders regiment banquet |
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Definition
| 1 October 1789, Flanders regiment throws a banquet for Royal Family. some rip off their red white and blue cockades and stomp on them. Seen as counter-revolutionary move, stirs up popular concern. |
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Term
| two "parties" that emerged in National Assembly late 1789 |
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Definition
the Patriots- suspensive veto for king, unicameral legislature.
the Monarchien- aka Royal Democrats - wanted British Style bicameral leg and an absolute veto for the king.
When matters came to a vote Patriots won by 10-1 margin. |
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| the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the August 11th decree. The Night the Old Regime Got ‘Leveled’ |
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| The decree of August 11, 1789 abolished serfdom, hunting privileges, unpaid labor, venality of office, and the privileges held by certain provinces and towns. It also declared that justice was to be provided free of charge according to a uniform set of laws and that taxation would be applied equally as a proportion of wealth to all subjects. |
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| French society was corporatist |
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Definition
The identity of French subjects had more to do with their belonging to certain groups or corporations, each of which sought to defend and extend their particular privileges.
Lacking a modern constitution, French people protected themselves through contracts negotiated with the royal administration by groups (corps or ‘corporations’
Corporations: Clergy, Nobles, Guilds, Judges, Tax Collectors, Towns/Cities, Provinces |
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| Old Regime France was Absolutist |
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Definition
In 1756, the French political theorist Jean Bodin, in his Six Books of the Commonwealth, provided the first coherent theory of undivided sovereignty: “The power of giving law to everyone in general and to each in particular” belongs to the king & is “inalienable, indivisible, & perpetual.”
In other words, the French king was thought to possess an absolute (i.e. independent) right to make positive laws, without reference to other authorities (e.g., Emperor or Pope). |
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| 1) promulgate & execute laws; 2) fight wars; 3) raise money to fight wars |
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| Published by Neker in 1781, made royal finances 'public' but did not include military spending, 75% of the budget. |
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Term
| Necker replaced by Charles Alexandre de Calonne |
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Definition
1781, not long after Necker’s Compte Rendu au Roi was published.
Calonne adopted a policy of introducing free trade & replacing the system of corporate tax privileges and feudal obligations with more universal and regular taxes. The magistrates objected, as in the past, to any policy that would curtail ‘privilege’.
Calonne persuaded Louis XVI to convene an Assembly of Notables to endorse his reforms. |
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Feb-May, 1787. Calonne's idea. Proved recalcitrant. Calonne published thier proceedings in March 1787 Notables retaliated by calling for a public audit of royal finances.
In the wake of this failure, the king replaced Calonne with Loménie de Brienne in May. |
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Definition
| replaced Calonne in May 1787 after he failed to get the Assembly of Notables to pass tax reforms. |
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| Royal Showdown with the Magistrates |
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Definition
Spring-Summer 1787. In June, Brienne tried to have the parlements register new taxes. On July 2, they rejected them & sent remonstrances to the King.
The image on the right depicts the lit de justice of August 6 in which Louis XVI ordered the registration of new taxes.
Although they did register it at this session, the next day they declared the forced registration illegal & initiated criminal proceedings against Calonne.They insisted that only the Estates General could legitimize the new taxes.
In response, an irritated Louis XVI exiled the parlements of Paris & Bordeaux to a small provincial towns. |
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| June 7, 1788. After learning that the magistrates of their provincial parlement were being exiled, a riot breaks out during which the lieutenant-general of the province & his troops were pelted with tiles from rooftops and with stones from the streets. |
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| Disastrous hail storm and tornado destroyed crops |
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Definition
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Term
| The Estates General is called |
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Definition
| August 16, 1788: Brienne set the date for the Estates General to convene (May 1, 1789) & announced that the Treasury was bankrupt. |
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| August 24, 1788: Brienne resigned & Louis XVI persuaded Necker to join the royal administration once again. |
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Term
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Definition
lists of grievances drawn up by each of the three Estates in France, between March and April 1789. The delegates were in theory only supposed to represent the grievances recorded in the Cahiers de doléances, not decide for themselves what would be in the best interest of those who elected them.
