Which of the domains of behavior analysis is concerned with the development

and validation of procedures to produce socially significant change in the real

world?

A. Conceptual analysis of behavior

B. Experimental analysis of behavior (EAB)

C. Professional practice guided by the science of behavior analysis (ABA practice)

D. Applied Behavior Analysis

Sandra is working with a client who has shown increased elopements from their group home in recent weeks. The staff report that she’s just over the “honeymoon phase” and this is her normal behavior. Sandra believes there’s likely a specific combination of environmental variables influencing the clients behavior. She asks the staff to collect scatterplot data on the client’s behavior and sees that the instances of elopement consistently occur in the afternoon between 3 and 4 p.m. She conducts several observations during this time frame and identifies that when the neighborhood children are dropped off by their bus from school, the client will ask to go outside to wave at the children and the bus. When she is denied this, most days she will elope from the group home within the next 30 minutes. Sandra uses this knowledge in conjunction with peer reviewed research to develop a behavior plan that involves manipulation of both antecedents and consequences. The client’s elopement successfully decreases to no more than once per 3 month period. Additionally, Sandra identified behaviors that allowed her client to have greater community access, including safe opportunities to interact with children. The fact that Sandra does not accept that the “honeymoon” is over, but looks for environmental indicators of why the behavior is occurring is an example of:

A. Behaviorism 

B. Experimental analysis of behavior

C. Professional practice guided by the science of behavior analysis You Answered

 D. Applied behavior analysis

From a radical behaviorist perspective, thinking is considered to be:

A. Private behavior

B. Cause for behavior

C. Mental processes

D. Overt behavior

Which of the following is an example of description as a goal of behavior

analysis as a science?

A. Donavan uses examples and nonexamples in their operational definitions within a

behavior plan

B. Donavan notes that the learner’s behavior will likely increase during the holiday

months

C. Donavan implements a new NCR procedure and shows it’s effectiveness in a

graphical display

D. Donavan creates a new data collection system to be used by teachers at the

school his learner attends

A. Donavan uses examples and nonexamples in their operational definitions within a

behavior plan

A supervisee observes his client, Finneas, to be more disruptive during class

after lunch. The supervisee thinks that Finneas might be consuming too much

sugar in his meal which is what's causing the disruptive behavior. The BCBA tells

her supervisee to look for a simpler explanation and rule that out first. This

example demonstrates what philosophical assumption?

A. Scientific skepticism

B. Pragmatism

C. Parsimony 

D. Determinism

Jerome read about a new method in a peer-reviewed article for teaching

complex skills to adults with disabilities. He is interested to know if this method

will be effective in teaching a variety of vocational skills. Jerome has four clients

in an adult day training program who would like to have jobs in the community

but lack various skills necessary to do so. He sets up a multiple baseline across

behaviors design for his clients. During this design he introduces the teaching

method with one vocational skill at a time. This is an example of:

A. Applied behavior analysis

B. Professional practice guided by the science of behavior analysis

C. EAB

D. Behaviorism 

BCBA Dante is providing in-home behavior support services to 6-year-old

Janelle. Dante typically arrives at the house early in the morning and

immediately begins his work session with Janelle. Janelle's mom has told Dante

that whenever Janelle sees Dante’s car pull into the driveway, she begins to

engage in disruptive behavior by throwing objects and emitting high-pitched

vocalizations. Whenever Janelle engages in this behavior during a work session,

Dante decides to end the session to give her a break. From a radical behaviorism

perspective, what is the best explanation for Janelle’s disruptive behavior?

A. The sight of Dante’s car makes Janelle feel upset and so she begins to engage in

disruptive behavior to avoid the upcoming work session with Dante.

B. Janelle does not like to work with Dante so whenever she sees his car arriving in

the driveway she warns her parents by engaging in disruptive behavior.

C. Janelle finds the work session with Dante aversive so when she anticipates the

work session she decides to engage in disruptive behavior to avoid more work.

D. The sight of Dante’s car has become a conditioned aversive stimulus and so

Janelle engages in disruptive behavior because in the past it has resulted in escape

from work.

D. The sight of Dante’s car has become a conditioned aversive stimulus and so

Janelle engages in disruptive behavior because in the past it has resulted in escape

from work.

ABA seeks to identify functional relations between environmental events and

behavior through systematic and controlled manipulations. What dimension of

applied behavior analysis does this define?

A. Conceptually systematic

B. Behavioral

C. Applied

D. Analytic 

The idea that private events can be understood through the same analysis as

observable behavior is a characteristic of which type of behaviorism?

A. Theoretical behaviorism

B. Radical behaviorism 

C. Teleological behaviorism

D. Methodological behaviorism

Moss runs a functional analysis experiment as follows: For 20 minutes, she

provides immediate social attention whenever Reeve hits himself with a fist-to-

face contact (“Reeve, don’t hit yourself!”). Then for the next 20 minutes, she

gives no attention but remains on the other side of the room. She repeats this

process and finds that Reeve tends to hit himself more during those 20-minute

periods when she provides attention following his hits. Moss then repeats this

experiment, but this time she has her assistant, Carrie, run the experiment. They

get the same finding. This process most clearly represents which assumption of

behavior analysis?

A. Parsimony

B. Scientific skepticism

C. Critical analysis

D. Empiricism

Someone says, "A rat presses the lever because it knows doing so will result in

food." In this statement, “knowing” is an an example of:

A. Private behavior 

B. An explanatory fiction 

C. An antecedent

D. An environmental event

Which of the following areas of behavior analysis have the primary function of

training and implementing behavior plans?

A. Applied behavior analysis

B. Conceptual analysis of behavior

C. Experimental analysis of behavior

D. Professional practice guided by the science of behavior analysis 

A behavior analyst is brought into a car dealership by the manager to observe

the employees. The manager stated that she would like to pinpoint specific

behaviors that staff are demonstrating that lead to sales. The analyst takes note

of every instance the salesperson goes to greet the customer and how long that

takes, if the salesperson is offering alternative options, and how much time is

spent with every customer. The analyst also writes down any specific off-task

behaviors that occur and the frequency of those behaviors. This behavior analyst

is demonstrating which goal of behavior analysis?

A. Description

B. Prediction

C. Analytic

D. Control 

Technician Owen teaches his client Walt to microwave his food independently at

the treatment center. One day, Owen hears from Walt's parents that he made

themselves a meal at home with the microwave. This demonstrates which of the

seven dimensions of ABA?

A. Applied

B. Behavioral

C. Generality 

D. Effective

During a group meeting at school, John mentioned that he was concerned that a

student’s aggressive behaviors were increasing. John said he thought maybe this

was due to the student believing that aggression toward other students would

result in him getting moved to a new classroom. Sun Lee said that the student’s

ADHD was the underlying cause of the behavior. Jason noted that the increased

aggression appeared to correspond to the increase in work expectations with

the change of semester. Sarah mentioned that during her observations it seemed

that the student was starting puberty and these types of behaviors can occur

with increased hormonal fluctuations. Which of the following is an explanation

for the student’s aggressive behaviors from the perspective of radical

behaviorism?

A. Jason's suggestion that the increase in behavior is due to increased workload 

B. Sun Lee’s suggestion that the student’s ADHD is causing the behavior

C. Sarah’s suggestion that the increase in behavior is due to hormone changes

D. John’s suggestion that the student’s beliefs are causing his behavior

A behavior analyst is providing support to an individual with an extreme phobia

of cockroaches. If the behavior analyst looks to identify functional relations

between the phobic behavior and the environment around the individual, this

would be reflective of which form of behaviorism?

A. Methodological behaviorism

B. Radical behaviorism

C. Theoretical behaviorism

D. Teleological behaviorism

Todd is studying the effects of free versus earned tokens on subsequent token

value. With the help of two computer programming students at his university, he

sets up a game whereby some individuals are provided free tokens and some

individuals have to engage in a simple sorting task to earn tokens. Todd recruits

undergraduates to participate in his study. Todd’s work is an example of:

A. Behaviorism

B. Applied behavior analysis

C. EAB

D. professional practice guided by the science of behavior analysis 

You are talking with a parent about their child’s tantrums. The parent tells you

that the child’s major tantrum on the prior day had no cause and just “came out

of nowhere.” Which philosophical assumption of behavior analysis does this

statement violate?

A. Empiricism

B. Pragmatism

C. Determinism 

D. Scientific skepticism

Cindy, a 13-year-old girl, frequently complained of being lonely and wanting a

friend. To help her, one psychologist focused on her feelings of self-worth and

improving her self-concept. Alternatively, a behavior analyst worked with Cindy

on specific social skills. These included identifying age-appropriate friends,

making eye contact, asking appropriate questions about other children’s

interests, and making appropriate self-disclosing statements. In contrast to the

psychologist's approach, the behavior analyst’s approach more clearly

exemplifies which dimension of ABA?

A. Behavioral

B. Conceptually systematic

C. Technological

D. Effective 

Which of the following provides the basic foundation for our conceptual analysis

and permeates all the branches of behavior analysis?

A. EAB

B. Radical behaviorism

C. Methodological behaviorism

D. Applied behavior analysis 

You complete an important project and hand it to your boss. Immediately, he

praises you and tells you what a great job you have done. In the future, you

continue completing projects. The effect that praise had on completing projects

illustrates which of the following?

A. Conditioned negative reinforcement

B. Unconditioned negative reinforcement

C. Unconditioned positive reinforcement

D. Conditioned positive reinforcement 

Robert learns to vocally label all lowercase printed vowels (“a”, “e”, “i”, “o”, and “u”). Soon, without any additional training, he is observed to vocally label uppercase printed vowels as well (“A”, “E”, “I”, “O”, “U”). Robert correctly vocally labeling printed upper-case letters with no additional training to do so is an example of:

A. Maintenance

B. Discrimination

C. Response generalization

D. Stimulus generalization 

Which of the following best describes a functional response class?

A. Topographically similar responses which produce the same environmental effect

B. Topographically similar responses which produce different environmental effects

C. Topographically different responses which produce the same environmental effect

D. Topographically different responses which produce different environmental effects

Which of the following is an example of a conditioned response?

A. Retracting your hand when you cut your finger on a sharp object 

B. Pupil constriction when an eye doctor says, “Ok, bright light” 

C. Inhaling when your lungs are emptied of air

D. Swallowing when chewed food begins to press on the back of your tongue

B. Pupil constriction when an eye doctor says, “Ok, bright light” 

Some consequences mark the removal of an already present stimulus, and this removal strengthens whatever behavior occurred immediately before the removal. The behavior increases over time. When this happens, it illustrates which of the following?

A. Positive reinforcement

B. Unconditioned reinforcement

C. Conditioned reinforcement

D. Negative reinforcement 

Daniela has a toothache and takes medicine to relieve her pain. After she takes the medication, her toothache subsides immediately. As a result of this learning, she continues to take medicine when she has a toothache Taking medication is maintained by:

A. Unconditioned negative reinforcement

B. Unconditioned positive reinforcement

C. Conditioned positive reinforcement

D. Conditioned negative reinforcement 

The difference between the terms “behavior” and “response” is that the term “behavior” refers to:

A. Motoric behavior, while “response” refers to physiological responses

B. Operant behavior, while “response” refers to respondent behavior

C. Everything a person does, while “response” refers to only one type of behavior

D. More than one response, while “response” refers to a single instance of behavior

Conditioned reinforcement occurs when:

A. Certain consequences have the capacity to reinforce behavior on first exposure

B. Certain consequences reinforce behavior when they are removed or decreased

C. Certain consequences reinforce behavior when they are added or increased

D. Certain consequences acquire the capacity to reinforce behavior due to pairing

Nicole taught Alice that the spoken word, “apple” went with the picture of an apple. Nicole then taught her that the spoken word, “apple” went with the written word, “apple.” Without direct training, when tested, Alice was able to

place the written word “apple” with the picture of an apple. This is an example of:

A. Symmetry 

B. Transitivity 

C. Asymmetry

D. Reflexivity

A teacher often yells, “No! That’s wrong!” immediately after a student draws a picture on the desk. As a result, the student’s drawing pictures on the desk increases over time. Which of the following best describes the teacher’s yelling?

