Term
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Definition
| Synthesized in erythrocytes from glucose. Very negatively charged. Interplay between BPG allostery and O2 cooperativity. When it binds it decreases O2 binding affinity. Allows O2 to be released from Hb to Mb in tissues. Upregulated during hypoxia (lack of O2 to tissues). |
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Term
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Definition
| A pyrimidine nucleoside analogue of cytidine which reversibly inhibits DNA methyltransferase, thereby blocking DNA methylation. Increases expressiono f HbF by restoring gamma-globin gene activity through histoe deacetylase inhibition or demethylation of the gamma globin promoters. Too toxic for clinical use |
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Term
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Definition
| ATP Binding Cassette. 48 in humans, 4 domains: 2 non-conserved, 2 conserved "walker A" motifs. 4 step function of transporting ions, peptides, lipids, and drugs. |
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Term
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Definition
| A class of enzymes that catalyze the decomposition of ATP into ADP and a free Pi to release energy. Some ATPases are in the form of integral membrane proteins and can move solutes across the membrane against the concentration gradient (transmembrane ATPases). |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Relative risk in unexposed-relative risk in exposed. Null value=0! It's on the additive scale not the multiplicative scale. |
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Term
| Absolute risk reduction (risk difference) |
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Definition
| Difference in risks between two groups, probability that exposed person develops disease because of added influence of exposure. Attributable risk, risk difference (RD). =risk in exposed/risk in unexposed |
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Term
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Definition
| A loss of connections between skin cells, found in pemphigus where basal lamina remains attached but individual cells lose their connections. |
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Term
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Definition
| Important molecule in metabolism, it conveys carbon atoms within the acetyl group to the citric acid cycle to be oxidized for energy production. Contains vitamin pantothenic acid. A high energy compound due to thioester bond. Produced during glycolysis and fatty acid oxidation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Controls the rate of fatty acid synthesis and is allosterically activated by high levels of citrate which indicate sufficient energy sources. |
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Term
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Definition
| The perfect enzyme, extremely fast. It hydrolyzes acetylcholine. Inhibition can be reversible (carbamates) or irreversible (nerve gas, pesticides). Active site/mechanism similar to serine protease. |
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Term
| Acid Dissociation Constant |
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Definition
Ka. Unit is molarity. Ka=[products]/[reactants]
Not to be confused with the equilibrium association constant, Ka with units of M^-1 |
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Term
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Definition
| An enzyme used to free attached phosphate groups from other molecules during digestion. Stored in lysosomes and functions when they fuse with endosomes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Conditions at pH<7.35. Can be produced by increased plasma levels of 3-hydroxybutyric and acetoacetic acids (ketone bodies) in individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus |
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Term
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Definition
| a muscle protein localized in the I band of the myofibrils; acting along with myosin, it is responsible for contraction and relaxation of muscle. It occurs in globular (G-actin) and fibrous (F-actin). (Stationary, the myosin moves along the actin chain. Myosin:Actin what Kinesins/Dyneins: microtubules.)Filament 6nm wide. |
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Term
| Actin Related Protein 2 and 3 |
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Definition
| protein that plays a role in the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton and branching of microfilaments. The complex binds to the sides of an existing filament and initiates growth of a new filament at a distinctive 70 degree angle from the existing filament. Aids in the growth of lamellipodia. |
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Term
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Definition
| a special ligand binding site. Causes a chemical conversion of the protein when a ligand binds. |
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Term
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Definition
| Outside energy drives export against the gradient. ATP hydrolysis provides energy. |
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Term
| Activities of Daily Living (ADLs) |
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Definition
| DEATH: dressing, eating, ambulating, toileting, hygiene |
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Term
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Definition
| The actual disease such as cancer or heart disease, rather than the contributing factor. |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of coenzymes involved in the metabolism of fatty acids. A temporary compound formed when coenzyme A attaches to the end of a long-chain fatty acid inside living cells. It undergoes beta oxidation, forming one or more molecule sof acetyl-CoA which then enters TCA to form ATP. |
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Term
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Definition
| transferase that transfers a fatty acid group |
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Term
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Definition
| Fat cell. Has signet ring appearance showing fat droplet displacing other cellular components. Store energy as fat. |
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Term
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Definition
| degenerative disorder of myelin, The disease is due to an X-linked inheritance of peroxisomes that cannot properly process long chain fatty acids in the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| How tightly the ligand is bound to the protein binding site. Can be affected by mutations. In a protein binding curve, the closer it is to the left, the higher the affinity. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Alcohol metabolism/fatty liver |
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Definition
| Excess alcohol leads to excess acetyl CoA (NAD+ gets reduced as ethanol becomes acetaldehyde, and again as acetaldehyde becomes acetic acid to form acetyl CoA). This excess acetyl-CoA has to go somewhere, and if not for energy it'll be stored as fatty acids. |
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Term
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Definition
| Relating to organic compounds whose carbon atoms are linked in open chains, either straight or branched, rather than containing a benzene ring. Alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes are aliphatic compounds. AA's: Ala, Gly, Ile, Leu, Pro, Val. |
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Term
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Definition
| A hydrolase enzyme responsible for removing phosphate groups from many types of molecules (dephosphorylation). |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Binding the first event changes binding of the second event. "other" "placement of atoms"
Two binding sites have different experimental observables. Seen as a shift in Kd. Can be inhibitory or enhancing. Allows cell to adapt to changing conditions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Secondary structure of proteins. Right hand coiled or spiral conformation in which every backbone N-H group donates a H bond to the backbone carbonyl group of the amino acid four residues earlier. |
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Term
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Definition
| A protein that can bundle the actin filaments so there's space for myosin II to bind. |
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Term
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Definition
| An actin-binding cytoskeletal protein which functions along adherens-type junctions, where it binds actin to the membrane. |
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Term
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Definition
| transfers an amine group (transaminase |
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Term
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Definition
| Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic regions |
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Term
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Definition
| form long uncontrolled B sheets. an extracellular, proteinaceous deposit exhibiting cross-beta structure. This is due to mis-folding of unstable proteins. Beta sheet fibers resulting from different natively folded proteins unfolding then forming sheets. Resistant to proteolysis, autoclave stable, unregulated. Can damage tissues and can result from dialysis for >15 years. Accumulate in the joints. |
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Term
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Definition
| The set of metabolic pathways that construct molecules from smaller units. Requires ATP, powered by catabolism. |
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Term
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Definition
| Reactions in metabolism that generate TCA intermediates from glycolytic intermediates/products. They are fill-up reactions. Ex: pyruvate can go through pyruvate carboxylase reaction to form oxaloacetate |
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Term
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Definition
| Reactions that provide TCA intermediates if needed. These produce either oxaloacetate or malate. The former reacts with acetyl-CoA. The latter can be converted to the former by malate dehydrogenase. |
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Term
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Definition
| Protein that transports two molecules across the membrane in different directions. Active transport only-against gradient. |
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Term
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Definition
| the outer portion of a epithelial cell (top) associated with cilia and microvilli. (The basal domain is the bottom associated with hemidesmosomes, focal contacts and basal infoldings, and the lateral domain is associated with junctional complexes.) |
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Term
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Definition
| A protein that's not bound to anything |
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Term
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Definition
| Secretion in which fragments of cell are pinched off and secreted into lumen (mammary glands) |
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Term
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Definition
| Transporter specific for water. Regulates cell volume. |
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Term
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Definition
| A polyunsaturated omega-6-fatty acid, present in phosopholipids of membranes, involved in cellular signaling as a lipid second messenger, can act as a vasodilator. Can react with superoxide to form peroxy compounds, hydroperoxy compounds, hydroxyl radical, and isoprostanes (rancid fat). |
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Term
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Definition
| R, HN=C(NH2)-NH-(CH2)3-CH(NH2)-COOH, side chain pKa 12.48, one positive charge |
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Term
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Definition
| A conjugated ring of unsaturated (non-single) bonds, lone pairs, or empty orbitals exhibit a stabilization stronger than would be expected by the stabilization of conjugation alone. Aromatic AA's are nonpolar (tyrosine, tryptophan, phenylalanine) |
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Term
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Definition
| Deficiency in antioxidants, too much trans-unsaturated and saturated fatty acids and cholesterol |
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Term
| Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C) |
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Definition
Antioxidant properties, derived from glucose.
Reduction rxns (reducing O2, nitrate, and cytochromes) |
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Term
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Definition
| N, H2N-CO-CH2-CH(NH2)-COOH |
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Term
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Definition
| D, HOOC-CH2-CH(NH2)-COOH, side chain pKa 3.86, one negative charge |
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Term
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Definition
| Enzyme whose active site requires an aspartate residue. Ex: pepsin, rennin, HIV protease. Active at low pH. |
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Term
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Definition
| Vaginal irritation, painful intercourse, urinary incontinence, and dysuria. Topical estrogen preparations often preferred due to risks of oral estrogen. |
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Term
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Definition
| Reduced size of an organ or tissue resulting from a decrease in cell size and number. Can be physiologic or pathologic. |
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Term
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Definition
| An inhibitor to the acetylcholine receptor. It binds but doesn't allow the allosteric propagation in the cell, so complex can't signal. |
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Term
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Definition
| a secondary lysosome in which elements of a cell's own cytoplasm are digested |
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Term
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Definition
| The basic structure for cilia and flagella. It's arranged in a 9+2 organization with microtubules arranged in a circle around the two central microtubules. Each cross section of this has a distinct polarity and clockwise orientation due to positions of A and B tubules and dynein side arms. |
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Term
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Definition
| AKA Collagen 17. Along with BP230 it is a protein that is targeted by the autoimmune disease pemphigoid. These proteins are plaque proteins found in hemidesmosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| Term describing the fact that sickle cell gene is both beneficial (in heterozygous state) and harmful (in homozygous state). |
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Term
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Definition
| Folds of basal cell membrane allowing for numerous mitochrondria to pack into area. Active transport! Found in renal tubules of kidney, salivary glands. Allow increase in surface area and packaging of lots of energy for cell to transport materials. A form of basal specialization of epithelial cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lamina lucida (rara)and lamina densa. The first two layers of the basement membrane. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bound to cells and ECM by focal adhesions and hemidesmosomes. A complex and ordered arangement of glycoproteins and proteoglycans. A carpetlike structure between the cells and the collagen meshwork. |
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Term
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Definition
| Made up of three layers: lamina lucida, lamina densa, and lamina reticularis which merges with the underlying connective tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
| Secondary structure in proteins, less common than alpha helix. Beta strands connect laterally by at least 2-3 backbone H bonds, forming a generally twisted, pleated sheet. Stretch of polypeptide chain 3-10 aa's long. |
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Term
| Beta-Carotene/Retinol/Vitamin A |
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Definition
Found in carots, pumpkins, and sweet potatoes.
Retinol-reproductive function, retinal-vision, retinoic acid-growth and cellular differentiation. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which fatty acid molecules are broken down in the mitochondria to generate acetyl-coA, which then enters TCA, and NADH and FADH2 used by the ETC. |
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Term
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Definition
| 4-step cyclic metabolic pathway that converts fatty acids to acetyl-CoA. The net production of FADH2 and acetyl-CoA depends on the initial fatty acid substrate. Chops off 2 carbons at a time. |
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Term
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Definition
| The combination of biological mechanisms, psychological processes, social influences, and behavior that contribute to health. |
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Term
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Definition
| A coenzyme and a water-soluble B-vitamin. Involved in synthesis of fatty acids, isoleucine, and valine, and in gluconeogenesis. |
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Term
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Definition
Involved in synthesis of fatty acids, isoleucine, and valine, and in gluconeogenesis. Its deficiency presents as rashes, fine hair or baldness, anemia.
