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| taken from another language totally - cultural borrowing - faire du shopping, le credit crunch |
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| translated literally word for word into new language, though it would not make sense by itself in the TL - gratte ciel (sky scraper), souris (for computer mouse) |
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| word for word, would make sense in the other language by itself - le tiers monde (third world), tenir sa langue (hold your tongue) |
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| la transposition (grammatical) |
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| a change made in grammar (using a noun instead of an adjective for example) to aid the translation - entrer en courant, etre en retard, |
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| adjust something that seems to be a cultural difference or just a small detail different. poisson rouge = gold fish. La porte ouvre SUR le jardin = the doors open INTO the garden |
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| When there is no choice but to use something different that is more or less equivalent in the TL - UN = ONU, As thin as a rake = maigre comme un clou, au debut de = in the early |
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| There is no way to explain it in the TL, thus you must make a change that is as close as possible to original meaning (you must adapt it) - five miles = 8 kilometres, la grande surface = supermarket |
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| Strategie - eliminer ce qui est exotique ou bizarre. Fait le texte completement en terms de TL. So, J'achete un pain au chocolat = I bought a cookie |
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| Strategie - garder ce qui est exotique, preference à la langue source - so, J'achete un pain au chocolat = I bought some pain au chocolat |
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| seulement CE QUI est absolument necessaire pour le comprehension - the GIST |
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| ajouter de detailles qui ne sont pas present dans l'originals (pour aider la comprehension) fill in the gaps, add background info, |
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| degré de la liberté #1 (la plus fidele au texte source) |
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| Traduction litterale / directe |
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| degré de la liberté #3 (the middle/balanced choice) |
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| la traduction idiomatisée |
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degré de la liberté #5 (le moins fidele)
[free trans] |
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| alliteration and onomatopeia |
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| alliteration is repetition of beginning consonant sounds, onomato are things that sound like the sound they make (like buzz, snap, clatter, boom) |
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| translation of TT back into SL, it usually is NOT the same as the ST |
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| communicative translation |
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| a mode of free translation whereby ST expressions are replected with their contextually appropriate equivalents in the TL - this is opposite of a literal translation. |
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| a way to deal with translation loss, the loss of something is deliberately mitigated by the introduction of something less unacceptable. But this is a choice, it is a conscious, careful, free choice |
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| le niveau de "formalité". high register = very formal. Lower register = slang, very relaxed language |
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| the overall "game plan" - les decisions prises avant de traduire en detaille - things to think about - will you give literal meaning more priority than style? Will you maximize or minimize foreign-ness? Formal language? slang? Prose, verse? |
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| SL names are replaved by indigenous TL names that are not their conventional or literal equivalents, but have similar cultural connotations. |
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| degrees of departure from literal translation that may be resorted to in transferring the contents of an ST from one culture into another |
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| consistently using grammatical and cultural features imported from the ST with minimal adaptation, signaling the exotic source of culture and cultural strangeness. |
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| les genres differentes ( il y a 5 ) |
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| religious, philosophical, persuasive, scientific, literary |
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