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| General William T. Sherman; Special Field Order 15: Set aside the Sea Islands and a large area along the South Carolina and Georgia coasts for the settlement of black families on forty-acre plots of land. He also offered them broken-down mules that the army could no longer use; 1865; Sea Islands and a large area along the South Carolina and Georgia coasts; To give newly freed blacks a place to settle; Important because Sherman’s order raised hopes that the end of slavery would be accompanied by the economic independence that they, like other Americans, believed essential to genuine freedom. |
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| 1865; Amendment adopted during Reconstruction and created by Radical Republicans as a reaction to the South's black codes; officially abolished slavery and involuntary servitude; first mention of the word "slave" in the Constitution; first major law to be passed over a presidential veto |
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| Congress; This amendment placed in the Constitution the principle of citizenship for all persons born in the United States, and which empowered the federal government to protect the rights of all Americans. The amendment prohibited the states from abridging the “privileges and immunities” of citizens or denying them the “equal protection of the law”; July 9, 1868; nowhere; just… because; Opened the door for future Congresses and the federal courts to breathe meaning into the guarantee of legal equality. |
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| Congress; This amendment prohibited the federal and state governments from denying any citizen the right to vote because of race; 1870; nowhere; Ulysses S. Grant won the election of 1868 for the democrats by 300,000 of 6 million votes. Republicans were very uncomfortable with this margin of victory (too slim) and so this came about to make the amount of voters greater and thus, the gap less slim; Significant because it gave black MEN the right to vote (although it still did not give the right to women or stop literacy tests, property qualifications, and poll taxes). |
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| Line of the Missouri Compromise of 1820; prohibited slavery in land in the Louisiana Purchase above the line, except for Missouri |
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| Worked toward the freeing of slaves in the South; Mostly in the North (William Lloyd Garrison, Frederick Douglass) but also had influence in the South (Grimke sisters); influenced the women's rights movement |
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| John Adams; The Alien Act allowed the deportation of persons from abroad deemed “dangerous” by federal authorities. The Sedition Act authorized the prosecution of virtually any public assembly or publication critical of the government; 1798; nowhere; to try to stop libelous outbursts against the administration. The main target was the Republican press, seen by Federalists as a group of upstart working men whose persistent criticism of the administration fomented popular rebelliousness and endangered “genuine liberty”; It thrust freedom of expression to the center of discussions of American liberty. |
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| President James Madison; An economic plan that rested on three pillars: A new national bank, a tariff on imported manufactured goods to protect American industry, and federal financing of improved roads and canals; During Madison’s annual message to Congress in December 1815 (now known as the State of the Union address); nowhere; government-promoted economic development (wanted financial independence from Great Britain); Significant because the tariff of 1816 offered protection to goods that could be produced in the United States. In 1816, a new Bank of the United States was created, with a twenty-year charter from Congress. Madison shot down the federal financing of improved roads and canals. |
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| Lincoln; a naval blockade of the South; during the Civil War; The 3,500-mile coastline; to strangle the South economically; Significant because by the war’s third year, southern armies were suffering from acute shortages of food, uniforms, and shoes. |
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Political Party System from about 1828-1854; Consisted of the Democratic Party (led by Andrew Jackson) and the Whig Party (led by Henry Clay, from the National Republicans); This second party system was CHARACTERIZED by increased voter interest and personal loyalty to party
Democrats: Supported the working people; no government interference in economy; state's rights
Whigs: Neo-Federalists; Supported American System and a powerful national government |
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| as a result of manifest destiny, many Americans settled in Texas, which was an isolated Mexican province; Mexico began trying to reassert power in Texas in 1830, which alarmed rebels who called for Texan independence in 1836; Texas Congress requested to join the US, but the gov’t ignored this; James K. Polk won 1844 election on grounds of annexing TX; this led to the Mexican-American War |
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| Bank of the United States |