Coenzymes for carboxylase enzymes. |
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Term
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Definition
| An increase in carbon dioxide or a decrease in pH causes hemoglobin to have less affinity for oxygen. (When Hb is near the lungs it picks up oxygen, but when it gets to the tissue you has to have a greater affinity for CO2 so that it can drop off the oxygen and pick up the CO2 and take it away from the tissues.) Causes a shift to the right for oxyhemoglobin binding curve. |
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Term
| Bone marrow monocyte precursors |
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Definition
| Derive osteoclasts from monocytes. |
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Term
| Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) |
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Definition
| Members of the transforming growth factor-beta family, synthesized by osteoblasts. |
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Term
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Definition
| A weak acid and its conjugate base (conjugate pair) act as this at or near the acid's pKa. Optimal buffering occurs in the pH range defined by pKa=1 |
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Term
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Definition
| Increases as the concentration of the buffer increases. |
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Term
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Definition
| Autoimmune disease. Autoantibodies to BP antigens that cause this blistering disease by facilitating the splitting of the epithelium from the basal lamina. Epithelium and basal lamina no longer linked because BP antigens factilitate this splitting. The individual keratinocytes remain attached to each other but the epithelium separates from the basal lamina. Pemphigoid=hemidesmosome |
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Term
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Definition
| Binds to heme group of Hb with a binding affinity 25000x as strong as O2, so it can be extremely dangerous in small saturations. It has a paradodixical effect of enhancing O2 binding at other 3 sites once it's bound to the first site, so Hb can't carry as much O2 and it can't release what it does have to the tissues. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lowers O2 binding affinity (another allosteric effector like BPG). Reversible and covalent binding at N-terminal amines, unlike CO which is a competitive inhibitor of O2 binding at the same site. |
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Term
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Definition
| strongest intercellular binding proteins in eukarytoes. They are the main adhesion proteins holding epithelial cells together in a sheet arrangement. The removal of calcium disrupts tissue cohesiveness. There is a total of over 80 cadherins in humans. Some have special functions in the visual and auditory systems. They form cell-cell connections in desmosomes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Proteins that require calcium to bind their targets. Found in zonula adherins. Have two forms: the classical which binds to cytoskeleton, and proto form which links to each other but not to cytoskeleton. The IG type is found in nervous system in synapses. Can be transmembrane dimers that link to catenins which bind to actin filaments. Cell-to-cell communication through stress receptor mechanical force. |
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Term
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Definition
| A polypeptide hormone produced in C-cells of thyroid, reduces blood calcium opposing the effects of parathyroid hormone. |
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Term
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Definition
| A cysteine protease. Ca2+ regulated cell cycling, platelet function. |
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Term
| Cancellous (trabecular) bone |
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Definition
| 3-dimensional lattice of branching bony spicules, forming trabeculae around marrow spaces. Allows for relatively light, airy bone in terms of structure. Also lamellated (similar to cortical bone in this regard only) |
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Term
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Definition
| A protein that caps the plus end of actin filaments in muscle cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Enzyme that catalyzes the rapid interconversion of carbon dioxide and water to bicarbonate and protons (a reversible action). The active site contains a zinc ion. |
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Term
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Definition
| a cluster of malignant cells that has not yet invaded the deeper epithelial tissues or spread to other parts of the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| A carrier protein involved in the transport of fatty acids into the inner mitochondrial membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| The set of metabolic pathways that break molecules down into smaller units to release energy. |
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Term
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Definition
| Enzymatic control of H2O2. Truly neutralizes it, leads to water and molecular O2. |
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Term
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Definition
| bring specific reactants together (they make a reaction more probable) and speed up the reactions (in part by lowering the energy of the transition state) but do not participate and are unchanged following the reaction (so can be used over and over). Catalysts are only necessary in trace amounts and do not change Keq or â–²G, they only affect Kforward and Kreverse. |
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Term
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Definition
| Most common cause of reversible blindness in US |
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Term
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Definition
| 3 different forms: alpha, beta, gamma. Protein in the cytoplasm that links to actin filaments via cadherin. Of the gamma type, two forms are plakoglobin and plakophilin. |
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Term
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Definition
| Epithelial cells have differentiations in three portions, the apical, basal, and lateral domains. Important! Mutations that lead to loss of this can disrupt the AJC and lead to tumor initiation. |
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Term
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Definition
| A cylindrical cell structure composed mainly of tubulin. Located in the centrosome and containing nine triplets of microtublues arrayed around their edges; they migrate to opposite poles of the cell during cell division and serve to organize the spindles. They form the basal bodies. (Know that they are made up of triplet microtubules. |
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Term
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Definition
| Composed of two centrioles and the gamma ring complex (a protein cloud surrounding the centrioles). Gamma tubulin stabilizes the minus ends, and the plus ends of the microtubules extend from it. |
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Term
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Definition
| Waxy lipid molecules, composed of a sphingosine and a fatty acid. Found in cell membranes. A component of some phospholipids and most glycolipids. |
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Term
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Definition
| Composed of a ceramide with a single sugar residue at the 1-hydroxyl moiety, either glucose or galactose. the simplest glycolipid (provide energy and serve as markers for cellular recognition); important in animal muscle and cell membranes |
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Term
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Definition
| Transport protein with both ends open during passage. Fast process but can be regulated. Ion channel-smaller pore size. May be passive or active. |
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Term
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Definition
| Proteins that aid folding and help them stay stable. Proteins that assist the non-covalent folding/unfolding and the assembly/disassembly of other macromolecular structures, but do not occur in these structures when the latter are performing their normal biological functions. Ex: Heat shock proteins. |
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Term
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Definition
Very large ring proteins with a central cavity that engulfs proteins so they can fold in a protected environment. Human form is TRiC.
Found in the cytosol though there may be another version in mitochondria. Interact with about 10% o all proteins. Eukaryotic have built in "lid" that opens and shuts in a spiral, like a camera lens. Misfolded protein binds to this protein, then with the help of ATP it undergoes protein remodeling and returns to native conformation. |
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Term
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Definition
| The net amount of electrons, neutrons, or protons causing an uneven polarity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Treatment for heavy metal poisoning. Describes a particular way that ions and molecules bind metal ions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Molecules that cannot be superimposed on their mirror images. The two mirror-image forms of amino acids are called the L isomer and the D isomer (derecha=right en Espanol) |
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Term
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Definition
| membrane component found mostly in eukaryotic cells, more in plasma membrane than organelle membranes, and provides membrane flexibility. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells found in healthy cartilage, they produce and maintain cartilaginous matrix. |
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Term
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Definition
| Respiratory escalator. Motile apical specialization with a microtubule core. Inserts into basal bodies and requires ATP for movement. Trachea. Microtubules arranged in 9+2 doublet ring structure w/ 9 sets of doublets on the edge and 1 in the middle. |
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Term
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Definition
| fatty acid whose double bonds have hydrogens on the same side. |
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Term
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Definition
| a family of proteins that are the most important components of the tight junction, where they establish the paracellular barrier that controls the flow of molecules in the intercellular space between the cells of an epithelium. |
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Term
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Definition
| Along with occludins, they're a class of multipass trans-membrane proteins which bind to each other with very little space in between. |
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Term
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Definition
| Organic non-protein compounds that bind reversibly to ertain enzymes during a reaction and function as a cosubstrate. Loosely bound cofactors. |
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Term
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Definition
| Coenzyme – a cofactor required for enzymatic catalysis (binds to a protein to form an active enzyme). Often derived from vitamins |
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Term
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Definition
| A coenzyme notable for role in synthesis and oxidation of fatty acids and oxidation of pyruvate in TCA. |
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Term
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Definition
| A non-protein chemical compound required for a protein's biological activity. Helper molecules. |
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Term
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Definition
| binds to a protein and is required for protein function (such as enzymatic catalysis). Easy association and dissociation with the protein |
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Term
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Definition
| A protein that can modify the actin filament. It binds to actin so it will rotate in a smaller distance. The distance from one helix to the next is reduced in the presence of this protein. |
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Term
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Definition
I: fibers, skin, bone, tendon, ubiquitous
II: networks of fibrils; hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage
III: fibers; reticular fibers
IV: networks (no fibers); basement membrane
Fiber is insoluble; 3 alpha chains |
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Term
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Definition
| Many different types, secreted by fibroblasts. The main structural protein of CT, most abundant protein in mammals! In form of fibrils, found in tendons, ligaments, and skin, mostly. |
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Term
| Compact, lamellar, cortical bone |
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Definition
| 3 synonyms-very compact bone, lamellated, resembles multiple layers of plywood. |
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Term
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Definition
| Used to separate pathways that are occurring using similar chemical constituents. Ex: beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria, biosynthesis occurs in cytoplasm. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inhibitor competes with the substrate for the same form of the enzyme, often the same site. Reversible. Enough substrate will out-compete the inhibitor. Shifts MM curve to the right with inhibitor because it takes more substrate to win the competition because Vmax doesn't change. Km doesn't really change, it just appears to. |
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Term
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Definition
| A negative ion produced after a strong acid dissociates. |
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Term
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Definition
| A-/HA ; pairing of a proton donor and a proton acceptor. |
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Term
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Definition
| Six of them make up gap junction connexons to form a hemipore in one cell that will line up and dock with one from a neighboring cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| Though not the actual disease, a factor that seriously contributed to the development of the disease, such as smoking or obesity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Multiple binding sites that are identical to each other. Ligand also identical. Only one thing to look at in the lab. Classic example is hemoglobin, where binding site is repeated on each subunit. |
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Term
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Definition
| Found in binding of O2 to Hb tetramer. Positive because as more O2 binds, the binding affinity increases, meaning later O2 binds more tightly than earlier O2. Inhibited allosterically by BPG. Each additional O2 that binds causes a conformation change in the Hb. |
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Term
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Definition
| Shape of RBCs in hypertonic solutions where water rushes out of cell and cell shrivels. |
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Term
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Definition
| Two fold effect: it retards unfolding but enhances aggregation. If two proteins are unfolded and find each other, they'll most likely attach and aggregate and be unable to refold correctly ever. |
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Term
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Definition
| Determines outside topography of 3D Structures of proteins. Limited to large size. |
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Term
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Definition
| C, HS-CH2-CH(NH2)-COOH, side chain pKa 8.00; disulfide bonds |
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Term
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Definition
| Process by which cell divides to form 2 daughter cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| The surface of the membrane facing into the cell. |
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Term
| Dehydrated hereditary stomatocytosis |
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Definition
| Most common genetic disease arising from a mutation in an ion channel. Hemolysis usually compensated by an increased reticulocyte count. Patients develop iron overload. |
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Term
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Definition
| Memory loss plus loss of function (SHAFTT functions) |
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Term
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Definition
| Causes denaturing of proteins. Ex: heat, pH changes, Ionic strength (electrolyte imbalance), blood pressure, temperature, osmotic pressure, urea. |
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Term
| Dense irregular connective tissue |
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Definition
| Fibers that are not arranged in parallel bundles. Deep dermis, fibrous capsules, some types of fascia, periosteum and perichondrium. |
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Term
| Dense regular connective tissue |
|
Definition
| CT that provides connection between different tissues. Ex: collagen fibers bundled in parallel fashion. No elastic or reticular fibers. Can be either white or yellow fibrous CT arranged in either cord or sheet arrangement. Tendons, ligaments! |
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Term
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Definition
| An intermediate filament found near the Z line in sarcomeres. |
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Term
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Definition
| A component of desmosomes that anchors intermediate filaments to desmosomal plaques. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cell-Cell Epithelial junction. Prominent in stratified squamous epithelium of skin. Withstands friction. |
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Term
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Definition
| A surfactant molecule that can solubilize proteins in mixed micelles. Required for purification of integral membrane proteins. |
