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| Mental events are a product of physical events in the brain |
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| 2 main events in Psychology |
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-Darwin's Origin of the Species
-William Wundt's experimental lab |
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| Aimed to understand the structure of the mind |
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Father of American Psychology
"Principles in Psychology" |
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| Focused on how behavioral processes function- how they enable an organism to survive, flourish, and adapt |
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| Psychodynamic perspective |
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| Role of unconscious processes in psychology- Frued |
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| emerged as reaction to psychodynamic persepctive- should be focused on seen behavior and not unseen mental processes- in terms of stimulus and response |
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| Pavlov- specific responses to specific stimuli can be trained |
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| Behaviorist- thought children were a blank slate and he could easily train them into perfect adults |
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| Rats and the "Skinner box" - operant conditioning - reinforcement |
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| Shape or form - study of perception- the whole is greater than the sum of its parts |
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| study of mental processes (i.e. perception, memory, attention, language, etc.) - |
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| Computer age and psychology |
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| Mind seen as a computer (1960's) - mind conceptualized as a computer - information is stored and retrieved - information is encoded |
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| Study of the brain - from molecular to cellular to systems levels - |
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| tries to link structure and function of the brain with human thought and action |
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| Two main themes of neuroscience |
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| localization and plasticity |
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| from phrenology to neuroimaging |
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| changes in the brain as a result of experience |
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Just noticeable difference- smallest difference in stimuli that can be detected - difference threshold - relationship between physical properties and our perception of them -
not considered a psychologist |
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| the increment threshold is a constant fraction of the standard stimulus - the amount by which a stimulus must be increased to be just noticeable is proportional to the original stimulus intensity |
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| the proportion by which intensity must be increased for the differences to be detected and varies across modalities |
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| published his first work in 1869 that was considered to be one of the first works in experimental psychology "Elemente der psychophysik" - started what became known as psychophysics |
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| detection/absolute threshold |
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Definition
| minimum intensity of a stimulus that can be measured - no signal below can be detected and all signals above can -however not everyone detects the same |
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| Method of constant stimuli |
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Definition
| multiple trials across a range of stimulus intensities are presented. - at least 50 trials are required - most comprehensive - can't measure extremes |
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| Methods for estimating thresholds |
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Definition
| Method of adjustment, method of limits, |
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| participants are asked to adjust stimulus intensity until just barely detectable - subjective because all participants are different |
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| intensity set well above threshold and slowly brought down - then set below and slowly raised - |
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