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Foundations
Time in Research
4
Education
Post-Graduate
10/09/2006

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Term
Cross-Sectional Study
Definition
is one that takes place at a single point in time. In effect, you are taking a slice or cross-section of whatever it is you're observing or measuring.
Term
Longitudinal Study
Definition
is one that takes place over time. You measure your research participants on at least two separate occasions or at least two points in time. When you measure at different time points, we often say that you are measuring multiple waves of measurement. Just as with the repeated motion of the waves in the ocean or of waving with your hand, multiple waves of measurement refers to taking measurements on a variable several times.
Term
Repeated Measures (Longitudinal Designs)
Definition
Two or more waves of measurement over time. This is usually two to nineteen waves.
Term
Time Series (Longitudinal Design)
Definition
Many waves of measurement over time. This is usually 20 waves of measurement.
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