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Term
| Diabetic glomerular changes |
|
Definition
| basement membrane of glomeruli thicken as a result of diabetes, decreasing the flow of molecules across that membrane. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Blurred vision, seen in diabetics |
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Term
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Definition
| Process of circulating lymphocytes moving into the connective tissue. Mechanism by which transient cells move into connective tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| A drug that inhibits Na+, K+ ATPase. A cardiac glycoside. Increases intracellular Na+ and Ca2+ resulting in stronger, slower heart contractions. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An oligomer consisting of 2 structurally similar monomers joined by bonds that can be either strong or weak. |
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Term
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Definition
| A nucleotide consisting of two units each composed of a phosphate, a pentose, and a nitrogen base |
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Term
| Dissociation (ionization) |
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Definition
| The splitting of an acid or a base into its two conjugate ions. Weak acids and bases do not dissociate fully in water, but strong ones do. |
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Term
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Definition
| The structural unit composed of a linked pair of sulfur atoms. Covalent bond results. Can take place between Cys-Cys. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A covalent bond that helps to stabilize tertiary structure. Example: Cys residues can form these by the oxidation of their side chains. |
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Term
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Definition
| formed when amino acids are damaged oxidatively by free radicals (cys, lys, pro, arg, met). Proteosomes can't degrade cross-linked proteins that form as a result. |
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Term
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Definition
| Modularity of proteins: made up of different ones of these. Basically a whole bunch of small proteins strung together and connected by random coils. Connected by linkers that aren't structured. Each domain has its own function. Usually have a hydrophobic cluster at their center. Contiguous domains are connected by linkers. Often have discrete function and may be identified by sequence deletion. Each one is a unit of tertiary structure and may be from a different structural or functional class. |
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Term
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Definition
| Moves from the plus end toward the minus end. Undergoes conformational changes during ATP hydrolysis which are used to attach and move down the scaffold. Tail-vesicle; Head-microtubule |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Pre-malignant condition, considered reversible, disordered growth, most commonly seen in squamous epithelial cells following chronic injury. Characterized by variations in size and shape of the cell, disorderly arrangement within the epithelium, and nuclear changes, consisting of enlargement, irregular borders, and hyperchromasia of individual cell nuclei. |
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Term
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Definition
| Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of cartilage found in pinna of ear and larynx, Type II collagen+elastic fibers, perichondrium present. |
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Term
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Definition
| Found in tissues that require extensive stretching, such as the aorta. Secreted by fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| A series of reactions that transfer electrons from e- donors to e- acceptors via redox reactions, and couples this transfer with proton transfer across inner mitochrondrial membrane to create an electrochemical gradient that drives ATP synthesis. Site of oxidative phosphorylation through use of ATP synthase. |
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Term
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Definition
| Can generate superoxide when free electrons that don't make it all the way to complex IV (1-4% of them) react with molecular O2. |
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Term
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Definition
| Glands that release hormones into the bloodstream for distant targets. |
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Term
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Definition
| the uptake by a cell of material from the environment by invagination of its plasma membrane; it includes both phagocytosis and pinocytosis |
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Term
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Definition
| A membrane-bounded compartment of the endocytic membrane transport pathway from the plasma membrane to the lysosome. |
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Term
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Definition
| A thin layer of connective tissue that lines the surface of the bony tissue that forms the medullary cavity of long bones. |
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Term
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Definition
| Contain small dense-core secretory granules that fill the basal portion of the cell. Synthesize and secrete hormones i.e. serotonin, VIP, somitostatin. Intestine, respiratory systems. |
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Term
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Definition
| Unicellular glands containing small dense-core secretory granules that fill basal portion of cell. Nucleus at base. Synthesize and secrete hormones. Intestine, respiratory. Release secretions into basal portion of cell back into bloodstream (endocrine). |
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Term
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Definition
| A protein that catalyzes chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy of the reaction. Is neither a product nor a reactant. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cytoplasm contains large red-staining granules which contain a crystalline center. The first line of defense in parasitic infection. Contain peroxidase, major basic protein, and cationic protein. |
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Term
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Definition
| An inherited connective tissue disease causing blisters in the skin and mucosal membranes, caused by a breakdown in keratin (an intermediate filament found in skin). This weak keratin can be sheered under stress and blisters occur. |
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Term
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Definition
| End of the bone-site of attachment |
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Term
| Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT |
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Definition
| Cell polarity is lost during this transition, regulated by effectors of both processes which influence each other. Loss of cell-cell adhesion also results, and epithelial cells can become mesenchymal stem cells that can differentiate. Good ways-wound healing. Bad ways-tumor initiation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Value is independent of initial and actual concentrations of reactant and product species. [Products]/[Reactants] at equilibrium. |
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Term
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Definition
| Amino acid that cannot be synthesized by the organism and must be supplied in the diet. Phe, Val, Thr, Trp, Met, Leu, Ile, Lys, His. |
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Term
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Definition
| Omega-3-fatty acid and Omega-6-fatty acids are examples of this. Cannot be synthesized by human body. |
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Term
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Definition
| When a reaction is described as irreversible, we really mean this. Any reaction has a Keq, even if the reaction may never happen. However if you start with compound A, once equilibrium is reached the B:A ratio is so high that when eq is reached there's essentially no A left. Ex: phosophofructokinase reaction in glycolysis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Releasing energy in the form of work. |
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Term
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Definition
| Glands that secrete their products via ducts instead of into the bloodstream. Can be classified as simple, compound, tubular, parenchymal, stromal. |
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Term
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Definition
| All of the exons in the genome. All DNA that is transcribed into mature RNA. mRNAs that will actually make proteins. Roughly 180,000 exons in the human genome, 1% of entire genome, or about 30 megabases of DNA. |
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Term
| Exposure-outcome relationship |
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Definition
| A type of data analysis that compares frequency between groups and use measure of association and direct statistical tests. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stator; as it rotates, one side has ATP, one has ADH, and a mechanical driving force drives ADP phosphorylation, everytime it completes one full revolution, 1 net ATP is produced. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of passive transport in which the protein structure changes as the ligand passes through. For GLUT1-4 it requires a sugar gradient and bi-directional transport. |
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Term
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Definition
| A carboxylic acid with a long aliphatic tail which is either saturated or unsaturated. Usually derived from triglycerides or phosholipids. |
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Term
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Definition
| Product speeds flux through a pathway. Dependent on allosteric or enzyme levels. Important for increasing cytochrome p450 for detoxification reactions |
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Term
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Definition
| H2O2+Fe2+-->radical hydroxyl+hydroxy ion+Fe3+ |
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Term
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Definition
| Form of Hb in which BPG binds more weakly due to an His2Ser substitution (Ser not positively charged). Fetal blood doesn't receive O2 from the lungs, but directly from the blood of mom, so Hb binding affinity doesn't have to be a strong. |
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Term
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Definition
| Form from long polypeptides. Ex: collagen: long polypeptides that twist around each other in a helical pattern. Each unit can pack together to build up longer and longer collagen fibers--not solluble! |
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Term
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Definition
| Cell that synthesizes collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers; provides structural framework for animal tissue and plays role in wound healing. Most common CT cells in animals. |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of cartilage found in intervertebral disks, pubic symphysis. Type I collagen with no perichondrium. |
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Term
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Definition
| An extracellular matrix protein present in basement membranes. Binds to collagen and integrins on the cell surface. |
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Term
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Definition
| A protein that holds two actin filaments at large angles. |
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Term
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Definition
| A protein that forms a dimer and helps to stabilize the actin meshwork. Provides extra strength to the cellBundles with actin so myosin II can't bind. Controls actin-myosin interactions. |
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Term
| Flavin adenine dinucleotide |
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Definition
| A redox cofactor involved in metabolism. Greater energy potential than the NADs |
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Term
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Definition
| Proteins, lipids, and carbohydrate moieties on proteins and lipids spanning the membrane and making it flexible and asymmetrical. Lateral diffusion allowed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Activated by Src Kinase, it recruits other proteins to the focal adhesion, causing it to grow in size. |
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Term
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Definition
| Synthetically produced vitamin essential for DNA synthesis, repair, and methylation. Acts as a cofactor, especially important in rapid cell division and growth such as in infancy and pregnancy, as well as RBC production and anemia prevention. One carbon transfer. |
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Term
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Definition
| A modifying protein that a cell can use to help form actin filaments. It will join together to make a dimer which can walk up the actin filament as it assembles. Forms a protein complex with profilin. |
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Term
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Definition
| An atom, molecule, or ion that has unpaired valence electrons or an open electron shell, making them highly chemically reactive towards other substances. |
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Term
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Definition
| Highly reactive species with 1 unpaired electron. |
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Term
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Definition
| A highly lipophilic nutrient. Catabolism bypasses the main regulatory step of glycolysis, PFK, so it's converted rapidly to glyceraldehyde, a precursor of glycerol 3-phosphate and triacylglycerols. Induces insulin resistance and glucose intolerance. |
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Term
| Fructose 2,6 Bisphosphate |
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Definition
| Allosterically affects the activity of enzymes PFK1 and fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase to regulate glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. Synthesized by PFK2 and F26BPase. |
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Term
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Definition
| Individuals with deficiency of this enzyme cannot synthesize glucose in gluconeogenesis, and cannot breakdown glycogen, so they're severely hypoglycemic. |
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Term
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Definition
| A dimer of tubulin that has GTP in the beta tubulin. Protective covering that keeps protofilament stable during growth periods. Allows the protofilament to rapidly elongate. Keeps protofilaments from adopting a conformational change and curving to give microtubule a frayed rope appearance. |
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Term
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Definition
| Use "get up and go" test to measure this and screen for falls at least yearly. Assess lower extremity strength, balance, motility, and transfers. |
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Term
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Definition
| Found in centrioles, this protein forms a complex with accessory proteins to form the gamma ring complex. It stabilizes the minus end of the microtubule by attaching to the alpha tubulin, allowing the plus end to extend rapidly and fix the microtubule in place. |
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Term
| Gap Junctions (canaliculi) |
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Definition
| The radiating processes of the osteocytes project into bone canaliculi and are joined together by these. |
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Term
| Gap or Communicating Junction |
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Definition
| Junctions that allow molecules to pass between the cytoplasms of cells. Composed of 2 connexons which create a tunnel between cells so material can be exchanged. |
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Term
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Definition
| Channel that establishes [ion] and electrical gradients. Net outcome is a charged gradient so cells have a voltage difference: + outside, - inside. Strong driving force created for movement of ions. |
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Term
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Definition
| All the genetic material of an organism. |
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Term
| Geriatric depression scale |
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Definition
| Comprehensive questionnaire evaluating depression symptoms in geriatric patients. |
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Term
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Definition
| 2nd leading cause of irreversible blindness in the world, peripheral vision lost first from optic nerve head damage |
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Term
| Glial Fibrilary Acidic Protein |
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Definition
| An intermediate filament. Expressed by numerous cell types of the central nervous system (glia-astrocytes and ependymal cells). |
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Term
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Definition
| Mutations in this gene can give rise to sickle cell diseases. A member of a globular protein family. Haem-containing proteins involved in binding and or transporting oxygen. |
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Term
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Definition
| Easiest proteins to purify and work with so we know most about them. |
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Term
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Definition
| An amino acid that can be converted into glucose through gluconeogenesis. This involves the amino acids being converted to alpha keto acids and then to glucose, with both processes occurring in the liver. |
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Term
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Definition