In general, the cahiers expressed their support for the monarchy and agreed on many economic and social reforms. The cahiers for the nobles, tend to insist on voting by order. Those for the clergy are mixed on this issue. |
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Definition
| Summer of 1789. Fearing that nobles were hiring brigands to steal/destroy harvests, communities established militias. They mistook the displaced poor, the militias, & in one instance a heard of cows for the spectral brigands & turned in anger on the estates of nobles. |
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Term
| Declaration of the Rights of Man & of the Citizen |
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Definition
August 26, 1789. This document declared that people in France were the equal citizens of a nation-state rather than unequal subjects of a king.
While universal in language, it remained sufficiently ambiguous on the question of the status of the propertyless, slaves, free persons of color, & women. |
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Term
| A Very ‘Unpopular’ Banquet |
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Definition
| Oct. 1, 1789:held by the King’s bodyguards in honor of the Flanders regiment, which had been called to the Paris basin in case rioting should break out again in the capital. When the royal couple appeared at a balcony, they were cheered & then joined the guests. The officers reportedly tore off & trampled their tricolor cockades and replaced them with white ones. |
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| During October Days - Oct 5 : At 6 a.m., some rioters forced their way into the Queen’s rooms. They massacred some of the Royal Guard blocking the door. She barely escaped to the King’s rooms. E. Burke made this ‘nocturnal assault’ central to his critique of the Revolution’s lack of chivalry, civility & good taste. |
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| National Reform from 1790-1791 |
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Definition
Most indirect taxes were abolished; replaced by new tax system that goes into effect in January 1791.
August 1790: Abolition of the Royal, Seigneurial, and Church court systems; replaced by a national, standardized & elective legal system. All citizens were given the right to be executed by decapitation, once a privilege only of the nobles.
Military advancement was opened to talent and merit through a process of elections of officers by rank and file soldiers.
Abbé Grégoire seeks to ‘annihilate’ France’s patois (languages and dialects other than the standardized French, spoken and understood properly by only about 20% of citizens.)
Grant of full citizenship to Protestants and Jews. |
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| Citizenship under the New Constitution |
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Definition
Active Citizenship: Voting Rights for men who met a property qualification of paying at least three days’ average wages in taxes (about 4 million men).
Passive Citizenship: the other (approximately 40% of) men who did not meet this property qualification were not allowed to vote.Active Citizenship was divided into three categories. Only about 50,000 men paid the required wages equivalent to 10 days’ labor to be electors and to hold municipal offices, while the qualification to be a national representative required meeting the so-called ‘silver-mark’ of direct taxes equivalent to 50 days’ wages. |
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Definition
Jacobin Clubs were normally limited to ‘active citizens’
Cordelier Clubs, by contrast, welcomed all-comers.
Women were welcomed at some clubs, like the Fraternal Society of Citizens of Both Sexes. |
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Definition
June 25, 1791
The royal coach, escorted by National Guardsmen, arrives back in the capital & is greeted by a huge silent crowd. People began openly discussing the abolition of the monarchy. |
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Term
| Opening Session of the Estates General |
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Definition
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Term
| Sieyès threat to the first and second estates |
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Definition
•June 10, 1789: Sieyès threatens that delegates from the other two estates will be expected to join the Third Estate within two days or be left out of the future proceedings.
•June 17, 1789: Delegates vote (481 to 119) to accept Sieyès’s proposal to rename the representative body the National Assembly. They declared that only they could vote to legitimize any taxes. With this act, a new kind of sovereignty formally appeared in France. |
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Term
| Cause of the Tennis Court Oath |
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Definition
| June 20, 1789: The King had locked the Estates chamber in anticipation of a joint royal session. The surprised and deputies, suspicious that the King will try to dissolve the Assembly, insist on continuing to meet & deliberate. They assemble at nearby royal indoor tennis courts. Followed there by hundreds of spectators, they swear “never to separate and to meet whenever circumstances demand, until the Constitution of the Kingdom has been firmly established and consolidated.” All but one of the Third Estate’s deputies sign this Tennis Court Oath. |
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| The Royal Session following the Tennis Court Oath |
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Definition
June 23, 1789 There were two main factions at court. Necker belonged to the more liberal faction which sought compromise with the N. A. The conservative faction, led by the King’s two brothers & the Queen, urged the King to defend privileges & the principle of voting by block.