A. Negative reinforcer

B. Positive reinforcer

C. Negative punisher

D. Positive punisher

With behavior maintained by socially-mediated negative reinforcement, the extinction procedure would consist of:

A. Presenting the antecedent aversive

B. Not removing the antecedent aversive 

C. Not presenting the appetitive stimulus

D. Removing the appetitive stimulus

On the side of a passing city bus, I see an advertisement picturing a cool new gadget I’ve wanted to buy. It is on sale! Below the picture, a website address is written. I pull out a pen and paper and quickly write down the website address as the bus is stopped at a red light. My writing down the website address is an example of a(n):

A. Codic

B. Intraverbal

C. Echoic

D. Duplic

Which of the following functions as the reinforcer within the CMO-R paradigm?

A. The avoidance of the worsening condition 

B. Problem behavior evoked by the CMO-R

C. The presentation of the warning stimulus

D. Previously neutral stimulus that increases value

Operant extinction results in:

A. An immediate and momentary decrease in the rate of responding when a particular antecedent is present (such as the threat of punishment)

B. A delayed and semi-permanent decrease in the rate of responding as a result of the passage of time

C. An immediate and momentary decrease in the rate of responding when there is no opportunity for the behavior to occur

D. A delayed and semi-permanent decrease in the rate of responding as a result of discontinuing reinforcement

D. A delayed and semi-permanent decrease in the rate of responding as a result of discontinuing reinforcement

If differential reinforcement consists of reinforcing a response when certain stimuli are present and not reinforcing that same response when those stimuli are not present, differential reinforcement leads to:

A. Stimulus generalization

B. Response generalization

C. Differentiation 

D. Discrimination

Which of the following is a type of duplic?

A. Taking dictation

B. Reading aloud

C. Mimetic response 

D. Motor imitation 

Which of the following is a critical attribute of reinforcement?

A. The consequential change is contingent on the antecedent condition

B. The environmental result of the behavior is something the person likes

C. The stimulus change comes at a delayed future time after the response

D. The behavior must increase or maintain along some dimension in the future 

D. The behavior must increase or maintain along some dimension in the future 

Cindy burned her fingers when she reached into the oven without oven mitts. In the future, Cindy put on oven mitts before reaching into the oven. In reference to reaching into the oven without oven mitts, the burn on Cindy’s fingers functioned as:

A. Automatic reinforcement

B. Socially-mediated punishment

C. Socially-mediated reinforcement

D. Automatic punishment 

D. Automatic punishment 

Time-out, response cost, and fines/penalties, are procedures based on the principle of:

A. Extinction

B. Negative Punishment 

C. Positive punishment

D. Negative reinforcement

Alicia did not provide up-to-date graphs at recent clinical team meetings. As a result, her boss reprimanded her in front of the entire team. After that incident, Alicia began to bring up-to-date graphs to the meetings. The team uses her graphs when discussing client progress, and team members, including her supervisor, now praise Alicia’s chart work. Alicia now consistently brings several

up-to-date graphs, including some new charts on additional behavioral measures. Alicia’s providing charts at team meetings behavior is best conceptualized as which of the following?

A. Contingency-shaped behavior 

B. Superstitious behavior

C. Rule-governed behavior

D. Respondent behavior

A. Contingency-shaped behavior 

A flat line on a cumulative recording indicates:

A. An error with the data collection

B. An unchanging rate at that level of the dependent variable

C. A decreasing rate over time

D. A zero rate for the dependent variable for as long as the line remains flat 

D. A zero rate for the dependent variable for as long as the line remains flat 

Trials-to-criterion should be used when the goal is to:

A. Measure a proportion of correct responses 

B. Assess internal validity

C. Estimate the frequency of behavior that is difficult to count

D. Evaluate the efficacy of different teaching strategies

When Ele’s timer goes off every 3 minutes, she looks up to see if Patrick is engaging in cooperative play with others (during play time). If he is, she marks a

“+” on the data sheet. If he is not, she marks a “-” on the data sheet. If Patrick is out of the room, she marks a “0” on the data sheet. Ele is engaging in which

activity?

A. Using 3-minute whole interval recording

B. Taking 3-minute momentary time sampling data 

C. Using a 3-minute fixed interval schedule

D. Taking 3-minute partial interval data

A. The staff blocked instances of property destruction

B. An unplanned event occurred that may have affected the dependent variable 

C. A change in the independent variable occurred

D. There were more opportunities for property destruction 

SCROLL FOR ANSWER

B. An unplanned event occurred that may have affected the dependent variable 

Lisa is training for a half-marathon. Right now, she is using a run/walk program in which she runs for 5 minutes, walks for 2 minutes, and then repeats this until the end of her run. She starts her stopwatch when she takes her first step and stops it when she crosses the finish line. This is an example of:

A. Duration recording 

B. Latency

C. Average IRT

D. Event recording

Greg is testing the individuals in his group home to see how quickly they exit the building when the fire alarm rings. He measures the time between the ringing of

the alarm and the moment the resident steps out of the building. Which dimensional quantity is Greg measuring?

A. Temporal locus

B. IRT

C. Rate

D. Latency 

Two observers, Tania and Tiago, are taking data on the duration of a client’s response. Looking at the options below, which of the following is the most acceptable for adequate interobserver agreement (IOA)?

A. Tania: 5 seconds; Tiago 3 seconds

B. Tania: 60 seconds; Tiago 30 seconds

C. Tania: 30 seconds; Tiago: 26 seconds 

D. Tania 6 seconds; Tiago 4 seconds

Candace is a school teacher in a busy classroom. She really wants to collect data during math time to determine how many students are actively engaged in their worksheets. What would be the best type of data collection for Candance to use?

A. Whole interval recording

B. Momentary time sampling

C. PLACHEK recording 

D. Rate

When describing the client’s behavior to his teacher, Donna tells the teacher that an instance of elopement will be marked as an occurrence if the client moves more than 3 feet away from the work area and more than 10 feet away from the play area. The inclusion of ‘3 feet’ and ‘10 feet’ away is most related to which aspect of the behavior?

A. Force

B. Magnitude 

C. Function

D. Topography

B. Magnitude 

The instances of Bobby’s aggressions are brief but intense. If these instances of aggression occur at 5:00, 5:30, 7:00, and 8:00, what is the average IRT?

A. 90 minutes

B. 60 minutes 

C. 75 minutes 

D. 30 minutes

Corey wants to measure the number of times that a behavior occurs during sessions. Each session is different lengths of time, and Corey needs a measurement system that will allow him to compare the behavior across

different sessions. What would be the best recording method for Corey to use?

A. Momentary time sampling

B. Rate

C. Duration

D. Frequency

Harvey is using an intervention to decrease the amount of time trainees are on their phones during training sessions and is trying to determine the best measurement system to use for recording this behavior. He plans to assess each trainee’s phone behavior using 10-minute intervals during training sessions. Which of the following is the best measurement system for Harvey to use?

A. PLACHEK

B. Partial interval recording 

C. Whole interval recording

D. Frequency

Which behavior would be the best to target based on its results (permanent products)?

A. Driving over the speed limit

B. Waving to customers as they leave the store

C. Practicing musical scales

D. Parking cars correctly

When describing the target behavior of aggression, the behavior analyst includes “with force to leave injury or mark” in the operational definition. This highlights

which aspect of the behavior in this portion of the definition?

A. Magnitude 

B. Efficiency

C. Function

D. Topography

Whenever Wilhelm’s timer beeps every 3 minutes, he looks up to see if Elke is “flapping her hands in front of her face.” If she is, he marks a “Yes” on the data

sheet. If not, he marks a “No,” and stops observing until the timer beeps again. What is Wilhelm doing?

A. 3-minute momentary time sample recording 

B. 3-minute PLACHECK recording

C. 3-minute whole interval recording

D. 3-minute partial interval recording

_____ refers to the way in which behavior looks.

A. Topography 

B. Function

C. Definition

D. Magnitude

A practitioner’s measurement procedures are considered valid when:

A. A true value of the target behavior is established using a different measurement procedure

B. The definition of the target behavior is objective, clear, and complete 

C. The relevant dimension of the target behavior is being measured 

D. Two or more independent observers produce identical, or similar, measurements

Pesha swallows air while eating his food quickly, which results in severe stomach pain. If "taking bites of food" is the target behavior, what would be the best target for change?

A. Decrease duration

B. Decrease IRT

C. Increase duration

D. Increase IRT 

A series of straight lines connecting successive data points is a data path. A data path includes individual data points representing a measurement of the target behavior at a point in time. In visual analysis, a data path, that runs across all phases of a chart, represents what?

A. Major changes in an independent variable, such as the removal of an intervention

B. Changes in specific parameters of the independent variable

C. The relationship between the dependent variable and any systematic changes in the environment (independent variables)

D. A series of individually measured values of the target behavior at different points in time

A researcher determines what will happen to the dependent variable based on effects from previous phases of an independent variable. This represents which feature of single-subject experimental designs?

A. Prediction

B. Verification

C. Repeated measures

D. Replication

Monica is a Behavior Analyst conducting a research study and is looking to evaluate the effectiveness of an intervention on the acquisition of tacts for four school aged children of varying skill levels. Considering this situation, which type of experimental design approach would be most appropriate for Monica to use?

A. Quasi-experimental design

B. Group design 

C. Single-subject design

D. Reversal design

C. Single-subject design

A. Baseline was variable enough to warrant introduction of treatment

B. Phase change occurred after too few baseline sessions

C. Baseline lacked stability

D. Treatment does not appear to have an effect

SCROLL FOR ANSWER 

D. Treatment does not appear to have an effect

Which of the following is often used to evaluate whether treatment effects are evident before treatment is implemented?

A. Functional analysis data 

B. Descriptive assessment data

C. Probe data

D. Scatterplot data

In experimental design, phase changes are typically used to indicate when there has been a change in which of the following?

A. Dependent variable

B. Recording measure

C. Independent variable

D. Number of participants

Nancy and Tara live together in a residential facility and both exhibit several toilet accidents per day. Gerda implements a toileting program for both women

using a non-concurrent multiple-baseline across subjects design, with Nancy as the first subject. Part of the program involves providing Nancy with juice when she toilets appropriately. Nancy’s toileting quickly becomes independent. Another staff person sees Nancy’s success with the toileting program, and unknown to Gerda, begins to give Tara juice whenever she toilets appropriately.

Next, Gerda plans to implement the same toileting program with Tara that she used with Nancy. She begins to collect baseline on Tara’s accidents, but Tara’s

rate of accidents is already near zero. Which threat to the establishment of internal validity most likely occurred in this case?

A. Regression toward the mean

B. Selection bias

C. Diffusion of treatment

D. Instrumentation

Agueda is evaluating the use of a token economy for increasing in seat behavior during school lessons for one of her clients. She first collects baseline data for a

few sessions, which shows a high rate of out of seat behavior. Agueda then implements the intervention phase where a token economy is implemented

contingent on instances of in seat behavior. During the next few days of the intervention phase, the client’s rate of out of seat behavior decreases significantly. Agueda then removes the token economy intervention, and the

rate of out of seat behavior increases once again back to baseline levels. Which feature of single-subject designs does this demonstrate?