| Metabolic process of glucose synthesis in liver from non-carbohydrate carbon substrates such as pyruvate, lactate, glycerol, glucogenic amino acids. In response to low blood glucose levels (hypoglycemia). |
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Term
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Definition
| transport protein proposed to contain 12 transmembrane alpha-helices. Appears to function through alternating conformations. It takes two kinds of drugs to block both sides of the membrane. The isoforms differ in substrate specificity, substrate Km, tissue distribution, and regulation. |
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Term
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Definition
| E, HOOC-(CH2)2-CH(NH2)-COOH, side chain pKa 4.07, one negative charge |
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Term
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Definition
| Q, H2N-CO-(CH2)2-CH(NH2)-COOH |
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Term
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Definition
| A hydrophilic non-enzymatic antioxidants. |
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Term
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Definition
| A non-enzymatic antioxidant. Short polypeptide not hooked together in a normal way. 3 AA's: glu-cys-gly |
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Term
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Definition
| Enzymatic ROS control system that acts on H2O2 |
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Term
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Definition
| Destroys the activity of many enzymes and proteins in diabetes, irreversibly. |
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Term
| Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase |
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Definition
| The only glycolytic reaction that converts NAD+ into NADH. |
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Term
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Definition
| Electrons are carried by cytosolic NADH can enter the mitochondria through this. |
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Term
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Definition
| G, NH2-CH2-COOH; flexible and small, abundant in fibrous proteins; basically lacks a side chain and can adopt unusual conformations that would be sterically forbidden for other aa's. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of carbohydrate; the storage form of glucose, made and stored in liver and muscles. |
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Term
| Glycogen storage disease type IX |
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Definition
| A result of reduced phosphorylase kinase activity. Clinically, fasting hypoglycemia, fasting ketosis, elevated triglyceride, and elevated lactic acid. |
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Term
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Definition
| Derived from sphingosine, the simplest of which is cerebroside. Composed of sphingosine, fatty acid, and a sugar. |
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Term
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Definition
| The metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate, giving off 2 molecules of ATP net. 10-step, 10-enzyme process. Anaerobic, occurs in cytosol. |
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Term
| Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) |
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Definition
| High concentrations of this are found in cartilage matrix, along with chondroitin-4-sulfate, chondroitin 6-sulfate, and keratan sulfate linked to hyaluronic acid. |
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Term
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Definition
| A transferase that transfers a carbohydrate, methyl, carbonyl, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| Contain large, lightly-staining granules that fill the apical portion of cell. Nucleus at base of cell. Synthesize and secrete mucins. Found in intestine, respiratory systems. |
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Term
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Definition
| Unicellular glnds which have light, large staining granules filling the apical portion. Nucleus positioned at base. Synthesize and secrete mucins, found in intestine and respiratory sytems. |
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Term
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Definition
| New connective tissue and tiny blood vessels that form on the surfaces of a wound during the healing process. |
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Term
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Definition
| Extrafibrillar matrix that contains water, proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans, and glycoproteins, kind of amorphous gel-like substance surrounding cells. In Wharton's Jelly the ratio of ground substance:cells is very high. |
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Term
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Definition
| superoxide+hydrogen peroxide, catalyzed by free iron, generates radical hydroxyls, hydroxy ions and O2. Bad news bears. |
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Term
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Definition
| A series of tubes around narrow channels formed by lamellae. They surround blood vessels and nerve cells throughout the bone and communicate w/ osteocytes in lacunae through canaliculi. Conducive to mineral salt deposits and storage which give bone tissue strength. |
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Term
| Haversian systems (osteon) |
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Definition
| The functional unit of compact bone. Roughly cylindrical structures present in many bones of most mammals. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ratio that allows for incidence rate to vary over time. Comparisons of instantaneous risk over study time period. If <1 it means it's protective. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hb defect resulting in anemia. Cooperativity and oxygen affinity decreased, and becomes unstable. betaAsn102Thr Mutation. <10 cases known. Proof that even minor changes in amino acids that are chemically similar can result in significant phenotypic changes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Adult hemoglonin, or alpha2beta2, the most common human Hb tetramer, comprising over 97% of the total RBC hemoglobin. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fetal hemoglobin, or alpha2gamma2 is the main oxygen transport protein in the human fetus during the last 2 months of development in utero. Differs from adult Hb in that it's able to bind O2 with greater affinity than the adult form, giving developing fetus better acces to O2 from mother's bloodstream. |
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Term
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Definition
| The most common type of abnormal hemoglobin and the basis of sickle cell trait and sickle cell anemia. Differs by a single amino acid substitution (a valine replacing a glutamic acid in the 6th codon of the beta-globin gene). |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of chaperone protein that responds to heat to keep proteins from denaturing in high temp conditions. Simple structure (monomers), upregulated in stressful conditions. Unfolded protein response in endoplasmic reticulum. They can fold new proteins, refold misfolded proteins, transport across membranes, and control activities of some proteins. |
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Term
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Definition
| A prosthetic group that binds O2. Free heme binds CO very tightly, 25000x O2. Hb hinders CO binding and keeps it focused on O2. Has an Fe2+ in the center. |
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Term
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Definition
| Link epithelial cells to basement membrane. |
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Term
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Definition
| Link epithelial cells to basal lamina; Cell-extracurricular matrix interactions; Link to intermediate filament proteins inside cell; Transmembrane linker proteins called integrins |
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Term
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Definition
| Protein that transports O2 from the lungs to the tissues. Lower binding affinity for O2 than myoglobin. Quarternary structure=tetramer, 2 beta subunits and 2 alpha. Subunits have similar structure to Mb. Same prosthetic group (heme) same ligand (O2). |
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Term
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Definition
| Spherocytic RBCs can become trapped in spleen and hemolyzed, leading to a decreased number of RBCs in the circulation and thus, anemia. |
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Term
| Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation |
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Definition
| pH=pKa + log([conjugate base]/[acid]) |
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Term
| Hereditary elliptocytosis |
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Definition
| Less prevalent than hereditary spherocytosis, it may also be the result of mutations in alpha or beta spectrin. Diminished levels of band 4.1 protein. |
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Term
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Definition
| A hereditary red cell disorder characterized by improper sodium transport (leaky) and a decreased membrane:cell volume ratio, resulting in spheroidal shape. Due to defects in proteins that connect membrane to cytoskeleton (alpha and beta spectrins and ankyrin-1). Splenectomy sometimes necessary |
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Term
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Definition
| Interferes with almost all production of ATP energy production except ETC/ATPase. It requires the pyruvate to lactate conversion that prevents hepatic production of glucose.It builds up inside the mitochondria in hypoxic tissue leading to loss of ETC function and reduced TCA cycle activity. |
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Term
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Definition
H, NH-CH=N-CH=C-CH2-CH(NH2)-COOH
|__________| , side chain pKa 6.10 |
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Term
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Definition
| Secretion in which whole cell is fragmented and secreted into lumen (sebaceous glands of skin) |
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Term
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Definition
| Complex of all components (proteins, subunits, ligands) needed for function |
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Term
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Definition
| Deficiency in pyridoxine, folate, B12 |
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Term
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Definition
| Members of a protein family. Conserved residues so important they were conserved in evolution. Give proteins same overall fold and function. However there still are differences. |
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Term
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Definition
| A term characterizing connective tissue: Glassy or shiny |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of cartilage found in the external auditory meatus, cargilate models of long bones. Type II collagen. perichondrium present |
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Term
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Definition
| A strongly electronegative atom (O, N, S) approaches a H atom which is covalently attached to a second strongly electronegative atom. These bonds occur side chain-side chain, side chain-backbone, or backbone-backbone. |
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Term
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Definition
| H2O2, not super great for the cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| In the peroxisomes, it is used by catalase to oxidize toxins including phenols, formic acid, formaldehyde, and alcohols. |
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Term
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Definition
| An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of a chemical bond. Uses water to hydrolyze a bond to split a compound apart. Ex: protease, esterase, phosphatase, peptidase, urease |
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Term
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Definition
| Attracted to water. Usually charged or polar and capable of hydrogen bonding. |
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Term
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Definition
| Not attracted to water molecules; Nonpolar, prefer neutral molecules and nonpolar solvents. They form micelles in water. AA's: Ala, Val, Leu, Ile, Met, Cys, Phe, Trp, and Tyr. |
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Term
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Definition
| No polar atoms, interacting less favorably with water than with other apolar groups. Aliphatic side chains Ala, Val, Leu, Ile, and Pro contain no polar atoms. Met has apolar character. Trp has a long side chain making it hydrophobic. In general, globular proteins have hydrophobic residues in the interior. |
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Term
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Definition
| A naturally occuring mineral form of calcium apatite (aka bone mineral) |
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Term
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Definition
| A targeted therapeutic strategy in active clinical use. Increases expression of HbF by restoring gamma-globin gene activity through histone deacetylase inhibition or demethylation of the gamma-globin promoters. The single HbF-inducing medication currently approved for use in SCD. |
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Term
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Definition
| an increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue, usually resulting in increased mass of the organ or tissue |
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Term
| Hypertrophic scar (keloid) |
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Definition
| Scar tissue in which type III collagen never matured to type I collagen. Result of overgrowth of granulation tissue at site of a healed skin injury that is slowly replaced by collagen type I. Predominant in African Americans. |
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Term
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Definition
| Increase in cell size (not cell number). Can be physiological or pathological. |
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Term
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Definition
| An increase in size of individual cells, in response to a stimulus or injury. Usually results in increased size and weight of an organ, plus (usually) increased functionality. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inadequate oxygen supply in the tissues. In cases of this, BPG is upregulated so Hb can deliver more O2 to the Mb of the tissues. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inclusion Cell Disease, also known as mucolipidosis II, part of the lysosomal storage disease family, resulting from defective phosphotransferase (a Golgi enzyme). This enzyme transfers phosphate to mannose residues on specific proteins and marks them to be targeted to lysosomes. Lysosomes need these proteins which function as catabolic enzymes. |
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Term
| I cell disease (Inclusion-cell disease) |
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Definition
| named because waste products, thought to include carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins, accumulate into masses known as inclusion bodies. When tissues are examined under a microscope, the detection of inclusion bodies often provides a diagnosis of the disease. Caused by an deficiency of GlcNAc phosphotransferase found in the cis golgi. A form of lysosomal storage disease. Abnormal or absent degradative enzymes. |
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Term
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Definition
| If the pathogenesis or etiology is unknown, we can say the pathogenesis of the disease is this. |
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Term
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Definition
| Proteins your body keeps as a pre-emptive strike against foreign substances. There must be a lot of diversity in these proteins (100,000,000 diff types in blood alone) 5 major groups based on protein structure, physiological location, and temporal expression. |
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Term
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Definition
| Incidence rate of exposed/Incidence rate of unexposed. Ex: HIV infection and HCV incidence-->among HIV+ IR=4.2/1000 PYs, among HIV- IR=.5/1000 PYs, so incidence rate ratio is 4.2/.5=8.4, so incidence of HCV is 8.4x as high among men w/ HIV compared to men w/o HIV. |
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Term
| Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) |
|
Definition
| SHAFTT: shopping, housework, accounting, food and med prep, telephone use, transportation |
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Term
| Integral Membrane Protein |
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Definition
| Proteins that span the membrane. Have a hydrophobic core that interacts with the hydrophobic portion of the membrane. |
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Term
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Definition
| Proteins found in focal adhesions and hemidesmosomes that link to actin. An alpha and a beta subunit form a dimer which will bind to molecules in the ECM such as laminin or fibronectin. Will also bind to cytoskeleton. |
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Term
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Definition
| Analyze what you randomize. Consider original clinical questions posed by trial. |
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Term
| Interleukin-1-b converting enzyme |
|
Definition
| A cysteine protease involved in inflammation |
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Term
|
Definition
| Propensities of AA's to participate in various secondary structures. Largely dictated by steric constraints of the side chains and side chain influence on the backbone polypeptide bonds. Ex: Pro and Gly are inclined not to be part of alpha helices or beta sheets, while Ala has a high propensity for helices. |
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Term
| Intrinsically Disordered Proteins |
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Definition
