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FRC Final
Tree and small fruit production
143
Environmental Studies
Undergraduate 4
12/02/2013

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Term
Prunus persica Batsch
Definition
Peach cultivar
Term
Prunus persica nectarina
Definition
Nectarine cultivar
Term
Prunus salicina
Definition
Plum cultivar
Term
Prunus domestica
Definition
Plum cultivar
Term
Top 3 Producing countries of Peach
Definition
China, Italy, USA
Term
Top 3 Producing states of peach
Definition
California, South Carolina, Georgia
Term
general characteristics of peach
Definition
-Blooms early low heat req.
-many cultivars, varying chill req.
-flower buds very cold hardy
Term
site factors that contribute to PTSL
(Peach Tree Short Life)
Definition
-low soil pH
-Low nutrient levels
-hardpans
-high ring nematode population
-poor weed control
Term
where was the peach first cultivated from
Definition
China
Term
Vitis vinifera L.
Definition
European wine grape
Term
Where did grapes originate?
Definition
-Northeastern Turkey
-Iran
-Georgia
-Armenia
Term
Vitis labrusca L.
Definition
Juice grape
Term
Vitis rotundifolia
Definition
muscadine grape
Term
How does a muscadinia grape ripen?
Definition
ripens by individual berries
Term
How do Euvitis grapes ripen
Definition
(bunch grapes) ripen by cluster
Term
training system for grapes
Definition
High Cordon Trellis
Term
Cordon
Definition
-Trained
-permanent wood
Term
Spurs
Definition
-Pruned
-Previous season growth
-bears the fruit
Term
Phylloxera
Definition
Root insect responsible for decimating European grape industry.
Term
Grapes major diseases and pests
Definition
-Phylloxera
-Pierce's disease
-Leafroll Virus
-Botrytis rot
-Powdery, Downy Mildew
Term
What is Pierce's disease caused by?
Definition
Xylella fastidiosa
Term
Top world producers of strawberries
Definition
-United States
-Spain
-South Korea
Term
Top 3 states that produce strawberries
Definition
-Cali
-Florida
-Oregon
Term
Fragaria xananassa Duch.
Definition
Strawberry Genus species
Term
Where do strawberries originate?
Definition
France
Term
Strawberry Festival
Treasure
Definition
cultivars of strawberries
Term
training system for strawberries
Definition
Plasticulture
Term
major diseases of strawberries
Definition
-Botrytis
-Angular leaf spot
-Anthracnose
Term
major pest of strawberries
Definition
-spider mites
-thrips
-sting nematodes
Term
Training system for peaches
Definition
Open-center training
Term
Symptoms of PTSL
Definition
-Sudden spring collapse of trees that seemed healthy
-Bark may have water soaked appearance
-browning of cambium extending to but not below the soil line
-surving root system produces suckers
Term
2 theories on PTSL
Definition
-Carbohydrate partitioning theory
-Hormone Theory
Term
Hormone Theory
Definition
Elevated auxin levels can cause peach trees to enter dormancy too late in the fall or emerge from dormancy too early in the spring.
Term
Factors that lead to elevated auxin lvls
Definition
-Stress wounds
-pruning in fall
-nematode feeding
Term
Carbohydrate partitioning theory
Definition
-depleted carbohydrate levels in trees from nematode feeding render trees more susceptible to abiotic stresses such as cold temps.
Term
Peach diseases and pests
Definition
-Peach scab
-Bacterial spot
-Brown rot flower blight
-Leafbug, stinkbug
-white peach scale
-san jose scale
-peach tree borer
Term
-Flordaprince
-tropicbeauty
-UFSun
-UF2000
-Sunraycer
-Flordaking
-Flordadawn
-UFGold
-Gulfprince
-Flordacrest
Definition
Peach cultuvars
Term
-Gulfbeauty
-Gulfruby
-Gulfblaze
-Gulfrose
Definition
Plum varieties
Term
Juglans regia
Definition
Walnuts
Term
Where did walnuts originate?
Definition
Persia
Term
Top 3 producers of walnuts
Definition
China, US, Iran
Term
Top states to produce walnuts
Definition
California 99%
Term
Pistacia vera
Definition
Pistachio
Term
Origin of pistachio?
Definition
Western Asia, Asia minor
Term
World producers of Pistchios?
Definition
-Iran
-US
-Syria
Term
Pistachio production in US?
Definition
-Cali 98%
-Arizona
-Nevada
Term
Planning and designs of pistachio
Definition
-Offset square
-Rectangle square
-Hexagonal
Term
Kerman
Definition
Pistachio cultivar used in Cali b/c it has a high yield
Term
Physiological problems in Pistachio
Definition
-Blank nuts
-Non Split Nuts
Term
Pistachio-Blank nuts caused by...?
Definition
-related to boron deficiency
-embryo fails to grow leaving shell empty or blank
Term
Pistachio- Non Split Nut caused by...?
Definition
-related to crop load and irrigation
Term
Verticillium Wilt
Definition
Rapid dessication and death of one or more scaffolds or entire tree.