A. Experimentation

B. Repeated measures

C. Verification

D. Predication

Lorin is a teacher who is implementing a new curriculum with a group of students in a 3rd grade classroom and a group of different students in a 4th grade classroom. After Lorin implements and teaches the new curriculum, she has the students in each classroom take a comprehensive test, which will then be compared to their previous scores on the test before they were exposed to the new curriculum. Given this scenario, which of the following would be considered the independent variable (IV) and the dependent variable (DV)?

A. DV: Student test scored; IV: New curriculum

B. DV: Age group/classroom grade; IV: The test

C. DV: New curriculum; IV: Age group/classroom grade

D. DV: The test; IV: Student test scores

A. DV: Student test scored; IV: New curriculum

Alberto would scream when he saw other children playing on the playground and he was in his class. He stopped screaming in the art room once the art

teacher covered the windows with curtains. However, Alberto did continue scream in other rooms in his school that had uncovered windows facing the playground. Which of the following designs should Alberto’s behavior analyst

use to determine if there is a functional relation between seeing the playground when he is unable to go on it and Alberto’s screaming behavior?

A. Changing criterion design

B. Multiple probe design

C. Between-subject design

D. Multiple-baseline design

D. Multiple-baseline design

A BCBA wants to test whether a specific consequence will function as a reinforcer for a student’s hand-raising behavior in a classroom. The classroom teacher spoke with the BCBA and is willing to remove the intervention for a few days to make that determination. Which experimental design should the BCBA use?

A. Reversal design

B. Multiple-baseline design

C. Alternating-treatments design

D. Changing-criterion design

Which of the following is a critical attribute of a functional relationship?

A. The value of the dependent variable changes in an orderly fashion 

B. The value of the dependent variable changes prior to any change in the independent variable

C. The value of the independent variable is unrelated to the value of the dependent variable

D. The value of the dependent variable changes in a haphazard fashion

Raul is the BCBA for a client who frequently requests breaks from tasks. Raul plans to use access to breaks as the reinforcer for the client completing work

tasks. Raul first wants to determine the effects of varying lengths of breaks on client performance on work tasks. Which type of analysis would be best for Raul to use?

A. Comparative analysis

B. Component analysis

C. Functional analysis

D. Parametric analysis

As an individual progresses through an intervention, the effects of the intervention are compared against the individual's own baseline and previous data. This is an example of which feature of single-subject research?

A. Replication

B. Prediction

C. Individuals serving as their own controls

D. Repeated measures

Which of the following would be the most appropriate scenario in which to use a multiple baseline design?

A. You need to demonstrate control quickly

B. You want to implement the simplest design

C. You are measuring a behavior that will likely covary with another behavior You Answered

D. You cannot remove an intervention to demonstrate control

Which feature of single-subject design involves demonstrating that baseline data of some dependent variable would have remained consistent if the independent variable hadn't been introduced?

A. Replication

B. Verification

C. Repeated measures 

D. Prediction

Single-subject research helps to reveal which of the following?

A. How effective a treatment is for only one individual

You Answered

B. How multiple variables affect an individual's behavior

C. How effective a treatment is for a large group of individuals

D. Why behavior occurs on the individual level

Which of the following variables is directly manipulated when implementing an intervention?

A. Control variable

B. Dependent variable

C. Confounding variable

D. Independent variable

Which of the following most accurately describes a data path?

A. A series of straight lines connecting successive data points within a phase or condition

B. A series of data points in a treatment phase

C. A series of straight lines connecting data points only in the intervention condition

D. The line connecting one data point to another in the baseline condition

Which of the following analyses examines the effectiveness of various amounts of an intervention?

A. Pattern analysis

B. Comparative analysis

C. Component analysis

D. Parametric analysis

Which of the following is an advantage of using a single-subject experimental design as opposed to a group design?

A. Variability among participants is often smaller

B. Results can indicate how effective a treatment will be for others not in a study

C. Lower number of participants is required to improve external validity

D. Replication is a key feature to help establish internal validity 

Kiera implemented an intervention that was successful in teaching an individual how to ask for help from their therapist. She then introduced additional phases

in her experimental design and implemented the same intervention in new settings and with new individuals to demonstrate the effectiveness of this intervention in these new conditions. This example best represents which

feature of single-subject research?

A. Replication

B. Verification

C. Repeated measures

D. Prediction

In experimental design, phase changes are typically used to indicate when there has been a change in which of the following?

A. Recording measure

B. Independent variable 

C. Dependent variable

D. Number of participants

Which feature of single-subject experimental designs helps establish internal validity by demonstrating the effects of the independent variable across phase changes, as well as across behavior, subjects, settings, or even across studies?

A. History

B. Latency to change

C. Replication 

D. Continuous assessment

Which of the following is often used to evaluate whether treatment effects are evident before treatment is implemented?

A. Probe data

B. Functional analysis data

C. Scatterplot data

D. Descriptive assessment data

A BCBA wants to test whether a specific consequence will function as a reinforcer for a student’s hand-raising behavior in a classroom. The classroom teacher spoke with the BCBA and is willing to remove the intervention for a few

days to make that determination. Which experimental design should the BCBA use?

A. Changing-criterion design

B. Multiple-baseline design

C. Reversal design 

D. Alternating-treatments design

A therapist works with a client diagnosed with a rare disorder and is doing a write-up on effective treatment for this client. What type of design could the therapist use?

A. Group design

B. Matched pairs design

C. Single-subject design 

D. Quasi-experimental design

Luke engages in automatically maintained SIB in the form of hand mouthing. This occurs at various times throughout the day and during various activities. The

BCBA implemented a procedure at home to decrease hand mouthing that involves providing Luke with noncontingent access to a soft, rubber toy designed

to be chewed on. His rates of hand mouthing at home have started to decrease but continue to be elevated at school and in after school daycare where he does

not have access to the toy. Which of the following designs would be the most appropriate to determine if noncontingent access to stimuli is an effective intervention for Luke’s hand mouthing?

A. Changing criterion

B. Multiple-baseline design 

C. Multielement design 

D. Reversal design

What is the advantage of using a single-subject experimental design when examining the effectiveness of a new learning procedure?

A. Provides answers to how effective the program will be for a population

B. Provides robust external validity

C. Helps to reveal information concerning individual participants 

D. Allows for multiple variables to be tested at the same time

A behavior analyst reviews data from a treatment phase and determines the target behavior will continue to increase if the independent variable continues to be implemented. Which feature of single-subject experimental designs is being demonstrated?

A. Prediction

B. Repeated measures

C. Verification

D. Replication

Lupita wants to test what type of treatment would work for various clients at an in-patient facility. Lupita’s goal is to select a treatment for each client that is shown to be effective for them individually. In doing so, she plans to take measures during each phase of the study to evaluate treatment effectiveness. Which type of design should Lupita select?

A. Single-subject design

B. Matched pairs design

C. Quasi-experimental design

D. Group design

A. Single-subject design

Nancy and Tara live together in a residential facility and both exhibit several toilet accidents per day. Gerda implements a toileting program for both women using a non-concurrent multiple-baseline across subjects design, with Nancy as the first subject. Part of the program involves providing Nancy with juice when she toilets appropriately. Nancy’s toileting quickly becomes independent. Another staff person sees Nancy’s success with the toileting program, and unknown to Gerda, begins to give Tara juice whenever she toilets appropriately.

Next, Gerda plans to implement the same toileting program with Tara that she used with Nancy. She begins to collect baseline on Tara’s accidents, but Tara’s

rate of accidents is already near zero. Which threat to the establishment of internal validity most likely occurred in this case?

A. Diffusion of treatment

B. Regression toward the mean

C. Selection bias

D. Instrumentation

A. Diffusion of treatment

What term is used for the extent to which a study’s results may be generalized to other subjects, settings, or behaviors?

A. Internal validity

B. Applicability

C. External validity 

D. Social validity

C. External validity 

John is a behavior specialist working in school with a student named Mary. John observes Mary for two consecutive days during her morning class session and

collects baseline data on the frequency of Mary’s crying. John then implements an intervention to reduce Mary’s crying behavior during class, and sees a sharp

decrease in crying after just a week of implementation. Later on, John learns from Mary’s teacher that Mary was sick with a severe flu and not sleeping well when he collected data during the two days of baseline. What type of threat to internal validity does this represent in terms of the apparent effectiveness of the intervention for reducing Mary’s crying behavior?

A. Regression toward the mean

B. Testing

C. Selection bias

D. Maturation

A researcher determines what will happen to the dependent variable based on effects from previous phases of an independent variable. This represents which feature of single-subject experimental designs?

A. Replication

B. Verification

C. Repeated measures

D. Prediction

Agueda is evaluating the use of a token economy for increasing in seat behavior during school lessons for one of her clients. She first collects baseline data for a

few sessions, which shows a high rate of out of seat behavior. Agueda then implements the intervention phase where a token economy is implemented contingent on instances of in seat behavior. During the next few days of the intervention phase, the client’s rate of out of seat behavior decreases significantly. Agueda then removes the token economy intervention, and the rate of out of seat behavior increases once again back to baseline levels. Which feature of single-subject designs does this demonstrate?

A. Verification 

B. Repeated measures

C. Predication

D. Experimentation

Joan is a speech therapist and BCaBA who just started working with Sorel due to his problems with articulation. While getting to know Sorel, Joan asks her to repeat a list of words, including various fruits like, “Banana,” “Apple,” “Grape,” etc., and writes a language program based on this echoic repertoire. While Joan's baseline measure includes a wide-range of words, the list of words for the

intervention phase includes several names of fruit. Joan finds that Sorel’s articulation shows a sharp improvement immediately following the initial introduction of the language program. What threat to internal validity could

explain this sudden improvement in Nancy’s articulation when the program is implemented?

A. Testing

B. Selection bias 

C. Instrumentation

D. History

As an individual progresses through an intervention, the effects of the intervention are compared against the individual's own baseline and previous data. This is an example of which feature of single-subject research?

A. Individuals serving as their own controls

B. Prediction

C. Repeated measures

D. Replication

Budget cutbacks at an agency require all behavior service plans to be streamlined to remove the “less effective” parts of treatment packages. The funding source has determined that trimming down to minimal, but still effective programs will significantly reduce staff-resource requirements by having staff run fewer program procedures per day. Which type of analysis is most likely to identify program procedures, which may be removed from the overall treatment package without compromising its effectiveness?

A. Functional analysis

B. Component analysis

C. Parametric analysis

D. Structural analysis

Lila, a BCBA-D who is the director of the agency, hired Cathy a few months ago to provide her the supervision and experience necessary to meet all requirements for certification as a BCBA. However, Cathy has spent most of her time filing datasheets, organizing teaching materials, and proof-reading the behavior programs of other behavior analysts. Her supervision sessions with Lila focus on her work around the office and are regularly interrupted by Lila checking her email. Which, if any Code element does it appear that has Lila violated in this scenario?

A. Supervisory Competence

B. Delegation of Tasks

C. Performance Monitoring and Feedback

D. Designing Effective Supervision and Training 

Susan is a BCBA who has been working on Jeremy's case for the past 6 years and has established a successful daily living skills program for Jeremy’s parents to use with him in their home. Jeremy was diagnosed with autism at age 3 and has been fully toilet trained since the age of 5. After not having had a single toileting accident for over two years, Jeremy’s parents recently reported to Susan (who is mainly a consultant at this point) that Jeremy has wet his pants at least 10 times since her last visit a month ago. Susan should recommend which of the following to the parents?