| 30% of proteins in eukaryotes, many transcription and growth/development factors. Packed with glycines and prolines which interrupt secondary structures. Nto enough hydrophobic residues, lots of charged residues. Primary sequence not globular, no predictable secondary structure. Appear to fold when they bind their targets. Easily digested. |
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Term
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Definition
| Negatively-charged carboxyl groups on asp and glu residues may be attracted by the positively-charged free amino groups of Lys and Arg. |
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Term
|
Definition
| mitochondria swell, lysosomes swell, damage to plasma membrane and lysosomal membranes leads to enzyme leakage; acidosis somewhat protective by inhibiting enzymatic reactions. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Inadequate blood supply to tissues, caused by vascular problems (vasoconstriction, thrombosis, embolism) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Proteins with really similar functions but crucial differences (hexokinase vs. glucoknase; many sugars vs. one sugar) |
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Term
|
Definition
| I, CH3-CH2-CH(CH3)-CH(NH2)-COOH |
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Term
|
Definition
| Enzymes that don't take away or remove any atoms, just rearrange! Ex: epimerase (changes chiral character), racemase, mutase (there's one in glycolysis) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Isoforms of enzymes. Different reaction rates and different tissues but same reaction overall. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An immunoglobulin-like binding protein. Links peripherally to the claudin mediated links. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Where cells meet to interact, i.e. zonula occludens, zonula adherens, or desmosomes. |
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|
Term
| Ka (association constant) |
|
Definition
| Units of M^-1. Not to be confused with the acid dissociation constant, also called Ka (units of M). |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Kd (dissociation constant) |
|
Definition
| Units of M. [products]/[reactants], or the other way around depending on which is bigger, since the reactions are reversible. At this point on a graph of fraction bound vs. concentration (log scale), exactly half the protein is bound, and you can see the concentration of the ligand at this point. Midpoint of the curve! Best point for numerical recognition. |
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Term
|
Definition
| [products]/[reactants]. Measured by signaling for protein that changes ligand, monitor as a function of [L], then determine % bound PL and % free P. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An intermediate filament found in all epithelial cells. 14 different genes in humans are used to make it. Mutations can lead to epidermolysis bullosa. 10 nm in diameter, formed by a coiled coil dimer. The dimer will form head (carboxy) to tail (amino) links. 8 tetramers. |
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Term
|
Definition
| High concentrations of ketone bodies formed by breakdown of fatty acids and the deamination of amino acids. pH of blood substantially decreased. |
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Term
|
Definition
| process by which ketone bodies are produced as a result of fatty acid breakdown. Occurs in the mitochondria. |
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Term
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Definition
| An amino acid that can be degraded directly into acetyl-CoA through ketogenesis. They cannot be converted to glucose as both carbon atoms in the ketone body are ultimately degraded to CO2 in the TCA cycle. Ex: Leucine and Lysine |
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Term
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Definition
| Mechanism of conservation of excess acetyl CoA. It fuels homeostasis during fasting and starvation and is clinically significant in cases of ketoacidosis |
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Term
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Definition
| A protein responsible for phosphorylating stuff. Phosphorylation signals cellular changes. Kinases act on side chains, while phosphatase removes phosphates. Post-translational modification. |
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Term
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Definition
| Motor with two heads. Tail binds to vesicle, head binds to microtubule. Direction toward plus end. |
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Term
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Definition
| branch of chemistry or biochem concerned with measuring and studying the rates of reactions. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Thiamine deficiency: anterograde amnesia, retrograde amnesia, apathy, little content in conversation and lack of insight, confabulation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Converts pyruvate to lactate and converts NADH to NAD+ when oxygen is absent or in short supply. It performs the reverse reaction in the Cori cycle. High concentrations of lactate decrease the rate of conversion of pyruvate to lactate. 1-heart, 2-reticuloendothelial system, 3-lungs, 4-kidneys, placenta, and pancreas, 5-liver and striated muscle. |
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Term
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Definition
| Binds to the integrin dimer of the hemidesmosome from the extracellular matrix. Major component of lamina lucida (rara). Along with type IV collagen it binds to integrins. Cruciform shape with 3 peptides to form a 3D sheet network (lamina lucida). |
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Term
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Definition
| The transverse movement of proteins within the membrane. Fluidity. Prevented by tight junctions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Portion of epithelial cells where junctional complexes hold cells to each other. Ex: zonula occludens, zonula adherens, desmosomes. Adhesion proteins in play are cadherins |
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Term
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Definition
| L, (CH3)2-CH-CH2-CH(NH2)-COOH, aliphatic, hydrophobic |
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Term
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Definition
| Anything that binds to a protein |
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Term
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Definition
| An enzyme that binds two compounds together. Forms C-C, C-S, C-O, and C-N bonds. Require ATP and other nucleotide. Ex: synthetase (not the same as synthase) |
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Term
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Definition
| A thin polar membrane made of two layers of lipid molecules. Flat sheets that form a continuous barrier around all cells. Makes up the cell membrane. Keeps ions, proteins, and other molecules where they are needed. |
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Term
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Definition
| A covalently-attached fatty acid anchors a protein to either face of the cell membrane. Ex. G-proteins and certain kinases. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stored in white adipose tissues (one big oil droplet). Once they've formed in the body they don't go away easily. Those cells, once formed, want to become filled up again! Why it's so difficult to lose weight once gained. |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of CT that can be areolar, adipose, or reticular. Always irregular. Supports epithelial linings of GI, GU, and respiratory tracts, found as packing tissue in many organs. Ground substance fills space between type I collagen fibers. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cleave C-C, C-O, C-S, and C-N bonds but don't use oxidation or hydrolysis. Ex: decarboxylase, aldolase (which splits the 6 carbons of glucose into two 3-carbon fragments). Can also form C=C by removing H2O from COH-CH. |
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Term
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Definition
| Small, dark-staining WBCs, main cell found in lymph. Large nucleus but still some cytoplasm visible unlike plasma cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| K, H2N-(CH2)4-CH(NH2)-COOH, side chain pKa 10.53 |
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Term
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Definition
| organelles that contain digestive enzymes (acid hydrolases). They digest excess or worn-out organelles, food particles, and engulfed viruses or bacteria. normally involved in the process of localized intracellular digestion |
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Term
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Definition
| Catalyzes oxidation of primary amines on collagen and elastin substrates to reactive semialdehydes that condense to form covalent cross-linkages and thus, ECM. An extracellular reaction. |
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Term
| MMP (Matrix Metalloproteinases) |
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Definition
| Enzyme that's dependent on metal ions released by breast cancer cell that degrades type IV collagen at the leading edge and at the cell membrane. In this way the cell migrates through the thick ECM to metastasize. Also involved in embryonic development, tissue morphogenesis, wound repair, inflammatory diseases, and cancer. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chemical elements that humans consume in the largest quantities: protein, fat, carbohydrates. |
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Term
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Definition
| Phagocytes that function in non-specific defense (innate immunity) and specific defense (adaptive immunity). They engulf and digest cellular debris and pathogens. Found at tips of villi in GI tract. |
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Term
| Macula Adherens (Desmosome) |
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Definition
| Lateral domain specialization. A spot well/rivet that is tight, strong, and doesn't go all around the cell. Dense plaques on either side. Attaches to keratin intermediate filament. Cadherins, adhesion proteins essential in organizing. Can withstand large amt of friction, very prominent in stratified squamous. |
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Term
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Definition
| #1 cause of irreversible blindness in the world-sudden onset of central vision loss |
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Term
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Definition
| A mosquito-borne infectious disease of humans and other animals caused by parasitic Plasmodium protozoan. |
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Term
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Definition
| A system for translocating electrons produced during glycolysis across the semipermeable inner membrane of the mitochondrion for oxidative phosphorylation. The electrons enter the ETC via reduction equivalents to generate ATP. Inner membrane is impermeable to NADH. |
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Term
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Definition
| Acetylation of a lysine residue activates this enzyme. |
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Term
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Definition
| Allosterically inhibits carnitine palmitoyltransferase transporter. Ex: high glucose scenario: if we have lots of glucose our body wants to store lots of energy, so it's processed and turned into acetyl CoA for biosynthesis of fat in storage form. This signals for a decrease in beta oxidation (we don't need more fat energy). |
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Term
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Definition
| Small molecule which regulates the rate at which the carnitine transfer system imports acyl-CoA into the mitochondria. |
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Term
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Definition
| Granular cells that contain heparin, histamines, and cytokines to initiate an inflammatory response following IgE recognition. Can be found in mammary glands. |
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Term
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Definition
| Vesicles specialized to initiate biomineralisation of the matrix in bone, cartilage, and dentin. Their formation is accompanied by a major influx of Ca and phosphate ions into cells and cellular apoptosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| other region of the protease cleaved; active form |
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Term
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Definition
| Deficiency in cobalamin (vitamin B12) and or folate |
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Term
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Definition
| Buried in lipid bilar. Hydrophobic environment so AA distribution is inside out compared to soluble proteins. Surrounded by hydrophobic fatty acids. 25-30% of open reading frames in humans code for membrane proteins. Difficult to purify. Hydropathy plots predict membrane spanning regions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Binds nonspecifically to sulfhydryl groups of cysteine. Irreversible inhibition. |
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Term
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Definition
| Secretion in which there is a conversion of the membrane allowing particles to be released into the lumen (Synaptic transmissions) |
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Term
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Definition
| Multipotent stromal cells that can differentiate into a variety of cell types including osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and adipocytes. |
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Term
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Definition
| The rate of turnover of molecules through a metabolic pathway |
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Term
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Definition
| A characteristic change in the color of staining carried out in biological tissues. Ex: toluidine blue becomes pink when bound to cartilage. |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme which requires a metal ion active site, usually Zn2+, sometimes Co2+. May require Ca2+ for structure. Ex: carboxypeptidase, thermolysin, collagenase, matrix metalloproteases. Inhibited by EDTA. |
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Term
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Definition
| Site of growth plate in bone, lies between epiphysis and diaphysis. |
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Term
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Definition
| A reversible, induced change in the type of mucosal epithelium (Ex: from ciliated columnar to squamous, as in the case of squamous cell carcinoma). Commonly seen in bronchi or in uterine cervix. |
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Term
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Definition
| The reversible replacement of one differentiated cell type with another mature differentiated cell type, not synonymous with dysplasia and not directly carcinogenic. |
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Term
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Definition
| Disorder in which Fe2+ is oxidized to Fe3+ which can't bind O2. Blood turns brownish. Can be the result of use of OTC topical anesthetics with benzocaine. |
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Term
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Definition
| M, CH3-S-(CH2)2-CH(NH2)-COOH, apolar character though it has some polarity |
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Term
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Definition
| An aggregate of surfactant molecules dispersed in a liquid colloid. Hydrophilic head regions in contact with surrounding solvent, with hydrophobic tails in center. |
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Term
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Definition
| Nutrients required in small quantities-dietary trace materials such as chromium, copper, iodine, manganese, selenium, zinc, and vitamins. |
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Term
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Definition
| A component of the cytoskeleton. 23nm in diameter. Formed by polymerization of dimer of 2 globular proteins, alpha and beta tubulin. |
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Term
| Microtubule Associated Protein 2 |
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Definition
| A protein involved in microtubule assembly, an essential step in neuritogenesis. Crosslinks microtubules with intermediate filaments. |
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Term
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Definition
| An apical specialization of epithelial cells. Increases surface area for absorption. Short (.5-1microm) projections of luminal membrane. Simple columnar epithelium of GI tract. Core contains fine actin filaments inserting into the terminal web |
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Term
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Definition
| An apical specialization of epithelial cells. Increases surface area for absorption. Short (.5-1microm) projections of luminal membrane. Simple columnar epithelium of GI tract. Core contains fine actin filaments inserting into the terminal web |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Test for dementia or memory loss alone. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mighty organelle, site of fatty acid oxidation and ATP synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of white blood cell, the largest of all. Part of innate immune system. Amoeboid in shape with clear cytoplasm and bean-shaped nuclei that are unilobar. |
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Term
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Definition
| A molecule that may bind chemically to other molecules to form a polymer. |
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Term
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Definition
| Paradigm shift: Proteins can have more than one function. Example: Mutation in fibrillin-1 causes Marfan's Syndrome b/c fibrillin-1 forms fibrils in extracellular matrix. It also binds and stores TGF-beta |
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Term
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Definition
| Usually a few amino acids identified from primary sequence, usually associated with a specific function. Example: Zinc finger motif involved in binding Zn2+ |
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Term
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Definition
Small proteins: side chains can rotate.
Big: secondary and tertiary structures can have hinges between them (and can have a 1000x fold impact on function).