Term
[image]
Definition
Term
Advantages of dwarfing rootstocks
Definition
-Early return on investment
-higher precocity w/ dwarfed rootstocks
-More efficient use of orchard
-lower per tree yield, higher per acre yield
-less labor required
-efficient use of pesticide
Term
Benificial effects of rootstocks
Definition
-Insect/disease tolerance
-Drought tolerance
-Size control
-Fruiting at earlier age/ higher precocity
-Incr. fruit yield, quality,
-Incr. cold hardiness
Term
Types of budding
Definition
-T-bud
-Inverted T-bud
-Chip bud
-Whip Grafting
-Bark Graft
-Cleft Graft
Term
Types of Hormones
Definition
-Auxin
-GA's
-Cytokinins
-ethylene
Term
Naturally occuring Auxin
Definition
IAA
Term
What does Auxin do?
Definition
-Fruit thinning
-Preharvest drop control
-Incr. fruit set
-Root sprout control
Term
Synthetic Auxin
Definition
-IBA
-NAA
-2,4-D
Term
Synthetic GA's
Definition
-GA2
-GA4,7
Term
What does GA do?
Definition
-Incr. fruit size
-Affect fruit size
-Incr. fruit set
-Delay fruit maturity
-Induse seedlessness
-Reduce fruit cracking
Term
Synthetic Cytokinin
Definition
-Benzyladenine (BA)
-Promalin
Term
What do Cytokinins do?
Definition
-Incr. lateral branching
-Affect fruit shape
-Incr. fruit set
-Incr. seed germination
Term
What does Ethylene do?
Definition
-Affects(+/-)flowering
-early ripening
-uniform ripening
-fruit coloration
-bloom delay
-defoliation
Term
Types of dormancy
Definition
-Endo-
-Para-
-Eco-
Term
Endodormancy
Definition
Regulated by physiological factors inside the structure
-Chilling exposure
Term
Paradormancy
Definition
Regulated by physiological factors outside the affected structure
-Apical dominance
-photoperiodic response
Term
Ecodormancy
Definition
Regulated by environmental factors
Term
stages of a double sygmoidal curve
Definition
-stage 1
-Cell division
-stage 2
-Pit hardening
-stage 3
-Cell enlargement
Term
what does a double sygmoidal curve represent?
Definition
-Stone Fruit
-Peaches, nectarine, plum
Term
parthenocarpy
Definition
crop produced with fertilization so they end up seedless
Term
Pruning
Definition
The intentional removal of plant tissue to achieve specific Hort. goal
Term
Training
Definition
Manipulation of plant to achieve desired effects.
Term
What type of training systems do we use?
Definition
-Central leader
-Open center
-Perpendicular V
Term
Benefits of adjusting fruit load
Definition
-Incr. fruit size, quality, & earliness
-reduced limb breakage
-reduced alternate bearing
-reduced plant stress & disease devel.
Term
Macro Nutrients
Definition
-N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S
-Nitrogen
-Phosphorous
-Potassium
-Calcium
-Magnesium
-Sulfur
Term
Micro Nutrients
Definition
-Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, B, Cl,
-Iron
-Manganese
-Copper
-Zinc
-Boron
-Chlorine
Term
Mobile Nutrients
Definition
-N, P, K, Mg
Term
What is the difference b/w mobile and immobile nutrients?
Definition
-mobile
-Old leaves show symptoms first
-immobile
-new(young) leaves show symptoms first
Term
Immobile nutrients
Definition
-Fe, Mn, Zn, Ca, B, Cu
Term
Nitrogen deficiency symptoms
Definition
-Macro
-mobile
-yellowing of leaves
-Low vigor, small leaves
-reduced fruit yield
-small fruit
Term
Phosphorous deficiency symptoms
Definition
-Macro
-mobile
-dark green-reddish purple leaves
-
Term
Potassium deficiency symptoms
Definition
-Macro
-mobile
-yellowing of older leaves
-leaves looked scorched
Term
Magnesium deficiency symptoms
Definition
-macro
-mobile
-interveinal chlorosis
-yellowing of older leaves between veins
-veins stay green
Term
Calcium deficiency symptoms
Definition
-Macro
-immobile
-reduced growth or death of growing tips
-deformed young leaves
-related to plant water status
Term
Sulfur deficiency symptoms
Definition
-macro
-immobile
-yellowing of leaves
-Low vigor, small leaves
-reduced fruit yield
-small fruit
Term
Boron deficiency symptoms
Definition
-micro
-immobile
-poor fruit set
-cracking and misshapen fruit
Term
Iron deficiency symptoms
Definition
-micro
-immobile
-interveinal chlorosis
-reduced leaf size
Term
Zinc deficiency symptoms
Definition
-micro
-immobile
-interveinal chlorosis
-little leaf
-
Term
Manganese deficiency symptoms
Definition
-micro
-immobile
-Inter. Chlorosis
Term
Fertigation adv./disadv.
Definition
-adv.
-very efficient/precise
-freq. applications possible
-disadv.