A. Perform a new formal functional assessment

B. Re-institute the same toilet training program that worked in the past

C. Begin collecting 2 weeks of new baseline data on toileting accidents

D. Take Jeremy to his pediatrician to rule out medical problems 

Jake is a 33-year-old who has not been adjudicated incompetent by law but engages in almost no verbal behavior. His capacity to provide informed consent is limited at best. Jake begins to participate in a non-restrictive research study where he can earn a lot of his favorite food items and earn time to engage in a preferred leisure activity. Jake actively participates in the first couple of research sessions, but after these sessions, he begins to refuse to comply with directions and repeatedly runs to the exit door, only returning to his seat when physically prompted to do so. Given this scenario, the researcher should:

A. Discontinue Jake’s participation in the research study immediately 

B. Make a reasonable effort to convince Jake to continue and only reconsider if Jake continues to display signs of ‘unwillingness’

C. Explain to Jake’s advocate and caregivers that he is a very important part of the research, and enlist their assistance in keeping Jake in the study area

D. Continue with the research sessions, as Jake gives implied consent by often arriving at sessions early, and sessions are held in a non-restrictive setting

Julie has been hired to write behavior programs for adults with special needs who live in a group home. After taking the job and conducting observations, Julie notes that several of these adults engage in moderate forms of

“aggression.” Currently, Julie has a large caseload and many demands on her time but discusses the process of starting services at the group home and informs

everyone involved of expectations related to this program. She conducts interviews with group home staff, gathers the information, and then writes a standard treatment plan for the staff to use with the majority of the adults in the group home, since they all live in the same place and are engaging in similar forms of “aggression.” Which ethics standard, if any, is Julie violating in this case?

A. Obtaining Informed Consent

B. Selecting, Designing, and Implementing Behavior-Change Interventions

C. Describing Behavior-Change Interventions Before Implementation

D. Considering Medical Needs

Attending conferences, webinars, and lectures about topics in behavior analysis are examples of upholding which core principle of Behavior Analysis?

A. Ensure Competence 

B. Behave with Integrity

C. Benefit Others

D. Treat Others with Compassion, Dignity, and Respect

Which of the following would constitute a professional relationship between behavior analysts?

A. A BCaBA reads case-related JABA articles by an expert in SIB treatment

B. A dinner conversation between an EAB researcher and an ABA practitioner

C. A BCBA obtains an outside consult from a BCBA verbal behavior expert 

D. Testifying as an expert witness in a court case involving ABA services

C. A BCBA obtains an outside consult from a BCBA verbal behavior expert 

A behavior analyst who is offered to work on a case that is outside of the scope of their training, and thus refers the case out to another behavior analyst, is adhering to which ethics standard?

A. Accepting Clients

B. Consulting with Other Providers

C. Service Agreement

D. Responsibility to Clients

Susan is reviewing her billing submissions for the week. She notices that one of her sessions that was canceled earlier in the week was sent to the billing department to be billed to the client’s insurance company. Susan immediately

notifies her supervisor and the billing manager of the billing error. Susan is most closely following which of the core principles outlined in the Code of Ethics for Behavior Analysts?

A. Benefit Others

B. Behave with Integrity 

C. Ensure Competence

D. Treat Others with Compassion, Dignity, and Respect

Which of the following statements is a component of the foundational principle of Behavior Analysis, Treat Others with Compassion, Dignity, and Respect, as outlined in the BACB Ethics Code?

A. Respectfully educating others about the ethics requirements of behavior analysis and the mechanisms for addressing professional misconduct.

B. Actively identifying potential and actual conflicts of interest and working to resolve them in a manner that avoids or minimizes harm

C. Treating others equitably, regardless of factors such as age, disability, ethnicity, gender expression/identity, immigration status, marital/ relationship status, national origin, race, religion, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status, or any other basis proscribed by law

D. Working to continually increase their knowledge and skills related to cultural responsiveness and service delivery to diverse groups

C. Treating others equitably, regardless of factors such as age, disability, ethnicity, gender expression/identity, immigration status, marital/ relationship status, national origin, race, religion, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status, or any other basis proscribed by law

Don is a behavior analyst providing services in an elementary school setting. He has recently been experiencing significant untreated mental health concerns that have hindered his ability to consistently attend class observations and parent- teacher conferences resulting in one of his students being expelled from the school. Which of the foundational principles of Behavior Analysis is Don violating?

A. Treat Others with Compassion, Dignity, and Respect

B. Behave with Integrity

C. Ensure their Competence

D. Benefit Others

If a behavior analyst learns that they have a terminal illness and are unable to fulfill their duties, the behavior analyst should:

A. Make a reasonable effort to facilitate a transition of services for their clients to alternative providers

B. Continue working with clients until they are physically no longer capable of working, as this is their ethical obligation

C. Terminate services immediately, as it would be unethical to continue providing services with a terminal illness

D. Select another provider of behavioral services, transition all service authorizations to that provider, and then inform each of their clients

Amy provides services to a little boy with developmental disabilities during school hours. She observes that he does not know how to eat with a fork and a knife during lunch and immediately adds a program to work on this skill. Later, the little boy’s mother explains to Amy that eating with their hands is considered acceptable in their culture. Amy tells the mother that he should really learn to use utensils to eat since using his hands is not appropriate for school and is unsanitary. Which ethics standard is Amy most likely violating in this scenario?

A. Coercive and Exploitative Relationships

B. Providing Effective Treatment

C. Communicating About Services

D. Nondiscrimination 

“Any data-based activity designed to generate generalizable knowledge for the discipline, often through professional publications”, quotes the BACB Professional and Ethical Compliance Code’s definition of:

A. Research

B. Dissemination

C. Ethical inquiry

D. Science

An attorney contacts Phillip, a BCBA, to serve as an expert witness in a case. The attorney tells Phillip he will be paid a significant fee to recommend that the child, who is diagnosed with ASD, be placed in the custody of her mother rather than her father. What would be the most appropriate course of action for Phillip to take in this case?

A. Accept the case, and then clarify to the mother and attorney that he will strongly consider the mother’s side but will testify according to the results of his evaluation.

B. Before taking the case, clarify to the mother and attorney that he must testify according to the results of his evaluation, not a predetermined outcome that serves the mother’s side

C. Before testifying in court, request a list of recommendations to assist him in structuring his presentation of data from his evaluation

D. Accept the case, and then meet with the attorney and the mother to identify the best way to help them achieve their goals in court

When a BCBA supervisor requires a task of a supervisee, and the skills to perform the task are not currently in the supervisee’s repertoire, then:

A. It is up to the supervisee to learn the skills necessary to complete this task and manage the task the best they can

B. The supervisor must reassign the task to someone who has the requisite skills and only ask supervisees to exhibit skills already in their repertoire

C. The supervisor should immediately replace an individual who cannot perform this skill and demote anyone who does not have this skill

D. The supervisor has the responsibility to provide the conditions for the supervisee to acquire the skill

In relation to treatment efficacy, a behavior analyst always has the responsibility to recommend:

A. Interventions that have achieved results with similar clients

B. The newest treatment procedures discussed in the literature

C. Procedures that align most closely with the desires of the caregivers

D. The scientifically supported most likely-to-be-effective procedures 

BCBA Fred is currently providing ABA services to a client named Terri. Fred wants to gather a testimonial from Terri's family regarding his services for advertising purposes. How should Fred go about soliciting an advertising testimonial from the family?

A. Ask for the testimonial at any time before, during, or after service delivery

B. Ask for the testimonial now while Terri is still his client, as he will not be able to do so after service termination

C. Ask for the testimonial only after terminating services with Terri, as it is unethical to do so while Terri is a current client

D. Wait until the family provides a testimonial themselves, as it is only ethical to obtain unsolicited testimonials from current clients

Behavior analysts have an obligation to help resolve most ethical violations of the BACB Code by:

A. Reporting all clear ethical violations to law enforcement, since ethical concerns can involve legal consequences

B. Focusing on monitoring their own behavior and removing themselves from ethical violations of others

C. Reporting all violations or suspected violations to the BACB®, as the board has the right to be informed

D. First addressing any questionable ethics concerns with the colleague, and then attempt to resolve them

When a behavior analyst is providing consultation, teaching, or supervision from a distant location (e.g., via the internet), which ethics standard requires the behavior analyst to have the knowledge necessary to maintain the security of electronic transmission of information (e.g., issues regarding confidentiality)?

A. Continual Evaluation of the Behavior-Change Intervention

B. Public Statements by Others

C. Accountability in Supervision

D. Documentation Protection and Retention 

Which of the following statements falls under the core principles of behavior analysis: Benefit Others?

A. Respectfully educating others about the ethics requirements of behavior analysts and the mechanisms for addressing professional misconduct

B. Working to continually increase their knowledge and skills related to cultural responsiveness and service delivery to diverse groups

C. Protecting the welfare and rights of other individuals with whom they interact in a professional capacity

D. Respecting and actively promoting clients’ self-determination to the best of their abilities, particularly when providing services to vulnerable populations

When determining the need for behavior-analytic services which of the following should be considered?

A. What the literature has shown to be helpful to individuals with similar concerns

B. The individual's most preferred items and activities

C. The impact the behavior has on the individual and those around them 

D. The procedures the therapist has used successfully with other clients

Which would be considered a behavioral cusp?

A. Saying “Please” and “Thank you”

B. Toilet training 

C. Learning to skip

D. Playing cards

When deciding how to structure a tangible condition in a functional analysis, the behavior analyst should:

A. Include items that have been observed to be delivered in the natural environment

B. Randomly select items to present contingent on behavior during the condition

C. Conduct a preference assessment to determine what items the individual likes

D. Due to potential iatrogenic effects, tangible conditions should not be included

Which of the following is an example of a latency functional analysis?

A. Ronnie only receives escape from a demand after a longer latency between the demand and moment he bangs his head, when compared to baseline.

B. The researcher measures the time between the onset of precursor behavior (whining) and when Ron begins banging his head.

C. A demand is placed on Ronnie, and the researcher starts a timer. Ronnie bangs his head once. The researcher records the elapsed time and ends the session.

D. The researcher measures the time between each of a series of demands placed on Ronnie, and each subsequent head-bang throughout a 10-minute session.

The teacher sends Natasha out of the classroom when Natasha is disruptive to other students during the teacher’s lecture. Once Natasha is out of the room,

the teacher is able to continue her lecture, so the teacher does this almost every time Natasha is disruptive. This is an example of which likely function of the teacher’s behavior?

A. Socially-mediated positive reinforcement

B. Automatic positive reinforcement

C. Automatic negative reinforcement

D. Socially-mediated negative reinforcement 

Which of the following is the best example of an appropriate statement after a functional behavioral assessment which includes a functional analysis?

A. Dom tends to hit his roommate in order to get access to preferred items, because he was spoiled by his parents

B. Dom engages in aggression toward his roommate due to \ auditory hallucinations which tell him to hurt others

C. Dom’s schizophrenia prevents self-control and compels him to hit others when he does not get what he wants

D. Dom hits his roommate when denied access to a requested item ad hitting often results in access to the item

Why should assessments be conducted to identify a client's relevant skill strengths?

A. To find a starting point for other skills to teach 

B. To place less emphasis on client deficits

C. To identify what skills the client already has

D. To see which skills need the most improvement

What could be performed BEFORE an indirect assessment that could assist with identifying responses targeted for direct assessment and help determine the need for behavior-analytic services?

A. Narrative recording

B. Functional analysis

C. Naturalistic observation

D. Preliminary assessment 

Behavioral cusps are important to include in treatment planning because they do which of the following?

A. Expose an individual to new contingencies and reinforcers 

B. Create less aversive environments

C. Promote maintenance of previously learned skills

D. Allow the client to learn at their own pace

Michael, a behavior analyst, just completed an indirect assessment for a 10- year-old boy named Stewart. Now Michael wants to conduct a direct descriptive assessment. What procedures could Michael use as part of the descriptive assessment process?