NMR can only see them in small proteins
Simulate them in computers but only recently reliable enough, and size still problematic. |
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Term
| Motivational interviewing |
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Definition
| A form of interviewing that is non-judgmental and encouraging, rather than guilt-inducing. See: Dr. Mike Evans |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of inherited disorders (autosomal recessive) that affect the body's ability to carry out the normal turnover of various materials within cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells that secrete mucins rather than enzymes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ex: in cancer cells which lose their sensitivity to many different drugs including doxorubicin, taxol, and etoposide. |
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Term
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Definition
| Protein that stores O2 in the muscle. No quarternary structure; tertiary structure is a monomer. First protein structure solved. Similar structure to Hemoglobin subunit |
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Term
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Definition
| Motor with one head. Tail binds to cell membrane, head binds to actin, direction toward plus end. |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs in neutrophils, catalyzes oxidation of NADPH-->NADP+. Like a little burst of bleach, not selective but a fast way to kill bacteria. releases electrons which can react w/ molecular O2 to form superoxide which is taken up by phagocytic vesicles or sent outside the cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| Determines positions and motions of H atoms. Some other isotopes. Limited to small sized proteins. |
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Term
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Definition
| Produces RNS's as byproduct of conversion from L-arginine to L-citrulling (ex). |
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Term
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Definition
| Sets up the different ion concentrations inside the cell. Also builds up a net charge difference inside the cell. Na+ gradient used to transport glucose and amino acids inside the cell (secondary transport). Relies on different binding affinities depending on differences in inter and extra cellular environments. |
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Term
| Near equilibrium reaction |
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Definition
| Reactions that flucuate according to concentrations of reactant or product. Ex: triose phosphate isomerase which interconverts GAP and DHAP in glycolysis. Sufficient GAP lessens conversion to DHAP and vise versa. |
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Term
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Definition
| Premature cell death by damage/injury external to the cell or tissue such as infection, toxins, or trauma. |
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Term
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Definition
| Binding one ligand makes subsequent binding more difficult. Never reaches 100% bound. Changes at higher ligand concentrations don't affect protein function. Constant protein function across a wide range of ligand concentrations |
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Term
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Definition
| An intermediate filament. Found in neurons, major component of neuronal cytoskeleton, provide structural support for the axon and to regulate its diameter. |
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Term
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Definition
| NADP, NAD. REDOX RXNS. Deficiency can lead to nausea, skin and mouth lesions, anemia, headaches, and tiredness. Also pandemic deficiency disease caused by lack of 5 crucial vitamins. Alcohol related deficiency. |
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Term
| Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) |
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Definition
| A cofactor used in anabolic reactions such as lipid and nucleic acid synthesis. A reducing agent. |
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Term
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Definition
| Binds to collagen and laminin to bind sheets of type IV collagen and laminin together. |
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Term
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Definition
| A vasodilator. Involved in moonlighting function of Hb. Has a strong affinity for Hb, so when free Hb scavenges NO in blood vessels it causes large dangerous spike in blood pressure. |
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Term
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Definition
Hydrogen Bonds
Van Der Waals Interactions
Ionic Interactions
Hydrophobic Effect |
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Term
| Non-enzymatic Antioxidants |
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Definition
Hydrophilic: glutathione/cysteine, vitamin C, urate, bilirubin, metal binding proteins
Hydrophobic-vitamin E, beta carotene |
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Term
| Noncompetitive inhibition |
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Definition
| Inhibitor binds to any form of enzyme it can find, either the empty enzyme or the inactive enzyme form. Substrate can still bind but the enzyme can't do anything with it. Uniformly removes enzyme from possibility of reacting. Vmax is lowered, but there's no effect on Km. On lineweaver burke plot, Y-int changes but all three lines intersect on x-axis. Ex: hemeoxidase (HO) |
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Term
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Definition
| An intermediate filament. fibrous protein proteins providing structural function and transcriptional regulation in nucleus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Number of patients who must be treated to prevent one occurrence of the disease. Calculated using the reciprocal of the absolute risk reduction or risk difference. |
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Term
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Definition
| Along with claudins, they're a class of multipass trans-membrane proteins which bind to each other with very little space in between. |
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Term
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Definition
Odds of exposure (cases)/Odds of exposure (controls)
=1 means exposure is not a risk factor.
>1 means exposure is associated with increased disease, is a risk factor.
<1 means exposure is associated with decreased disease, is a protective factor. |
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Term
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Definition
| A molecular complex that consists of a few monomer units (in contrast to a polymer that consists of a nearly unlimited number of monomers). Examples are dimers, trimers, tetramers, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| A molecular complex consisting of a few monomer units. Unlike a polymer which contains a virtually unlimited number of monomers. Ex: dimers, trimers, tetramers. |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of polyunsaturated fatty acids with a double bond at the third carbon atom from the end of the carbon chain. Named based on the position of the first double bond. |
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Term
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Definition
| Enhance protein folding. Ex: amino acids (proline, alanine, taurine), polyols (sorbitol, glycerol), and methylamines (Trimethylamine oxide TMAO, betaine). |
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Term
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Definition
| Spontaneous drive to equalize the ratio of water:solute. Water can get across the membrane on its own if this drive is sufficient. |
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Term
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Definition
| Juvenile bone cells that make matrix. Osteogenic cells. They synthesize and secrete the organic matrix of bone; collagenous (type I collagen) and non-collagenous progeins, and alkaline phosphatase |
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Term
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Definition
| Synthesized by osteoblasts, required for mineralization of bone. |
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Term
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Definition
| Giant, multinucleate cells derived from monocytes. They produce an acidic environment ideal for dissolution of bone matrix. The plasmalemma of his cell type is thrown into folds and villous-like processes constituting ruffled border. |
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Term
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Definition
| Osteoblasts which have entrapped themselves in calcified matrix |
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Term
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Definition
| Synthesized by osteoblasts, made of type I collagen and proteoglycans. |
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Term
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Definition
| Forms sealing zones of bone |
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Term
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Definition
| Deficiency in calcium and vitamin D |
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Term
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Definition
| Pluripotential stem cells from mesenchyme, capable of differentiating into osteogenic cells (osteoblasts). Found in periosteum and endosteum as bone lining cells in non-growing regions. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A decoy receptor for RANK-L, also made from osteoblasts |
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Term
| Oxidative phosphorylation |
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Definition
| Metabolic pathway in which mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. |
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Term
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Definition
| An imbalance between systemic formation of ROS's and a system to detoxify these reactive intermediates or repair the resulting damage. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of a molecule in correlation with the reduction of something else. Require a cofactor (common ones are NADH, NADPH, FADH2 in reduced form). |
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Term
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Definition
| enzymes that transfer both O2 atoms to substrate |
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Term
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Definition
| An ABC Transporter that can act as a floppase for phospholipids and glycosphingolipids. Barrier in sensitive tissues (placenta, brain), and polymorphisms play a role in drug response and disease susceptibility; ethnic variation. Cancer cells manage to overexpress this protein and develop multi-drug resistance. |
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Term
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Definition
| Gaseous pressure of O2, i.e concentration of O2. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chain reaction which oxidatively damages lipid membranes. It involves a free radical binding with arachidonic acid (lipid peroxidation) then catalyzing cleavage of the double bond. Depletes membrane unsaturated fatty acids. |
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Term
| Pantothenic Acid (Vitamin B5) |
|
Definition
Vitamin whose deficiency is very rare since it's in most foods. Necessary in synthesizing and metabolizing proteins, carbs and fats.
Coenzyme A and Acyl carrier protein. |
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Term
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Definition
| a cysteine protease; main ingredient in meat tenderizer, comes from papaya. |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of signaling in which extracellular signals affect neighboring cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Secreted by chief cells of the parathyroid glands as a polypeptide, it acts to increase the concentration of Ca2+ in the blood. Acts upon the parathyroid hormone 1 receptor. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells responsible for producing a secreted product of the gland. (as opposed to supportive cells) |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells that are responsible for producing a secreted product of the gland. |
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Term
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Definition
| Transport across a membrane that does not require ATP. Ex: diffusion, simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion. |
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Term
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Definition
| The sequence of events in the response of cells or tissues to the etiologic agent, from the initial stimulus to the ultimate expression of the disease. |
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Term
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Definition
| The morphologic changes in cell and tissue structure may either be characteristic or suggestive of the disease process in question, or they may be absolutely diagnostic of the disease. |
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Term
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Definition
| A disease in which desmogleins are attacked by autoantibodies. Cells lose contacts and blisters form, which slough off and lead to sores (acantholysis). It affects keratin. Basal lamina remains attached but everything else is removed. |
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Term
| Pentose phosphate pathway |
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Definition
| Pathway parallel to glycolysis that generates NADPH and pentoses. Primary role is anabolic. Takes place in cytosol. |
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Term
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Definition
| a bacterially-derived 6-mer polypeptide with an unusual amino acid. Inhibits pepsin and rennin, mimics protein substrate. |
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Term
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Definition
| A covalent chemical bond formed between two molecules when the carboxyl of one molecule reacts with the amino of another, causing the release of a molecule of water. A dehydration synthesis reaction (condensation). -C(=O)NH- is called a peptide link. |
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Term
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Definition
| A layer of dense irregular connective tissue surrounding cartilage of developing bone. Has an outer fibrous (contains fibroblasts) layer and inner chondrogenic layer. Can be found around perimeter of elastic and hyaline cartilage. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A membrane that covers the outer surface of all bones (except at joints of long bones) |
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Term
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Definition
| Proteins that can associate with the membrane or with integral membrane proteins. Purification with high salt can disrupt interactions. Lipid modified. Ex: myristoyl, palmitoyl |
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Term
|
Definition
| participate in the metabolism of fatty acids and other metabolites. Peroxisomes have enzymes that rid the cell of toxic peroxides. A cell organelle containing enzymes, such as catalase and oxidase, that catalyze the production and breakdown of hydrogen peroxide. Found mainly in the liver and kidneys. |
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Term
| Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) |
|
Definition
| steroid receptor-like receptors that activate peroxisomal proliferation. The chemicals that active PPARs induce synthesis of all peroxisomal enzymes. Peroxidase cannot be activated as much as fatty acid oxidative enzymes, resulting in the generation of more hydrogen peroxide than the peroxisomes can neutralize. Can lead to liver cancer. |
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Term
| Peroxisome targeting signal #1 (PTS1) |
|
Definition
| a small amino acid sequence that is exposed in the folded peroxisome protein, located in the C-terminus. It is used to direct the folded peroxisome in the cytoplasm to the correct receptor. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An unstable isomer of Nitrate. Stable in basic conditions, though its conjugate acid is highly reactive. Prepared by reaction of H2O2 with nitrite. An oxidant and nitrating agent, so can damage a wide array of molecules including DNA and proteins. In vivo: reaction of superoxide and free radical NO can form it. |
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Term
|
Definition
| F, Phenyl-CH2-CH(NH2)-COOH, strongly hydrophobic, aromatic |
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Term
|
Definition
| Removes phosphoryl groups. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Opposite of a kinase. Removes a phosphate group |
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Term
|
Definition
| Alcohols attached to phosphatidate. Derivatives of glycerol or sphingosine. A class of lipids that are components of cell membranes; can form lipid bilayers. Contain a diglyceride, a phosphate group, and a simple organic molecule (except sphingomyelin, derived from sphingosine instead of glycerol). Hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic head. |
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Term
|
Definition
A type of post-translational modification, enacted by kinases. Replaces the H on a side chain hydroxyl with a phosphoryl group. Signals cellular changes.