At that session, the reforms proposed by the King were caricatures of those put forward by Necker, who chose not to attend. At the royal session, the King declared the Assembly’s deliberations up to that point “void.”
Many began to suspect the King was preparing a reactionary counter-attack. |
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| The Aftermath of the Royal Session - liberation of the French Guard. |
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Definition
| June 30, 1789 Members of the French Guard who had been imprisoned for refusing public order duties are liberated by an armed crowd and taken to the Palais-Royal where the Parisian bourgeoisie celebrates their liberation. When the N.A. learned of the liberation, it called on the king to pardon the soldiers. The king called on everyone to respect order but agreed to the pardon. The soldiers returned to their prison where they were officially pardoned. |
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| Louis XVI dismisses Necker in wake of the Tennis Court Oath and The Royal Session |
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Definition
Saturday, July 11, 1789: Louis XVI dismisses Necker Sunday, July 12, 1789: Popular Parisian Action
News of Necker’s dismissal on Saturday, July 11 reaches Paris around noon on Sunday. By 3:00 p.m. a large Parisian crowd had gathered at the Palais Royal where certain people spontaneously begin to call the people to arms. One of them, Camille Desmoulins (pictured above) warns of a coming “Saint Bartholomew’s Day against patriots” by foreign troops. People tear leaves from chestnut trees to make themselves green cocardes (Green, being the color of Necker’s livery). |
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Term
| Cockades: Colors stand for what? |
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Definition
1. Green was the color of Necker’s livery.
2. White cockade of the Bourbon dynasty.
3. A tricolor cockade. Red was the color of the city of Paris; blue was the color of the Duc d’Orleans; white was the color of the Bourbon dynasty.
4. The black cockade was the symbol of the Habsburg dynasty. |
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Term
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| Storming the Bastille. Once the Bastille surrendered, the crowd led Launay to the City Hall. On the way, one of the French Guardsmen, Hulin, tried to protect him. They almost made it to City Hall when some in the crowd pushed Hulin aside & stabbed Launay. Then, a cook, Desnot, cut off Launay’s head and placed it on a pike. Flesselles is killed on his way to the jail. |
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Term
| Executions in the wake of the Storming of the Bastille |
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Definition
Foulon - "If those rascals have no bread, then let them eat hay" Caught fleeing Paris, made to march back, then killed.
Bertier de Sauvigny - the intendant of Paris, son in law of Foulon. Kiss Papa. Last killed.
Launay - governor of the bastille -1st to be killed
Flesselles -mayor of Paris - 2nd to be killed |
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| Louis XVI: A Subject of the Paris Crowds’ Opinions |
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| The King is forced to review of the National Guard in Paris on July 17, 1789. Also forced to reinstate Neker on July 16. |
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| Document 1: A Royal Reprimand |
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Definition
| Speech by Louis XV to the Parlement of Paris on 3 March 1776. The Discourse of Flagellation. A doctrinal statement of absolutism. |
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Term
Document 2:
"All of your subjects, Sire, are divided into as many different corps as there are different estates of the realm..." |
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Definition
Taken from the Remonstrance of the Parlement of Paris 12 March 1776.
Only a paragraph, describes the Body Politic of the Ancien Regime. |
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Document 3.
"The Court... amply warned by public knowledge and notorious fact of the coup d'etat which threatens the nation by striking the magistrature..." |
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Definition
| April 1788, magistrates of the Parilement of Paris, fearing a move against them by the King and Lamoignon the Keeper of Seals, restate their authority under the constitution of the kingdom. |
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Document 4
What is the Third Estate? |
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Definition
| Sieyes, published in 1789, had a vast influence on how the Estates General played out. Doubled the voting of the third estate and voting by head. |
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Term
Document 5
Fixing a Framework for the Estates General |
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Definition
| 25 Sep 1788, after the return from exile of the Paris Parlement, they change the royal decree adding that the Estates General should follow the procedures if 1614. |
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Term
| The previous estates general happened in what year? |
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Document 6
Swansong of the Aristocracy
"Sire, the state is in peril." |
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Definition
| Princes of the Blood write to the king on Dec 12 1788. |
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Document 7
Forward Looking Nobles
"voting by head can never be allowed in matters concerning only one of the three orders." |
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Definition
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Document 8
Backward looking nobles |
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