A. Structured assessment and functional analysis

B. Interviews, questionnaires, and rating scales

C. Narrative recording, scatterplot, and ABC data collection

D. Preference and competing stimulus assessments

A data collection form has a list of potential antecedents, target behaviors, and potential consequences. You unobtrusively observe a client in the classroom,

without manipulating any environmental events. When she engages in an episode of problem behavior, you make check marks on each of the relevant antecedents, behaviors, and consequences on your form. This procedure is an example of something one would use when conducting a:

A. Scatterplot assessment

B. Indirect assessment

C. Functional analysis

D. Descriptive assessment 

Byron, a BCBA-D, has completed a descriptive assessment. Interviews with the client’s caregivers indicated that the behavior is maintained by attention. Based upon direct observation, Byron believes the problem behavior may be maintained instead by escape from task demands. Byron has many years of experience in completing all forms of indirect and direct assessments. “Best practice” in the field would dictate that Byron should now:

A. Conduct a functional analysis to be sure of the function 

B. Select an intervention proven to be effective with this population

C. Conduct a second descriptive assessment

D. Proceed with a reinforcement-based intervention

What does "function of behavior" mean?

A. This is the emotional state at the time of the behavior

B. This is another term for the individual’s motivation

C. This is what an individual wants or desires

D. This is the underlying reason the behavior occurs 

Prioritizing behavioral cusps when developing a treatment plan is important because they do which of the following?

A. Allow more efficiency in learning 

B. Prevent the acquisition of other responses

C. Benefit the learner in the distant future only

D. Limit opportunities for learning

Which functional-assessment method consists of direct observation of the environment and the target behaviors as they occur in the person’s everyday life (i.e., where the behavior is actually occurring) but without any environmental manipulations?

A. Descriptive assessment 

B. Indirect assessment

C. Structured assessment

D. Functional analysis

Sandra is conducting a functional assessment using direct observation methods. After selecting a narrative recording form, she focuses exclusively on recording challenging behaviors, and any possible related socially-mediated consequences. From these findings she decides to use other assessment tools, focusing on systematic manipulations to get a clearer idea of function. What is your evaluation of her functional assessment process so far?

A. Incomplete; a narrative recording should contain information on target behaviors, precursors, social and non-social consequences, and related antecedents

B. Incomplete; she has completed an excellent narrative recording section, but now must move on to the functional interview and the record review

C. There is not enough information here to make a determination; no mention is made regarding the accuracy of her functional assessment

D. Complete; she identified all the problem behaviors and maintaining consequences, and can proceed to a scatterplot, and the development of a function-based plan

Which of the following questions should be the first question a behavior analyst asks when assessing the social significance of a target behavior?

A. Is the target behavior a functional skill for all people to learn?

B. Will the behavior likely produce reinforcement in the client's environment? 

C. Is the target behavior age-appropriate for this client at this point in time?

D. Will the target behavior produce reinforcement for others around the client?

What is a behavioral cusp?

A. When a behavior targeted for acquisition is approaching mastery levels

B. A behavior change that produces novel responding in untrained settings

C. A large, significant behavior change that has widespread effects and exposes an individual to new contingencies and new reinforcers

D. Behavior reduction that results in limitations on available reinforcers and settings

Charles often spits on tables or countertops and then uses his fingers to play with the saliva. This can lead to spreading germs, which is potentially harmful to

Charles and to others. Saliva-play was determined to likely be maintained by automatic reinforcement. If saliva-play is targeted for decrease, what could help identify an acceptable alternative behavior?

A. Competing stimulus assessment 

B. Reinforcer assessment

C. Assessment based on task analysis

D. Functional assessment

When determining the need for behavior-analytic services which of the following should be considered?

A. What the literature has shown to be helpful to individuals with similar concerns

B. The individual's most preferred items and activities

C. The impact the behavior has on the individual and those around them 

D. The procedures the therapist has used successfully with other clients

C. The impact the behavior has on the individual and those around them 

Which would be considered a behavioral cusp?

A. Saying “Please” and “Thank you”

B. Toilet training 

C. Learning to skip

D. Playing cards

When deciding how to structure a tangible condition in a functional analysis, the behavior analyst should:

A. Include items that have been observed to be delivered in the natural environment

B. Randomly select items to present contingent on behavior during the condition

C. Conduct a preference assessment to determine what items the individual likes

D. Due to potential iatrogenic effects, tangible conditions should not be included

Which of the following is an example of a latency functional analysis?

A. Ronnie only receives escape from a demand after a longer latency between the demand and moment he bangs his head, when compared to baseline.

B. The researcher measures the time between the onset of precursor behavior (whining) and when Ron begins banging his head.

C. A demand is placed on Ronnie, and the researcher starts a timer. Ronnie bangs his head once. The researcher records the elapsed time and ends the session.

D. The researcher measures the time between each of a series of demands placed on Ronnie, and each subsequent head-bang throughout a 10-minute session.

The teacher sends Natasha out of the classroom when Natasha is disruptive to other students during the teacher’s lecture. Once Natasha is out of the room, the teacher is able to continue her lecture, so the teacher does this almost every time Natasha is disruptive. This is an example of which likely function of the teacher’s behavior?

A. Socially-mediated positive reinforcement

B. Automatic positive reinforcement

C. Automatic negative reinforcement

D. Socially-mediated negative reinforcement 

Which of the following is the best example of an appropriate statement after a functional behavioral assessment which includes a functional analysis?

A. Dom tends to hit his roommate in order to get access to preferred items, because he was spoiled by his parents

B. Dom engages in aggression toward his roommate due to \ auditory hallucinations which tell him to hurt others

C. Dom’s schizophrenia prevents self-control and compels him to hit others when he does not get what he wants

D. Dom hits his roommate when denied access to a requested item ad hitting often results in access to the item

Why should assessments be conducted to identify a client's relevant skill strengths?

A. To find a starting point for other skills to teach 

B. To place less emphasis on client deficits

C. To identify what skills the client already has

D. To see which skills need the most improvement

What could be performed BEFORE an indirect assessment that could assist with identifying responses targeted for direct assessment and help determine the need for behavior-analytic services?

A. Narrative recording

B. Functional analysis

C. Naturalistic observation

D. Preliminary assessment

Behavioral cusps are important to include in treatment planning because they do which of the following?

A. Expose an individual to new contingencies and reinforcers 

B. Create less aversive environments

C. Promote maintenance of previously learned skills

D. Allow the client to learn at their own pace

Michael, a behavior analyst, just completed an indirect assessment for a 10- year-old boy named Stewart. Now Michael wants to conduct a direct descriptive assessment. What procedures could Michael use as part of the descriptive assessment process?

A. Structured assessment and functional analysis

B. Interviews, questionnaires, and rating scales

C. Narrative recording, scatterplot, and ABC data collection 

D. Preference and competing stimulus assessments

A data collection form has a list of potential antecedents, target behaviors, and potential consequences. You unobtrusively observe a client in the classroom,

without manipulating any environmental events. When she engages in an episode of problem behavior, you make check marks on each of the relevant antecedents, behaviors, and consequences on your form. This procedure is an example of something one would use when conducting a:

A. Scatterplot assessment

B. Indirect assessment

C. Functional analysis

D. Descriptive assessment 

Byron, a BCBA-D, has completed a descriptive assessment. Interviews with the client’s caregivers indicated that the behavior is maintained by attention. Based upon direct observation, Byron believes the problem behavior may be maintained instead by escape from task demands. Byron has many years of experience in completing all forms of indirect and direct assessments. “Best practice” in the field would dictate that Byron should now:

A. Conduct a functional analysis to be sure of the function 

B. Select an intervention proven to be effective with this population

C. Conduct a second descriptive assessment

D. Proceed with a reinforcement-based intervention

What defines an indiscriminable group contingency?

A. The person delivering the reward is unknown to group members

B. The reward is available on a non-contingent basis

C. The target behavior-performance criterion is not well defined

D. The presence of the contingency is not clear to group members

When one verbal stimulus alters the evocative effect of a second verbal stimulus, and collectively they evoke a differential response. What is this called?

A. Motivating operations

B. Nonverbal respondent behavior

C. Verbal conditional discrimination 

D. Intraverbal

Which schedule below is most susceptible to extinction?

A. VR 10

B. FR 20

C. VR 6

D. FR 2

The BCBA has the client sit at the same table each time they do DTT. What strategy is this an example of?

A. Motivating operations

B. Rigidity

C. Overgeneralization

D. Discriminative stimuli 

D. Discriminative stimuli 

Which schedule of reinforcement is more resistant to extinction?

A. All ratio schedules are highly resistant to extinction

B. Fixed ratio schedule

C. None of the ratio schedules are resistant to extinction

D. Variable ratio schedule 

Tanya is setting up a token economy that uses tickets as tokens. Of the following suggestions, which would most likely help Tanya's token economy succeed?

A. Initially allow the client to purchase backup reinforcers for a relatively small number of tickets

B. Once prices for backup reinforcers are determined, the prices should not be adjusted

C. Generally, set the price of each backup reinforcer at twice the number of tokens earned

D. Give the client a sticker each time the client engages in the correct response

Which of the following best describes the high-p request sequence?

A. The client must do something of high-p (preferred) first before he can do something of low-p (non-preferred)

B. 2-5 low-p (difficult) requests are issued first and each instance of compliance is reinforced; then a high-p (easy) request is issued

C. 2-5 high-p (easy) requests are issued first and each instance of compliance is reinforced, then a low-p (difficult) request is issued

D. The client must first do something of low-p (non-preferred) before he can do something of high-p (preferred)

If a person observes and records their own behavior, they are engaging in which step of a common behavior analysis-based strategy to change one’s own behavior?

A. Providing prompts

B. Self-monitoring 

C. Arranging contingencies

D. Identifying target behavior

Which is a strategy to promote generality of behavior change?

A. Sequential modification

B. Plan for natural contingencies 

C. Train the trainer

D. Train and hope

When Sutari speaks, her words are barely audible. A behavior analyst would like to increase the decibels of Sutari's voice when she mands for wanted items. What differential reinforcement procedure can the behavior analyst use?

A. Prompt fading

B. Negative reinforcement

C. Prompting

D. Shaping

When are tokens most valuable and effective?

A. When they are difficult to earn and are taken away for problem behavior

B. When they are paired with a variety of preferred backup reinforcers 

C. When they are delivered right before the exchange period

D. When they look like real money

Stu is working with a client to increase independence in dressing. Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement?

A. When the client completes a step independently, they earn a token that can be exchanged for iPad time

B. Stu plays a loud noise that is terminated if they dress independently

C. Stu physically prompts until the client completes the step independently, and then fades his prompts

D. If the client does not complete the step independently, they lose tokens

Tereza receives a sticker for every chore she completes. On Fridays if Tereza has earned at least 20 stickers her mother takes her for ice cream. What are the stickers an example of?

A. Motivating operation

B. Establishing operation

C. Primary reinforcers

D. Conditioned reinforcers 

A behavior analyst wants all residents of a group home to increase their cleaning behavior but is concerned that several of the residents may sabotage a group effort. Which would be the best group contingency to use?

A. Dependent group contingency

B. A token group contingency

C. Interdependent group contingency

D. Independent group contingency 

A behavior analyst is providing in-home support to an individual trying to learn to take responsibility for their daily routine. They follow a task analysis for their morning routine, checking off all the tasks as they go through the routine. For every week that all steps are completed, the individual gets to pick their dinner location that Friday evening. This is an example of:

A. Shaping

B. Negative reinforcement

C. Extinction

D. Self-management

The school behavior analyst has successfully taught Liam how to ask for help from his teacher, but not from other people. If the behavior analyst wants Liam to demonstrate generalization across people when asking for help, then which of the following is likely the best strategy?

A. Train Liam to ask for help from several people until Liam independently demonstrates appropriate asking for help from people he's not asked before.