Serine, tyrosine, threonine |
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|
Term
| Plakophilin and plakoglobin |
|
Definition
| Anchor proteins, two forms of gamma-catenin; participate in linking cadherins to intermediate filaments in cytoskeleton. |
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Term
|
Definition
| WBCs that secrete antibodies. Show up as just nuclei with H&E stain, with clockface chromatin visible in EM. They originate in bone marrow but leave as B cells before becoming plasma cells in lymph nodes. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a major constituent of myelin and made exclusively by peroxisomes. A lack of plasmalogens results in defective myelin and severe developmental neurologic disease (Rhizomelic Chondrodysplasia Punctata) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Make up myelin sheath ethanolamine glycerophospholipids; synthesized in peroxisomes. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Links to BP180 and BP230 as part of the complex linking the ECM to the intermediate filaments. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A type of osmolyte. Enhances protein folding. Ex: sorbitol, glycerol |
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Term
|
Definition
| Short chains of amino acid monomers linked by peptide (amide) bonds. Covalent chemical bonds are formed when the carboxyl group of one amino acid reacts with the amino group of another. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The shape taken on by proteins. Gly and Pro can directly influence the unordered shape of the polypeptide backbone. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A protein that punches a whole in the membrane, no regulation! Both ends of passage way open through the membrane, can be a very large opening. Eukaryotes don't have many of these. Prokaryotes do for normal function and pathogenic roles. Beta barrels usually. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A group of heterocyclic organic compounds composed of four modified pyrrole subunits. Backbone of Heme prosthetic group. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Response range to ligand change narrows. Dramatic biological effect. Closer to on/off switch. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Protein that has the ability to make amyloid structures. Normal function, membrane associated, lipidated, but can interconvert from normal to abnormal form. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Enzyme translated from mRNA; leader sequence for location; inactive form |
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Term
|
Definition
| Enzyme still in inactive form, but it's in the right location and leader sequence cleaved |
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Term
|
Definition
| A type of enzyme inhibition where the product of an enzyme reaction binds to the enzyme and inhibits its activity. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A protein that can help from the actin filament, it will bind to the actin monomer and enhance the binding of ATP to actin. Forms a protein complex with formin. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| P, NH-(CH2)3-CH-COOH, aliphatic but has special conformational properties |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Chemicals that generate ROS's or inhibit antioxidant systems; induce oxidative stress. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| This molecules leaves after all the acetyl-CoA units are removed from an odd chain fatty acid. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A tightly bound cofactor necessary for a protein's biological activity. Assist in biochemical transformations. Remain stably bound to enzyme during the reaction. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| An enzyme that performs proteolysis (protein catabolism) by hydrolysis of peptide bonds. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Huge cytosolic protein complex with protease activities. UBIQUITIN tags on target protein. Successful target for cancer drugs. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Heavily glycosylated proteins. Consists of a core protein w/ one or more covalently attached glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains. Ser residue point of attachment |
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Term
|
Definition
| Irreversible modification of the peptide backbone, breaks it into two pieces. Performed by other proteins called proteases, resulting in an additional N and C termini. No protein to reconnect the ends. |
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Term
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Definition
| The entire set of proteins expressed by a genome, cell, tissue, or organism at a certain time. |
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Term
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Definition
| A large protein complex which recognizes proteins tagged with a poly-ubiquitin tag and targets them for degradation by proteolysis (breaking peptide bonds). |
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Term
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Definition
| A repeating unit that repeats itself as it builds around the tube-100s of subunits long. makes up fibrillar proteins such as tubulin. |
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Term
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Definition
| subunits from which a large structure is built. See: immunoglobulin |
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Term
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Definition
| a system for transporting protons across cell membranes, often exchanging them for other positively charged ions. |
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Term
| Pseudostratified epithelium |
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Definition
| Epithelium 1 cell layer thick that looks like its multiple layers. Only found in male urethra and trachea, and only columnar. In trachea it's ciliated. |
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Term
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Definition
| Transport protein with only one end of the passage open at any time. Active transport only. Analogous to an air lock. Protein conformational change results. |
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Term
| Pyridoxal Phosphate (Vitamin B6) |
|
Definition
| Pyridoxal phosphate. Coenzyme of enzymes in AA metabolism. Electron sink stabilizes carbanionic intermediates in sub and elim rxns involving aminated compounds. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a prosthetic group of certain enzymes. A cofactor that acts as an electron sink to stabilize carbanionic intermediates in substitution and elimination reactions involving aminated compounds. |
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Term
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Definition
| Extremely deformed erythrocytes which present in severe forms of HS and HE |
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Term
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Definition
| Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor, a member of the tumor-necrosis factor molecular subfamily. The receptor for RANK-L and part of signaling pathway that regulates osteoclast differentiation and activation. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Stimulates osteoclastogenesis. Existing osteoclasts are stimulated to be more active, and more osteoclasts are recruited from bone marrow. |
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Term
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Definition
| Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor Ligand, a type II membrane protein and a member of the TNF superfamily. Affects the immune system and control bone regeneration and remodeling. May be used as an apoptosis regulator gene. |
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Term
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Definition
| A polymer conformation where the monomer subunits are oriented randomly while still being bonded to adjacent units. Not apparently following any pattern, possibly very flexible, short terms w/ specific bond angles. |
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Term
| Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials (RCTs) |
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Definition
| Measure and compare outcomes of two or more clinical interventions. Randomization is critical to ensure similarity of characteristics at the start of the comparison (baseline). one intervention is regarded as a standard of comparison. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Kinetics of a reaction. Keq = Kforward / Kreverse |
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Term
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Definition
| Ratio that assumes constant incidence rate; the comparisons of cumulative risk over an entire study. |
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Term
| Reactive nitrogen species |
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Definition
| Nitric Oxide with 1 unpaired electron. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chemically attack and react with everything. Can lead to DNA damage, mutations, membrane damage, and lots of other nasty stuff. |
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Term
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Definition
| Protein made in a source other than its natural biological source. Advantages: quantity, design amino acid changes. Disadvantages: algered folding or post-translational modification. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Inactivated by nonspecific glycation in diabetes (one of the main antioxidant control systems in the cell). An enzymatic ROS control system. |
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Term
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Definition
| System in which regulatory proteins get activated by other regulatory proteins in a tiered model. |
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Term
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Definition
| The percent decrease in risks of two groups, usually referring to a protective agent or practice. Prevented fraction among exposed. 1-risk ratio |
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Term
| Relative risk reduction (RRR) |
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Definition
| 1-risk ratio. Shows the percent decrease in risks of two groups and usually refers to a protective agent or practice (prevented fraction among the exposed). |
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Term
|
Definition
Fibroblasts-chondroblast, osteoblast, odontoblast
Adipocytes |
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Term
|
Definition
| Fibers that stain black with silver stain, found in highly cellular organs that require flexibility such as liver, adipose, lymph, and spleen. Composed of Type III collagen. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Flavin mononucleotide, flavin adenine dinucleotide. REDOX RXNS. Plays role in energy metabolism and metabolism of fats, ketone bodies, carbs and proteins. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Risk in exposed/Risk in unexposed. Null value=1.0 |
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|
Term
| Risk ratio (relative risk) (RR) |
|
Definition
| Incidence in therapy group/Incidence in control group. If it's greater than one, it means the risk of disease among exposed is greater than that among the unexposed. Same as cumulative incidence. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A specific type of interaction is that which occurs between 2 charged groups of opposite sign. Asp, Glu (each with one negative charge) and Lys and Arg (each with one positive charge) are ionized under many physiological conditions. His is positively charged or neutral depending on its environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| fatty acid with as many hydrogens as possible (no double bonds) |
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Term
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Definition
| a functional group that contains a carbon-nitrogen double bond with the nitrogen atom connected to an aryl or alkyl group— but not hydrogen. |
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Term
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Definition
| Intracellular signaling molecules released by the cell to trigger physiological changes. Ex: cAMP, cGMP, and Ca2+. |
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Term
| Secondary active transport |
|
Definition
| A type of active transport. Symport or antiport. One ligand with the gradient. One ligand against the gradient. Maintained by a primary transporter. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A filter that allows only specific ions to pass through. Ex: K+ can stabilize through the backbone of carboxyls while Na+ is too small and can't make those stabilizing reactions. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Enzymes with conserved asp, ser, his catalytic triad required. Ex: trypsin, chymotrypsin, and enteropeptidase-pancreas/GI tract; bastase and thrombin. Inhibited by diisopropylflourophosphate (a very dangerous nerve gas) and serpins (serine protease inhibitor). |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells that secrete enzymatic contents. Ex: parotid gland of salivary. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A type of suicide inhibitors. Irreversible. Its protein cleavage site is recognized by specific proteases. Works by looking like the substrate but when you get to the covalent intermediate step, the serpin irreversibly changes conformation. *Judo* Whole complex will end up being degraded. One of this, one enzyme. Balances irreversible protease activation. |
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Term
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Definition
| A hereditary blood disorder characterized by RBCs that assume an abnormal, rigid, sickle shape. Moderate to severe anemia, vaso-occlusive episodes, strokes, acute chest syndrome, priapism, hepatobilliary and liver disease, splenic infarction, life-threatening infections, renal disease, retinopathy, shortened life span. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Red blood cells assume an abnormal, rigid, sickle shape. Decreases the cells' flexibility and results in a risk of various life-threatening complications. Occurs because of a mutation in the hemoglobin gene. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A condition in which a person has one abnormal allele of the hemoglobin beta gene (heterozygous). |
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Term
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Definition
| 1 cell layer thick, elongated cells w/ nucleus at base. Duodenum GI tract or large kidney tubules-may or may not have apical specialization. Absorption primary function |
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Term
|
Definition
| 1 cell layer thick, cubed cells, kidney tubule, ducts of exocrine glands and germinal epithelium |
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Term
|
Definition
| 1 cell layer thick, flattened nature of cells, capillaries, alveoli, kidney glomerulus. Selective diffusion primary function. |
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Term
| Simple columnar epithelium |
|
Definition
| Epithelium. 1 layer of tall cells whose nuclei are at the base. Absorption. Ex: gall bladder, surface epithelium of stomach, uterine glands, small intestine. |
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Term
| Simple cuboidal epithelium |
|
Definition
| Epithelium. 1 layer of cube-shaped cells. Secretion. Follicle of thyroid gland, collecting ducts of kidney, salivary glands, pancreas. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A type of passive transport in which the membrane protein doesn't change conformation. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Epithelia, 1 cell layer, involved in selective diffusion, absorption, and secretion. May have surface specializations. |
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Term
| Simple squamous epithelium |
|
Definition
| Epithelium, 1 cell layer thick. Flattened cells. Capillaries, alveoli, kidney glomerulus (where things need to be exchanged; simple diffusion). |
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Term
|
Definition
| Theory stating behaviors are learned through observation of others engaged in the behavior |
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Term
|
Definition
| A compound that has been found to increase expression of HbF, but that has a very short half life with variable success in treatment of SCA. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Measure of how tightly bound a ligand is to a protein binding site. Also, selectivity. |
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Term
|
Definition
| which ligand is bound most tightly. (ligands tend to have a specificity for only one or two ligands. Tells you which one.) |
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Term
|
Definition
| A bundling protein tetramer that can bused to link filaments together. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Protein that connects the membrane to the cytoskeleton of RBCs to give biconcave shape. Along with ankyrin-1. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Similar chemistry to a fatty acid. An 18-carbon amino alcohol w/ an unsaturated hydrocarbon chain which forms a primary part of sphingolipids. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Activated by mechanical stresses that activate kinases. It activates FAK which then causes the focal adhesion to grow in size. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A model for behavior change involving five steps: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance. |
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|
Term
| Standard free-energy change |
|
Definition