-system must be calibrated
Term
What is fertigation?
Definition
the application of fertilizers, soil amendments, or other water-soluble products through an irrigation system.
Term
Overhead sprinkler adv./disadv.
Definition
-adv.
-Good root coverage
-Uniform
-Used for freeze protection
-disadv.
-Not efficient
-Wets foliage
-expensive
Term
Micro-irrigation adv./disadv.
Definition
-adv.
-efficient use of water
-inexpensive
-adapted to fertigation
-disadv.
-limited root zone coverage
-clogging/maintenance issues
Term
The goal of irrigation scheduling
Definition
-To know when to irrigate,
-how much water to apply to
-satisfy plant water req.
-conserve water
-& doesn't leach mobile nutrients
Term
Moisture Balance Method
Definition
-measure inputs & outputs
-need to know soil water holding capacity
-need to know root zone
Term
"kick the dirt" method
Definition
-requires experience
-can use soil probe
Term
Factors that affect Irrigation req.
Definition
-Crop species
-Canopy size & shape
-Leaf size & orientation
-light absorption, reflection, evapo. rates
-Plant density
-Rooting depth
Term
Crop Coefficient
Definition
relates the Theoretical Evapotranspiration(ETo) to the weather(humidity, etc.) in order to retrieve the Crop Evapotranspiration (ETc)
Term
Active Freeze protection
Definition
-Wind displacement
-Irrigation
-Ice formation yields heat of fusion
Term
Passive Freeze protection
Definition
-Site selection
-elevation
-lake effects
-soil type
-Orchard floor management
Term
deciding whether or not to use overhead irrigation
Definition
-Know the stage of crop development & how cold affects that stage
-rely on on-site weather data not the weather station
-
Term
Apple
Definition
-Malus domestica Borkh
-Pome fruit
-edible tissue is hypanthium
-originated in eastern Turkey/ SW Russia
Term
Top 3 world producers of Apples
Definition
1 China
2 USA
3 Turkey
Term
Top 3 US producers of Apples
Definition
1 Washington
2 New York
3 Michigan
Term
factors affecting fruit size
Definition
Cultural-
-Thinning, Pruning, Training, Soil Management
Genetic-
-Rootstock, Cultivar
Environmental-
-Light, Temp., Moisture
Term
Major factors affecting fruit size
Definition
-Light
-Thinning
-Pruning
-Rootstock
-Cultivar
Term
Training system for apples
Definition
Central Leader
Term
Malus domestica Borkh
Definition
Apple
Term
Prunus persica (L.) Batsch
Definition
Peach
Term
Peach
Definition
Prunus persica (L.) Batsch
Term
Prunus persica var. nectarina
Definition
Nectarine
Term
Nectarine
Definition
Prunus persica var. nectarina
Term
Prunus salicina, P. domestica
Definition
Plum
Term
Plum
Definition
Prunus salicina, P. domestica
Term
Blueberry Rabbiteye
Definition
Vaccinium virgatum
Term
Vaccinium virgatum
Definition
Blueberry Rabbiteye
Term
Blueberry Highbush
Definition
Vaccinium corymbosum
Term
Vaccinium corymbosum
Definition
Blueberry Highbush
Term
Blueberry Lowbush
Definition
Vaccinium angustifolium, V. myrtiloides
Term
Vaccinium angustifolium, V. myrtiloides
Definition
Blueberry Lowbush
Term
Blueberry Southern Highbush
Definition
Vaccinium corymbosum x, V. darrowix, V. virgatum
Term
Vaccinium corymbosum x, V. darrowix, V. virgatum
Definition
Blueberry Southern Highbush
Term
Strawberry
Definition
Fragaria x ananassa Duch.
Term
Fragaria x ananassa Duch.
Definition
Strawberry
Term
Walnuts
Definition
Juglans regia
Term
Juglans regia
Definition
Walnuts
Term
Pistacia vera
Definition
Pistachio
Term
Pistachio
Definition
Pistacia vera
Term
Rubus idaeus, R. occidentallis
Definition
Raspberry/Blackberry
Term
Raspberry/Blackberry
Definition
Rubus idaeus, R. occidentallis
Term
Pyrus communis
Definition
European Pear
Term
European Pear
Definition
Pyrus communis
Term
asian Pear
Definition
Pyrus pyrifolia, P. serotina
Term
Pyrus pyrifolia, P. serotina
Definition
asian pear
Term
Persimmon
Definition
Diospyros kaki, D. virginiana
Term
Diospyros kaki, D. virginiana
Definition
Persimmon
Term
the 4 types of Blueberries
Definition
Highbush
Rabbiteye
Lowbush
Southern Highbush
Term
top 3 world producers of Peach
Definition
1 China
2 Italy
3 USA
Term
top 3 US producers of peach
Definition
1 California
2 South Carol.
3 Georgia
Term
top 3 world producers of pear
Definition
1 China
2 Italy
3 USA
Term
top 3 US producers of pear
Definition
1 Washington
2 California
3 Oregon
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