B. Program for appropriately asking for help with several different people until Liam can correctly demonstrate asking for help from three different teachers.

C. Strengthen stimulus control the teacher has over Liam's response, and differentially reinforce his response in the presence of his teachers and others.

D. Program for response generalization by ensuring that his asking for help contacts reinforcement.

Of the following procedures, which is likely the best generative instruction strategy?

A. A teacher develops a stack of flash cards with whole words on them and teaches his students to fluently respond correctly to each card, when the card is presented.

B. A student is taught the sounds that each letter and common letter blends make, then the student is assessed on his ability to form and pronounce untaught combinations of those letters.

C. A student is taught to match a picture of a car to a picture of a car, then is taught to match a picture of an apple to a picture of an apple. The student's matching skills are assessed.

D. A teacher shows her student the formulas for determining every geometric shape in the text and assesses the student’s ability to remember the formulas.

B. A student is taught the sounds that each letter and common letter blends make, then the student is assessed on his ability to form and pronounce untaught combinations of those letters.

Each student who sells five entertainment books gets a ticket to an ice cream social on Friday. Those who do not sell five books will remain in the classroom during that time. This is an example of a(n):

A. This is not a group contingency

B. Interdependent group contingency

C. Independent group contingency 

D. Dependent group contingency

Kimmie has just completed her token training. Bingo discs are used and are functioning as powerful, generalized conditioned reinforcers. Now that the token economy system has been officially trained and implemented, when should tokens be dispensed?

A. Just prior to the time to trade tokens at the token store

B. At the end of the day

C. At the end of the shift

D. Immediately after the performance of the target behavior 

A teacher divides a class into groups of four students. If just one of the students in a group answers the teacher’s questions correctly, the entire group will receive a period of free time. Which of the following types of contingencies does this best exemplify?

A. Independent group contingency

B. Interdependent group contingency

C. Indiscriminable group contingency

D. Dependent group contingency 

ABA is an accountable discipline, and changes in procedures are data-based. We revise our treatment protocols based on our data in order to successfully achieve a desired effect. Which dimension of ABA does this best exemplify?

A. Conceptually systematic

B. Applied

C. Effective 

D. Behavioral

Radical behaviorism is the basic foundation that underlies all four domains of behavior analysis. This is due to the fact that radical behaviorism provides which of the following?

A. A structure, methodology, and statistical model for research into the behavior of individuals

B. A foundation for the conceptual analysis of behavior, and thus, it permeates all domains

C. A hypothesis-testing-based approach to the study of all behavior of all living organisms

D. A scientific approach to cognition, and the behavior related to those mental processes

Dasha is a behavior technician working with several clients in an autism treatment center. Dasha uses the principles, methods, and procedures of behavior analysis with each client while following program plans designed by her BCBA. Dasha makes sure to regularly monitor client data and report client progress on socially significant targets to her BCBA. In what domain does Dasha's work in behavior analysis most likely fall under?

A. Experimental analysis of behavior

B. Professional practice guided by the science of behavior analysis 

C. Conceptual analysis of behavior

D. Applied behavior analysis

Which of the following areas of behavior analysis have the primary function of training and implementing behavior plans?

A. Applied behavior analysis

B. Professional practice guided by the science of behavior analysis 

C. Conceptual analysis of behavior

D. Experimental analysis of behavior

Technician Owen teaches his client Walt to microwave his food independently at the treatment center. One day, Owen hears from Walt's parents that he made themselves a meal at home with the microwave. This demonstrates which of the seven dimensions of ABA?

A. Behavioral

B. Effective

C. Generality

D. Applied

What is the philosophy that informs all other domains of behavior analysis?

A. Applied behavior analysis (ABA) 

B. Behaviorism 

C. Professional practice guided by the science of behavior analysis

D. Experimental analysis of behavior (EAB)

A behavior analyst is brought into a car dealership by the manager to observe the employees. The manager stated that she would like to pinpoint specific behaviors that staff are demonstrating that lead to sales. The analyst takes note of every instance the salesperson goes to greet the customer and how long that takes, if the salesperson is offering alternative options, and how much time is spent with every customer. The analyst also writes down any specific off-task behaviors that occur and the frequency of those behaviors. This behavior analyst is demonstrating which goal of behavior analysis?

A. Control

B. Analytic

C. Prediction

D. Description

Which of the following provides the basic foundation for our conceptual analysis and permeates all the branches of behavior analysis?

A. Experimental analysis of behavior

B. Radical behaviorism 

C. Methodological behaviorism

D. Applied behavior analysis

A group of friends were having dinner and discussing current events. Javier mentioned that the speech that the university president gave that week was concerning, mostly because the president had confused several words during the speech. Javier expressed that he believed the president’s speech was indicative of dementia, to be expected at the president’s age. Janis said she believed the president misspoke due to the teleprompter being moved from its usual spot, making it difficult for the president to read the speech. Veronica laughed and

said that they were both wrong; the president struggled through the speech because he didn’t fully believe in the contents of the speech. Douglass reminded everyone, we all have bad days and I’m sure the president was just having a bad day, no big deal. Which of the following is an explanation for the president’s behavior from the perspective of radical behaviorism?

A. Janis’s explanation that it was due to fact that the teleprompter was moved 

B. Veronica’s explanation that the president didn’t believe in what he was saying

C. Javier’s explanation that it occurred because the president has dementia

D. Douglass’ explanation that the president must have had a bad day

A behavior analyst works in an instructional technology-based program that involves the development and evaluation of educational materials to teach reading, writing, arithmetic, problem solving and other academic skills. These materials have helped many students catch up to their expected grade-level performance (when they have not maintained pace using regular classroom instruction). This program has helped even some of the lowest performing students to obtain significantly higher grades. Students in this program have not only successfully graduated from high school, but have moved on to higher education or preferred jobs in the community. From the above information, which of the following dimensions does this instructional technology program exemplify?

A. Conceptually systematic

B. Applied 

C. Analytic

D. Behavioral

When the change in the dependent variable can only be attributed to the independent variable, the experiment is said to demonstrate:

A. Effectiveness

B. Prediction

C. Determinism

D. Control

Moss runs a functional analysis experiment as follows: For 20 minutes, she provides immediate social attention whenever Reeve hits himself with a fist-to- face contact (“Reeve, don’t hit yourself!”). Then for the next 20 minutes, she gives no attention but remains on the other side of the room. She repeats this process and finds that Reeve tends to hit himself more during those 20-minute

periods when she provides attention following his hits. Moss then repeats this experiment, but this time she has her assistant, Carrie, run the experiment. They get the same finding. This process most clearly represents which assumption of behavior analysis?

A. Empiricism

B. Parsimony

C. Critical analysis

D. Scientific skepticism

Someone says, "A rat presses the lever because it knows doing so will result in food." In this statement, “knowing” is an an example of:

A. Private behavior

B. An environmental event

C. An explanatory fiction 

D. An antecedent

Which of the following is an example of description as a goal of behavior analysis as a science?

A. Donavan creates a new data collection system to be used by teachers at the school his learner attends

B. Donavan uses examples and nonexamples in their operational definitions within a behavior plan

C. Donavan notes that the learner’s behavior will likely increase during the holiday months

D. Donavan implements a new NCR procedure and shows it’s effectiveness in a graphical display

Although doctors had told this learner’s parents that, due to her disability, she would never be able to speak, Trevor began a functional communication training program. Over time through interventions that focus on reinforcement

strategies, the learner’s language shapes up and they begin to independently communicate their wants and needs. The fact that this learner’s new behavior is

gradually changed through experience with consequence is an example of which philosophical assumption underlying the science of behavior analysis?

A. Selectionism

B. Determinism

C. Pragmatism

D. Empiricism

Torrie has recently begun monitoring behavior changes related to medication changes for an adult learner she currently serves. She has placed phase change

lines on her graph at each medication change, and collected data in each new phase. In her meeting with the psychiatrist, she explains that several of the medications used did not have an impact on the behavior, while Trazadone seemed to have the best result in reducing problem behavior. In which part of the scenario is the behavior analyst demonstrating control?

A. Demonstrating changes in behavior as a result of the medication changes

B. Defining the target behavior that the medication was designed to effect

C. Using data to determine rates of behavior before the next phase change

D. Explaining the effects of the medication to the psychiatrist 

A behavior analyst wrote a treatment plan for her client that precisely spelled out the procedures used. The plan, which included instructions, modeling, behavioral rehearsal, feedback, homework assignments, prompting, and reinforcement, described each of these procedures. In contrast, the treatment plan written by the one psychologist stated, "Insight oriented individual therapy;

one hour per week." The other read, "Cognitive restructuring therapy; one hour per week." Nothing further was said in either of the latter plans. The plan written by the behavior analyst best exemplifies which dimension of ABA?

A. Behavioral

B. Generality

C. Effective

D. Technological

The results of your functional assessment indicate that Claudio is most likely to engage in severe self-injurious, head-to-object contacts just before meals. Which goal of science does this most directly exemplify?

A. Description

B. Data-based analysis

C. Prediction

D. Control

The idea that private events can be understood through the same analysis as observable behavior is a characteristic of which type of behaviorism?

A. Radical behaviorism

B. Teleological behaviorism

C. Theoretical behaviorism

D. Methodological behaviorism

BCBA Dante is providing in-home behavior support services to 6-year-old Janelle. Dante typically arrives at the house early in the morning and immediately begins his work session with Janelle. Janelle's mom has told Dante that whenever Janelle sees Dante’s car pull into the driveway, she begins to engage in disruptive behavior by throwing objects and emitting high-pitched vocalizations. Whenever Janelle engages in this behavior during a work session, Dante decides to end the session to give her a break. From a radical behaviorism perspective, what is the best explanation for Janelle’s disruptive behavior?

A. The sight of Dante’s car has become a conditioned aversive stimulus and so Janelle engages in disruptive behavior because in the past it has resulted in escape

from work.

B. The sight of Dante’s car makes Janelle feel upset and so she begins to engage in disruptive behavior to avoid the upcoming work session with Dante.

C. Janelle does not like to work with Dante so whenever she sees his car arriving in the driveway she warns her parents by engaging in disruptive behavior.

D. Janelle finds the work session with Dante aversive so when she anticipates the work session she decides to engage in disruptive behavior to avoid more work.

A. The sight of Dante’s car has become a conditioned aversive stimulus and so Janelle engages in disruptive behavior because in the past it has resulted in escape

from work.

Technician Owen teaches his client Walt to microwave his food independently at the treatment center. One day, Owen hears from Walt's parents that he made themselves a meal at home with the microwave. This demonstrates which of the seven dimensions of ABA?

A. Applied

B. Effective

C. Generality 

D. Behavioral

A behavior analyst is brought into a car dealership by the manager to observe the employees. The manager stated that she would like to pinpoint specific behaviors that staff are demonstrating that lead to sales. The analyst takes note of every instance the salesperson goes to greet the customer and how long that takes, if the salesperson is offering alternative options, and how much time is spent with every customer. The analyst also writes down any specific off-task behaviors that occur and the frequency of those behaviors. This behavior analyst is demonstrating which goal of behavior analysis?

A. Prediction

B. Analytic

C. Control

D. Description 

When we talk about behavior analysis predicting and controlling behavior and thereby leading to a powerful technology for behavior change that not only

works but also has a useful application to make a positive difference in people’s lives, we are most clearly demonstrating which scientific assumption?

A. Empiricism

B. Pragmatism

C. Determinism

D. Parsimony

Torrie has recently begun monitoring behavior changes related to medication changes for an adult learner she currently serves. She has placed phase change lines on her graph at each medication change, and collected data in each new phase. In her meeting with the psychiatrist, she explains that several of the medications used did not have an impact on the behavior, while Trazadone seemed to have the best result in reducing problem behavior. In which part of the scenario is the behavior analyst demonstrating control?