| The ratio the reaction is currently at. Measure of how far we are from delgaGo. The difference in potential energy at the start and at the end of the reaction. Associated with reactions approaching chemical equilibrium (because we're never at equilibrium, otherwise we'd be dead). |
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Term
|
Definition
| Independent of path. Ex: free energy! Important for enzymes. We can harvest the energy contained in chemical bonds in multiple steps. Because of this, free energy can be used to do work. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Not cilia, very long microvilli. They don't attach to basal bodies. Contain a filamentous actin core, thought to facilitate absorption. Epididymis-reabsorb the large volume of liquid used to move non-motile sperm along male reproductive tract. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An abnormal red blood cell in which a slit or mouthlike area replaces the normal central circle of pallor. |
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Term
|
Definition
| 2+ cell layers thick. Duct in the parotid glad, example. |
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Term
|
Definition
| 2+ cell layers thick. Sweat ducts in thin skin, salivary gland duct. Cubed in shape. |
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Term
|
Definition
| 2+ cell layers thick. Protection. Skin (characterized on top layer of cells). |
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Term
| Stratified columnar epithelium |
|
Definition
| Epithelium, 2+ layers thick. Lumenal cells are tall in shape. Large excretory duct of salivary glands, parotid of salivary, submandibular, sublingual. |
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Term
| Stratified cuboidal epithelium |
|
Definition
| 2+ layers thick, lumenal layer cube-shaped. Ducts of sweat glands, hair follicles. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Epithelia with 2 or more layers of cells. Primarily for protection. Basal cells generally cuboidal. May have surface specializations. Characterized based on the shape of the surface cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| Structures in non-muscle cells which consist of actin filaments, crosslinking proteins and myosin II motors. Play important role in cell motility and contractility. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Cells of exocrine glands that are supportive rather than functional. Ex: fibroblasts. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Cells like fibroblasts that are supportive rather than functional. |
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Term
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Definition
| Dissociates completely in water. Ex: HCl, H2SO4, HNO3. So effective at giving away protons that their ionization reactions are essentially irreversible. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Most commonly refers to a reactant (a product is the reactant in the reverse reaction). Substrates must have compatible size, shape, charge/polarity, hydrogphobicity as the ligand. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A single protein molecule that assembles with other protein molecules to form a protein complex. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Reaction at which odd chain fatty acids (post acetyl-CoA unit removal), enter the TCA cycle. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Ex: one serpin, one enzyme. Irreversibly deactivates enzymes by altering their structure and causing them to be degraded. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Oxygen species with 1 unpaired electron and a charge. Super bad news. Reacts very quickly with protons. Can be signaling molecules. Transcription regulators are very sensitive to these changes. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Can simultaneously reduce and oxidize substrates. Up to 1% of soluble proteins in cell. Acts on superoxide. Works in conjunction with catalase. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A protein that transports two molecules across the membrane in the same direction. Can provide a driving force to pull the other molecule along with it. Active transport only-against gradient. |
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Term
|
Definition
| trasnferase named for product formed (ex: glycogen synthase is responsible for making glycogen) |
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Term
|
Definition
| A type of ligase that requires ATP and forms a covalent bond. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Minor depression; doesn't meet DSM IV criteria. some symptoms of depression, can last years. |
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Term
|
Definition
| 8-step cyclic pathway that converts 2 C from Acetyl-CoA to 2 CO2 molecules. directly produces only 1 ATP equivalent per Acetyl-CoA. 2C i, 2CO2 out (a fancy way to break a 2C bond). |
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|
Term
| TIMP (Tissue Inhibitors of Matrix Metalloproteinases) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A protein that binds the microtubule and packs it tightly so there's less space between them. If hyperphosphorylated, it can form a filament, aggregate, and damage neurons (Alzheimers, head trauma in football players). Brain tissue appears brown and highly abnormal. CTE |
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Term
|
Definition
| caused by a loss of one subunit in Hb. This causes the stoichiometry to be messed up and a lower concentration of normal Hb tetramer leading to anemia. The alpha form is the most deadly, and usually leads to fetal death because if alpha isn't present the whole tetramer is useless. Beta form can lead to darkened skin color and cardiomyopathy. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Genetic disease of Hb in which one subunit is lost. Stoichiometry is all messed up and the leftover subunits acn aggregate and precipitate. Low concentration of normal Hb tetramer results in anemia. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A branch of physics concerned w/ heat and temp and their relation to energy and work. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Gibbs Free energy equation combines the first two laws of thermodynamics. It is the driving force that wants to bring a reaction to equilibrium. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Cleavage of C-C bond. B complex vitamin. Deficiency can lead to neurological defects. Alcoholism can lead to its deficiency, along with niacin. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Enzymes such as peroxiredoxin/thioredoxin reductase that act on a variety of substrates to control ROS's. |
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Term
|
Definition
| T, CH3-CH(OH)-CH(NH2)-COOH |
|
|
Term
| Tissue specific isozyme expression |
|
Definition
| Ex: LDH isozymes have different functionality in different tissues. |
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Term
|
Definition
| At the midpoint of this curve, the ratio of [HA]:[A] equals one and its logarithm is 0. pH=pKa at this point. The shape of these curves for monoprotic acids are all identical but their midpoints vary. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A basic thiazine metachromatic dye with high affinity for acidic tissue components, it stains nucleic acids blue and polysaccharides purple, and increases sharpness of histology slide images. Reveals granules in mast cells |
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|
Term
| Trabecular (cancellous) bone |
|
Definition
| One of two types of osseous tissue that forms bones (the other is cortical or compact bone). It has a higher surface area:mass ratio making it suitable for metabolic activity (exchange of Ca2+ ions). Highly vascular, frequently contains red bone marrow where haematopoiesis occurs. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Favored in food industry because they have less tendency to turn ranced (more stable, less oxidation), so their physical behavior is more like saturated fatty acids. A product of commercial hydrogenation |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| fatty acid whose double bonds have hydrogens on the opposite sides. They behave quite a bit like saturated fatty acids. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The set of all RNA molecules that the cell is currently producing. Many transcribed RNA do not encode proteins. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A class of enzymes that enact the transfer of specific functional groups from one molecule to another. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Macrophages, plasma cells, mast cells, lymphocytes, and eosinophils |
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Term
|
Definition
| an intermediate, higher free energy stage than initial stage in the reaction, often one in which the reacting molecule has an unfavorable electronic structure. This stage must be passed in order for the reaction to continue. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Proteins responsible for transporting materials within an organism. Ex: integral membrane proteins. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Movement of lipids transversely within the membrane. Required to prevent bulges from developing in the inner leaflet. Specific transporters restore asymmetry. Flippase=inner leaflet, floppase=outer leaflet. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A cytoskeletal phenomenon that occurs when one end of a filament grows in length while the other end shrinks resulting in a section of filament seemingly moving across the cytosol. |
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|
Term
| Tricarboxylate transport system |
|
Definition
| Mechanism which transports acetyl-CoA out of the mitochondria into the cytosol. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An ester derived from glycerol and three fatty acids. Can be saturated or unsaturated. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A stain used to dye colloid material and turn blue so they can be located within macrophages. |
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Term
|
Definition
W, Phenyl-NH-CH=C-CH2-CH(NH2)-COOH
|_______|
largest side chain, nonpolar, aromatic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Protein of alpha and beta types, requires GTP to be put together. Heterodimers of this protein will frm a protofilament consisting of alternating alpha and beta units. Plus end=beta exposed. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Present between helices and strands of a sheet to make up Secondary protein structure. Very short (about 3 amino acids) |
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Term
|
Definition
| How fast an enzyme can complete one cycle. (how fast it can release one and pick up another one) |
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Term
|
Definition
| In case-control studies, a table looking at cases and controls and exposure. [(E+case)(E-control)]/[(E-case)(E+control)] |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Ubiqutious type of collagen-fibers, skin, bone, tendons. It's the one! Dense, irregular! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Type of collagen found in networks of fibrils; hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Type of collagen, won't really be seen in H&E; found in fibers and reticular fibers |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Collagen that forms reticular fibers, not very strong, very whispy in nature. Requires silver stain, found in organs like liver, spleen, lymph nodes. Plays huge role in injury healing! For an MI the first thing that happens after cells die is a scar is laid down by this collagen. Makes up lamina reticularis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Y, HO-p-Phenyl-CH2-CH(NH2)-COOH, side chain pKa 10.07, partly hydrophobic character, aromatic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| On lineweaver burke plot, parallel lines! Both Vmax and Km affected. Takes place when enzyme inhibitor binds only to the E-S complex. Unlike non-competitive which can occur with or without the substrate present. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A mitochondrial inner membrane protein that can dissipate the proton gradient before it can be used to provide the energy for oxidative phosphorylation. Ex: UCP1, UCP2, UCP3, SLC25A27, SCL25A14 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Protein that transports a single molecule across the membrane. Transport can either be passive (with the gradient) or active (against gradient via ATP_ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fatty acid with at least one double bond. almost all of these of biological origin contain only cis double bonds. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A waste product of protein breakdown. A strong denaturant found in the urine, diluted. Highly concentrated in sharks and other fish to counteract saltwater environment. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Cycle that produces urea from ammonia. Takes place in liver and somewhat in kidney. Protein breakdown process. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Four types: Stress UI (accidents with sneezing), functional UI (can't physically get to bathroom), Urge UI (sudden involuntary urges to go), and Overflow UI (incomplete emptying). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| V, (CH3)2-CH-CH(NH2)-COOH, aliphatic, hydrophobic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Occlusion of the blood vessels, a common painful complication of sickle cell anemia in adolescents and adults. circulation of blood vessels is obstructed by sickled RBCs causing ischemic injuries. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An intermediate filament. Expressed in mesenchymal cells. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Connects the actin cytoskeleton to talin and alpha actinin; involved in mechanical transducer function of focal adhesion. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Vitamin with key role in normal brain and nervous system function. Affects DNA synthesis and regulation and fatty acid and amino acid metabolism. Only bacteria have enzymes required for its synthesis. Its deficiency leads to perniious anemia. Coenzyme for methionine synthase and methylamlonyl CoA mutase. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A small non-enzymatic antioxidant that uses resonance to stabilize free radicals. Can accept or donate electrons. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fat-soluble secosteroid responsible for enhancing intestinal absorption of calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphate, and zinc. Can be synthesized by most mammals exposed to sunlight. |
|
|
Term
| Vitamin D (cholecalcifierol, ergocalciferol) |
|
Definition
| Enhances intestinal absorption of calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphate, and zinc. Body can synthesize it with adequate sun exposure. Involved in calcium homeostasis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A non-enzymatic antioxidant that may alleviate lipid peroxidation. |
|
|
Term
| Vitamin E (mixed tocopherols) |
|
Definition
Can be found in corn oil, soybean oil, margarine and dressings.
Antioxidant-prevents peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Modifies certain proteins required for blood coagulation so they can bind Calcium ions. Synthesis of blood clotting factors. Acts as a cofcator for protein carboxylase. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Lowered by enzyme catalysis. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Perforating holes inside osteons, usually running at obtuse angles to the Haversian canals and contain anastomosing vessels between Haversian capillaries. They transmit blood vessels from periosteum into bone, providing energy and nourishment for osteons. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Has a lot of Arg side chains (positive charge) near membrane. Arg lever is less repulsed when positive charge on outside is lost. Allows K+ to move down gradient. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Does not fully dissociate when dissolved in water. Ex: acetic acid. Strong bases have weak conjugate acids, and vise versa. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A gelatinous substance within the umbilical cord also present in the vitreous humor of the eyeball, largely made up of mucopolysaccharides. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Besides brown adipose tissue, the other kind of adipose tissue found in mammals. In healthy, non-overweight humans it composes 20-25% of body weight. Have receptors for insulin, growth hormones, norepinephrine, and glucocorticoids. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Determines positions of non-hydrogen atoms. Protein must form a crystal. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Proteins that link the transmembrane proteins to the actin cytoskeleton. They bind to the claudins and occludens as well as actin filaments around the tight junction. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Gives tissues strength and resistance to stretch. Links the actin cytoskeletons to adjacent cells. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a collar beneath the apical surface of each cell that blocks the passage of lumenal contents between cells. Tight junction proteins form sealing strands comprised of claudin. Very prominent in blood/brain barrier. |
|
|
Term
| Zonula Occludens (occluding or tight junction) |
|
Definition
| Keeps material out. Functions as a collar beneath the apical surface of each cell, blocking passage of lumenal contents between cells. Tight junction proteins form sealing strands composed of claudin. Very important in blood brain barrier. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Dipolar Ions. In the dipolar form, the amino group is protonated and the carboxyl is deprotonated. At neutral pH, amino acids in solution exist in this ionic form, having both a positive and a negative charge in one molecule. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Adenosine is metabolized to this as a result of ischemic conditions. This can then lead to xanthine and uric acid once oxygen repurfusion is accomplished. |
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