A. Defining the target behavior that the medication was designed to effect

B. Demonstrating changes in behavior as a result of the medication changes 

C. Using data to determine rates of behavior before the next phase change

D. Explaining the effects of the medication to the psychiatrist

A behavior analyst wrote a treatment plan for her client that precisely spelled out the procedures used. The plan, which included instructions, modeling, behavioral rehearsal, feedback, homework assignments, prompting, and reinforcement, described each of these procedures. In contrast, the treatment plan written by the one psychologist stated, "Insight oriented individual therapy; one hour per week." The other read, "Cognitive restructuring therapy; one hour per week." Nothing further was said in either of the latter plans. The plan written by the behavior analyst best exemplifies which dimension of ABA?

A. Behavioral

B. Technological

C. Generality

D. Effective

A behavior analyst works with a child who engages in high-frequency and long- duration tantrums at bedtime. Results of a functional assessment indicate that this behavior is likely escape-maintained. Even though behavior-analytic literature has indicated that the use of escape extinction would likely be effective in reducing the child’s problem behavior, the parents have indicated

that they would not be comfortable with implementing this intervention. The behavior analyst instead suggests the bedtime pass protocol because this reinforces an alternative response and has been shown to be effective even without the use of extinction. The selection of the bedtime pass instead of escape extinction is an example of which philosophic assumption underlying the science of behavior analysis?

A. Empiricism

B. Selectionism

C. Determinism

D. Pragmatism

When a researcher uses current data to predict future events under similar conditions, they are representing which of the goals of science?

A. Prediction

B. Technological

C. Description

D. Control

Marta was tasked with creating a training program for group home staff. The training will teach staff in the group home about basic applied behavior analysis. Marta reviews several peer-reviewed articles on the most effective ways to teach group home staff new skills. During the training, she implements these practices from the literature. Marta using research literature when developing and providing training is an example of:

A. Experimental analysis of behavior

B. Professional practice guided by the science of behavior analysis

C. Behaviorism

D. Applied behavior analysis

Which of the following provides the basic foundation for our conceptual analysis and permeates all the branches of behavior analysis?

A. Experimental analysis of behavior

B. Radical behaviorism

C. Methodological behaviorism

D. Applied behavior analysis

Radical behaviorism is the basic foundation that underlies all four domains of behavior analysis. This is due to the fact that radical behaviorism provides which of the following?

A. A foundation for the conceptual analysis of behavior, and thus, it permeates all

domains

B. A hypothesis-testing-based approach to the study of all behavior of all living organisms

C. A structure, methodology, and statistical model for research into the behavior of individuals

D. A scientific approach to cognition, and the behavior related to those mental processes

A. A foundation for the conceptual analysis of behavior, and thus, it permeates all

domains

Todd is studying the effects of free versus earned tokens on subsequent token value. With the help of two computer programming students at his university, he

sets up a game whereby some individuals are provided free tokens and some individuals have to engage in a simple sorting task to earn tokens. Todd recruits undergraduates to participate in his study. Todd’s work is an example of:

A. Experimental analysis of behavior

B. Behaviorism

C. Applied behavior analysis

D. Professional practice guided by the science of behavior analysis

Sandra is working with a client who has shown increased elopements from their group home in recent weeks. The staff report that she’s just over the “honeymoon phase” and this is her normal behavior. Sandra believes there’s

likely a specific combination of environmental variables influencing the clients behavior. She asks the staff to collect scatterplot data on the client’s behavior and sees that the instances of elopement consistently occur in the afternoon between 3 and 4 p.m. She conducts several observations during this time frame and identifies that when the neighborhood children are dropped off by their bus from school, the client will ask to go outside to wave at the children and the bus. When she is denied this, most days she will elope from the group home within

the next 30 minutes. Sandra uses this knowledge in conjunction with peer reviewed research to develop a behavior plan that involves manipulation of both

antecedents and consequences. The client’s elopement successfully decreases to no more than once per 3 month period. Additionally, Sandra identified behaviors

that allowed her client to have greater community access, including safe opportunities to interact with children. The fact that Sandra does not accept that the “honeymoon” is over, but looks for environmental indicators of why the behavior is occurring is an example of:

A. Applied behavior analysis

B. Experimental analysis of behavior

C. Behaviorism

D. Professional practice guided by the science of behavior analysis

The results of your functional assessment indicate that Claudio is most likely to engage in severe self-injurious, head-to-object contacts just before meals. Which goal of science does this most directly exemplify?

A. Control

B. Prediction

C. Description

D. Data-based analysis

Instead of assuming that behavior is a symptom of an underlying issue, ABA focuses on behavior in its own right as a target for change. Behavior is directly observed and measured, usually, in the real-life environment. This describes which dimension of applied behavior analysis?

A. Applied

B. Behavioral

C. Technological

D. Conceptually systematic

Occam’s Razor states that when there is more than one hypothesis to explain a phenomenon, the one with the fewest assumptions should be selected. This is related to which philosophical assumption?

A. Determinism

B. Parsimony

C. Scientific skepticism

D. Pragmatism

Someone says, "A rat presses the lever because it knows doing so will result in food." In this statement, “knowing” is an an example of:

A. Private behavior

B. An explanatory fiction

C. An environmental event

D. An antecedent

What is the meaning of determinism?

A. Science determines what happens in the world

B. All natural events in the universe are lawful

C. Events are determined by experimentation and replication.

D. All events in the universe are pre-determined

A behavior analyst works in an instructional technology-based program that involves the development and evaluation of educational materials to teach reading, writing, arithmetic, problem solving and other academic skills. These materials have helped many students catch up to their expected grade-level performance (when they have not maintained pace using regular classroom

instruction). This program has helped even some of the lowest performing students to obtain significantly higher grades. Students in this program have not only successfully graduated from high school, but have moved on to higher education or preferred jobs in the community. From the above information, which of the following dimensions does this instructional technology program exemplify?

A. Conceptually systematic

B. Applied

C. Analytic

D. Behavioral

A behavior analyst is providing support to an individual with an extreme phobia of cockroaches. If the behavior analyst looks to identify functional relations between the phobic behavior and the environment around the individual, this would be reflective of which form of behaviorism?

A. Radical behaviorism

B. Teleological behaviorism

C. Theoretical behaviorism

D. Methodological behaviorism

Felicity has been implementing a hand washing task analysis with her client for the past month and has set the mastery criteria to completing at least 90% of the steps independently across three sessions. When she looks at the graph, the data for the drying hands step is inconsistent. She conducts an observation and notices that some therapists will mark the step as independent if the client

begins to dry their hands even if her hands are still wet after using a towel. What change should Felicity make to the program?

A. Collect probe data on the client washing hands and if they complete 90% of the steps independently, master out the program

B. Move the program to maintenance since it would be mastered if the data for the drying hands step wasn't inconsistent

C. Clarify what the drying hands step should look like by showing staff a video of the client correctly demonstrating the behavior

D. Revise the operational definition for the “drying hands” step and make a phase-change line on the graph

Sutton is a 5-year-old client who has been receiving services for the past year. In the past, she has been able to learn new skills at a fast rate, however she has been on the same target of a program for about two weeks and the team has not been able to successfully fade their prompts. The treatment team has noticed that while she is at the table, she has not been attending as well during the last few sessions and Sutton will frequently report that she is tired. What would be the next appropriate step for the current target?

A. Consult with parents about the fact that Sutton frequently reports that she is tired, and discuss potentially completing all remaining sessions at home

B. Add a phase change line and introduce a more intrusive prompt; note in the client's notes that she has been tired most of the time when this program was being run.

C. Take a pause from the target that requires her to work at the table and instead focus on other targets and programs not run at the table

D. Continue to run the target at the table and in other settings and monitor progress over the next few sessions; visually inspect her graph before making any changes

A behavior analyst is concerned that some of her staff may be failing to perform necessary steps during an error-correction procedure. This may be contributing to inconsistent progress on the part of the client. What should the behavior analyst measure to verify their concern?

A. Inter-observer agreement

B. Treatment integrity

C. Social validity

D. Fluency

Two teachers are implementing the same program for their students. However, the classrooms are getting opposite results. Which would be the best strategy to

use?

A. Replace the teacher of the lower-performing class with a different teacher

B. Collect treatment integrity data on how the teachers are executing the program

C. Lower the difficulty of questions in the classroom with lower performance

D. Provide rewards but only for the higher-performing class

Which of the following situations is an example of behavioral contrast?

A. Amir's sibling took his toy car when Amir upset him. Now Amir only wants to play with toys that are not cars.

B. Clara's teacher put her on a timeout during recess outside. Clara now avoids walking past that teacher when she goes out to recess.

C. Allegra's friend threw a ball at her when Allegra said she didn't want to play. Now whenever Allegra gets mad at a friend, she throws an item at them.

D. Kanani no longer screams when her mom turns the TV off because she got in trouble, but she screams even louder when her dad turns off the TV.

Guy is a 5-year-old receiving ABA services. At the clinic, Guy always requests to watch videos on his iPad during breaks. Similarly at home, Mom reports Guy only wants to play with the iPad. Mom wants to decrease how long Guy spends on the iPad. How should the BCBA proceed?

A. Reinforce engaging in other activities (e.g., playing with other toys or peers, with playground equipment, etc.) to increase their frequency.

B. Temporarily suspend iPad as an option. Offer him other activities to engage in (e.g., go outside, play with toys or a peer, etc.) for him to pick from.

C. Only allow Guy to watch the iPad for 10 minutes per hour. Redirect him to other activities during breaks once he meets his hourly limit on the iPad.

D. Gradually increase the duration of work-trials presented so as to reduce the amount of time spent on the iPad during the break.

Cole just started services with a BCBA because of his eye gouging behavior. He engages in this behavior frequently and at various of times throughout the day when things do not go his way. So far, he has not caused any significant damage to his eyes, but his parents are concerned about the intensity of the behavior escalating when he’s older. What least restrictive intervention would be the most appropriate for the BCBA to introduce first?

A. Use mitts to cover Cole’s hands.

B. Ignore the eye gouging and only respond to appropriate behavior.

C. Provide edibles and praise for each interval Cole goes without eye gouging.

D. Teach Cole to put his hands in his pockets when the behavior is most likely to occur.

A BCBA is providing parent-training services to parents with a 10-year-old who engages in tantrum behaviors only at home. Assessment results indicate that the behavior is attention-maintained. The BCBA has had multiple meetings with parents advising them to not provide attention, so the behavior is not reinforced;

however, the parents continue to verbally reprimand the child during tantrums. The data on tantrums show no significant decrease in frequency or duration after several months. Assuming the BCBA has tried other interventions and those also don't work, what should the BCBA's next step be in this situation?

A. Write a discharge plan stating the reason for discontinuation of services and review it with the parents.

B. Meet with the parents to discuss discontinuation of services if the parents do not implement the intervention.

C. Continue taking data on the tantrum behavior for a few more months and hope it will decrease over time.

D. Meet with parents again to reiterate the importance of complying with the behavior plan.

How might a behavior analyst best assess whether a client is making long term progress on behavioral targets?

A. Look at relevant graphs of the client’s behavior and analyze trends over six months

B. Perform a brief observation once a week, taking note of observed targets

C. Meet with the parents to discuss their satisfaction with client progress

D. Ask the behavior technician for frequent verbal reports on client progress

Astrid is a 12-year-old girl whose parents have been using a token economy to have Astrid finish all her homework before she can earn her reward. Astrid only

wants to work for nursery rhyme songs; however, her parents want her to listen to more age-appropriate music. Which of the following strategies should Astrid's

BCBA advise to parents?

A. Offer a forced choice for other novel activities or Astrid can work for those activities, but do not provide access to nursery rhymes

B. Continue with the current token system schedule and try to find other preferred activities in the meantime

C. Intersperse what Astrid back-up reinforcers so that she gets to listen to nursery rhymes on some days and other days parents pick

D. Increase the token-system exchange rate to thin the schedule of reinforcement while introducing more age-appropriate songs

DJ is selecting goals for his three-year-old client Larry. Which of the following should be prioritized as goals?

A. Pointing to a food to eat when provided a choice

B. Sorting cards by feature, function, and class

C. Sitting still at a table for up to thirty minutes at a time

D. Making requests to peers and siblings 

Benoit has mastered matching to a sample in an array of one. However, when presented with an array of two, the data fluctuate between 30-50% across all therapists who run the program for several sessions. What should the BCBA do after reviewing the graphs?

A. Go back to matching in an array of one and practice this skill

B. Collect IOA data to check if the therapists are accurately collecting data

C. Change the stimuli being used to more familiar items for Benoit

D. Assess if Benoit maintained the prerequisite skill of scanning an array 

Hailee has been the BCBA for a client, Wyatt, for the last three years. Wyatt has reached various desired outcomes that were outlined at the start of services, more recently, following instructions and remaining seated during tablework. This outcome was targeted to prepare Wyatt for school. Hailee has brought in the Wyatt's family to discuss discontinuing services, but the family states that in school, even during free-play periods, Wyatt will go to his desk and wait to be assigned work. During free-play period's, the teacher's assistant has to heavily prompt Wyatt to play with toys or other peers. How should Hailee proceed?

A. Hailee should discontinue services. The intended results of compliance remaining seated during tablework were achieved. 

B. Hailee should discontinue services. Once she collaborates with other services Wyatt receives and creates a plan for the family, she can terminate services.

C. Hailee should not yet discontinue services. She is accountable for all results, including unintended ones, and should work to address this concern.

D. Hailee should not yet discontinue services. Wyatt's family doesn't want services to end yet, so services should not be discontinued.

Cooper’s teacher reports that he often grabs markers from his peers during art time even though he has markers on his side of the table. Which of these would

be the best intervention to target this behavior?

A. Provide Cooper with two choices for colored markers

B. Provide praise for when Cooper doesn’t grab from peers

C. Seat Cooper further away from the peers he often grabs items from

D. Teach Cooper to ask for specific items from his peers

A client has recently been failing to reach mastery on several targets in their program plan. When their BCBA reviews the data they notice that the client will respond correctly 80% of the time on some days but on others, correct responding falls below 20%. Some technicians working with the client have several years of experience while others are novices with only a few months of experience. Should the BCBA continue providing services to this client? Select the best answer.

A. No, the client is not mastering targets and it may be more harmful than beneficial to continue providing services.

B. Yes, but the BCBA should investigate the source of inconsistency by measuring IOA and treatment integrity.

C. No, it is clear that some technicians are not competent in running programmed targets and the client is out of their scope of competency.

D. Yes, but the BCBA should continue running regular programming targets until the trend in data becomes more stable.

A BCBA is starting a feeding program with his six-year-old client. The BCBA is working to increase his client's tolerance for less-preferred foods during lunchtime at home. Which of these people would be the best person to help facilitate the feeding program?

A. The client's tutor who comes by after school

B. The client's sister who eats at the same time as him

C. The babysitter who prepares the client's meals 

D. The lunch lady at school who serves food

Svetlana is creating a data sheet for her behavior techs. Which description of variables to record is stated in observable and measurable terms?

A. Disruptive stimulus: any stimulus the client finds aversive and changes client behavior

B. Loud noise: any sound that is 60 or more decibels within 5 feet of the client 

C. Reinforcing stimulus: any food or non-food item that the client likes or prefers

D. Staying quiet: not speaking or making noise that can be heard from 5 or more feet

A BCBA is providing parent-training services to parents with a 10-year-old who engages in tantrum behaviors only at home. Assessment results indicate that the

behavior is attention-maintained. The BCBA has had multiple meetings with parents advising them to not provide attention, so the behavior is not reinforced;

however, the parents continue to verbally reprimand the child during tantrums. The data on tantrums show no significant decrease in frequency or duration after several months. Assuming the BCBA has tried other interventions and those also don't work, what should the BCBA's next step be in this situation?

A. Continue taking data on the tantrum behavior for a few more months and hope it will decrease over time.

B. Meet with the parents to discuss discontinuation of services if the parents do not implement the intervention.

C. Meet with parents again to reiterate the importance of complying with the behavior plan.

D. Write a discharge plan stating the reason for discontinuation of services and review it with the parents.

If a supervisee fails to meet mastery criteria of a task, what should the supervisor do?

A. Provide additional support using a behavioral skills training approach 

B. Issue a warning if performance does not improve

C. Deliver additional incentives for the desired performance

D. Ask the individual to explain how to complete the task

What makes a strategy function-based?

A. The selection of solutions based on the function of behavior 

B. The use of a system for data collection and analysis

C. The implementation of reinforcement procedures

D. The focus on observable and measurable behavior

What is a potential risk when providing feedback delayed multiple weeks or monthly?

A. The long delay in feedback may become aversive

B. The behavior may get punished

C. Long delays are not a problem when delivering feedback

D. The feedback may not be timely enough to change their performance 

How might a supervisor assess whether a supervisee is implementing intervention protocols appropriately?

A. Directly observe the supervisee perform the intervention and record their accuracy

B. Instruct the supervisee to vocally the required steps of the intervention in order

C. Ask the supervisee to write down the steps of the intervention protocol in order

D. Have the supervisee teach another staff member to implement the intervention

Setting pinpoints can help establish clear performance expectations. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of good pinpoints?

A. Includes group outcomes 

B. States exactly what the performer is to do

C. The behavior is under the control of the performer

D. States observable behavior

Which of the following is the main purpose of using behavior-analytic supervision?

A. To ensure the trainee's behavior changes as a result of the training provided

B. To reinforce desired behaviors and punish undesired behaviors

C. To maximize accurate performance and high productivity

D. To encourage close relationships between supervisee and supervisor

The kitchen manager for a large restaurant is supervising the food-prep team and notices that one of the team members is performing at a far lower level than the rest of the team. The rest of the team averages around 50-60 items prepped in one hour whereas the low performer is currently averaging around 20-30 items an hour. The manager would like to set a goal for the low performer to

increase his average rate of food preparation. At what level should the manager set the group’s goal?

A. The goal should start at the low performer's current average and increase systematically as performance improves

B. The goal should be set below the low performer's current lowest measure to ensure they contact reinforcement

C. The goal should be set at the group’s current average performance and reinforcement should be contingent on meeting that average

D. The goal should start at the level of the other team members so that the low performer can keep up with his team and avoid delays 

After providing feedback, following up with a check-in can help to do which of the following?

A. Detect potential problems earlier

B. Reinforce desired behaviors

C. Punish unwanted behaviors

D. Deteriorate an effective relationship

What is the goal of a performance analysis?

A. To analyze the best pinpoints for the performance

B. To identify the best incentives to maintain performance

C. To see if the steps of the performance are being implemented as intended

D. To determine the reason(s) for a performance problem 

What is the best way to select a supervision goal for the supervisee if the supervisor wants to improve the supervisee's current skills?

A. Use a tool to formally assess the supervisee's skills while working.

B. Ask the supervisee which skills they would like to improve.

C. Use a permanent-product measurement to assess how well the supervisee can execute assigned tasks.

D. Conduct a quick observation on the supervisee's performance when performing their duties.

A supervisor has identified that staff members on the team have not been communicating relevant changes regarding the client's progress. The staff have been reminded several times of the changes that need to be communicated immediately to the supervisor, but the staff still do not report these immediate changes. What should the supervisor do first to improve staff performance?

A. Implement a reinforcement system for immediately reporting necessary changes.

B. Identify the antecedents and immediate consequences for the target behavior. 

C. Create visual prompts in the workroom of the behaviors that should be

D. Arrange the environmental contingencies to maintain the desired performance 

BCBA Tom is delivering corrective feedback to supervisee Miki on her performance with a particular client. Tom tells her, “You’ve been doing great at everything, but you didn't run the play skills program like we discussed last

training." Miki takes notes and nods her head when he talks, so Tom thinks she understands the expectations. However, Tom sees the next day that the same error occurred. What should Tom make sure Miki does in meetings like this in the future?

A. Give Miki a verbal warning.

B. Verbally recall what she was supposed to do, as discussed in the training.

C. Request clarification, examples, or models, as needed.

D. Explain why she didn't run the program correctly.

C. Request clarification, examples, or models, as needed.

A behavior analyst has trained all staff in a clinic to run the same intake and assessment protocols with all new clients. There are far more staff than supervisors, and the clinic can be very busy. What feedback strategy would be

best to maintain the staff's behavior after the training?

A. Publicly post everyone's feedback in the break room

B. Provide feedback to each individual monthly

C. Deliver immediate feedback for each individual’s performance

D. Arrange for automatic feedback by using a self-monitoring checklist 

Alexa is a BCBA and supervises Jeff. Aside from his direct work with the client, Jeff also worked on creating materials for programs and activities, which he reported enjoying. A few weeks ago, Jeff was assigned to assist with programming and did well completing his programming assignments accurately and in a timely manner. Recently, however, Jeff has either not finished or is slow to finish his programming tasks, whereas he is quick to offer work on tasks to create materials and activities and volunteer to make the materials when

someone needs them. How should Alexa proceed to increase Jeff’s performance with his programming task?

A. Re-train Jeff on how to complete programming tasks and explain to him the deadlines for completion.

B. Upon completing the programming tasks every day, provide Jeff with a bonus at the end of the week.

C. Post job aids and send email reminders for Jeff to complete his programming assignments.

D. Once Jeff completes his programming tasks for the day, then he can create materials and activities.

BCBA James is training Jessy, who is an RBT. When providing instructions and description on the verbal operants, he provides clear written and spoken

definitions. He also asks Jessy questions along the way to ensure she's engaged with the material. What else should James do at this step in the training?

A. Ask Jessy to teach another RBT about the verbal operants

B. Begin teaching the next skill Jessy needs to learn

C. Have Jessy demonstrate teaching a tact program

D. Provide a rationale for learning the different operants 

Ken is a supervisor at a clinic. He notices that recently his supervisees have not been instructing or prompting their clients to clean up before leaving an area. What should Ken do first?

A. Implement an incentive system to increase this behavior.

B. Provide punishment for staff who leave classrooms messy.

C. Complete an ABC Analysis to determine maintaining variables. 

D. Ask staff why they are not prompting clients to clean up.

Which of the following will help to promote clear performance objectives for the supervisor and supervisee?

A. Building mutually agreed upon performance expectations and goals 

B. Using the same goals from a similar business that is doing well

C. Having the supervisee attend a lecture on desired performances and expectations

D. Providing the goals and expectations in written form

During supervision, Brooke has trained her supervisee, Maria, on implementing a manding program for a client. Brooke completed treatment-integrity checks during follow-up supervision and determines correct implementation is being maintained. What are other methods of determining the effectiveness of Brooke's supervision?

A. Assessing how often the manding program is run during Maria's session

B. Asking Maria if she thought the training was effective

C. Looking at the frequency of client mands after Maria's training 

D. Observing Maria's performance in implementing other programs

When an individual is not performing as expected, where can we look for information about the problem, if we have already identified that the individual has been trained to mastery and analyzed available consequences for the behavior?

A. None of these; training and consequences are the only places to look

B. The competing contingencies that may be getting in the way of the behavior

C. The individual's past performance when completing this task

D. The performance of other individuals who also engage in a similar task