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| Whigs proposed the idea of a national bank through the American System because they wanted the federal gov’t to guide economic development; Andrew Jackson, a Democrat, opposed the national bank – the Bank War became the central political struggle of the Age of Jackson; the Bank symbolized the hopes & fears of the market revolution -->helped to finance the nation’s economic development, but Democrats distrusted banks in general & associated their shortcomings with the national bank |
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| Bank of the US was the central political struggle of the Age of Jackson; a national bank would centralize the economy & put it in the hands of the federal gov’t, but Jackson & other Democrats [who supported individual growth, states’ rights, & “hard money” in gold & silver rather than centralized growth of the federal gov’t & paper currency] opposed the national Bank in favor of many individual banks; Jackson vetoed the Bank’s renewal & opened “pet banks,” state banks created to hold federal funds; caused the Panic of 1837 because there was no national Bank to supervise local banks & regulate the amount of paper money in circulation [caused inflation] |
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| 1862 battle in Maryland, Union victory; North kept South from capturing Washington, DC, [& subsequently winning], kept Britain from supporting the South, boosted northern morale, & Republicans secured Congress; Lincoln issued the Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation warning that unless the South surrendered by the end of 1862, he would decree abolition; Lincoln waited for a Union victory so it wouldn’t seem like an act of desperation |
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| 1863 battle in Pennsylvania, Union victory; turning point of the Civil War because Meade ended Lee’s invasion of the North; microcosm of the war because military strategies of each side were demonstrated |
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| final battle of the Northwest Indian War in 1794, American victory; Treaty of Greenville of 1795 – Indian tribes ceded land to the US, giving the US control over the whole Northwest Territory & ending conflict in the region until Tecumseh’s War in 1811 |
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| final major battle of the War of 1812 from 1814 – 1815, American victory; Andrew Jackson held off British forces from seizing New Orleans & the Louisiana Territory; reaffirmed American independence from Britain & inspired Americans to believe that America’s destiny was controlled by divine powers; Federalists’ unenthusiastic response caused their party’s demise |
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| laws passed by new southern governments that attempted to regulate the lives of former slaves; allowed legal marriage, ownership of property, & limited access to courts, but denied the rights to testify against whites, serve on juries/in state militias, or vote; declared that those who didn’t sign yearly labor contracts could be arrested & hired out to landowners; prompted Republicans in Congress [who had the majority because the South was not represented] to ratify the Reconstruction Amendments [13th, 14th, & 15th] |
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| Bleeding Kansas/ Kansas-Nebraska Act |
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Bleeding Kansas = civil war in Kansas from 1854 – 1858; proslavery Missourians went to Kansas to vote for slavery [popular sovereignty to decide slavery] & won the election; settlers from free states established a rival gov’t to counter the proslavery gov’t; demonstrates the conflicts involved with popular sovereignty
Kansas-Nebraska Act – 1854 act by Stephen Douglas [Illinois senator] that proposed to establish the states of & create territorial gov’ts for Kansas & Nebraska; status of slavery would be determined by popular sovereignty; repealed the Missouri Compromise, which stated that slavery was prohibited in these territories; shattered the Democratic Party’s unity; Whig party collapsed; South = Democratic & North = Republican |
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| person from the North who moved to post-Civil War South during Reconstruction to take advantage of situation – worked with scalawags – southern white republican – to political control Southern states - |
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| revivalist preacher of the 1820s & 1830s in upstate New York [burned over district] who used emotion & the promise of salvation to instill religious beliefs; democratized Christianity & made it a mass enterprise [2nd Great Awakening] |
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| Cherokee were part of the “5 Civilized Tribes” because they assimilated well into the European-American culture [language, Constitution, schools, & Christianity]; however, they were still forced off their land in Georgia, through the Trail of Tears, to allocated lands [reservations] west of the Mississippi River; gave the US control over the entire land east of the Mississippi River; enacted by the Indian Removal Act of 1830 by Andrew Jackson |
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| proposed by Illinois senator Lyman Trumbull; defined all persons born in US as citizens & spelled out their rights [disregarding race, but not gender]; equality before the law:→ first attempt to give concrete meaning to the 13th Amendment [abolished slavery] to define freedom in terms of the law; Johnson vetoed it because it would increase power of national gov’t & decrease states’ rights; first major law that overrode a presidential veto It Eventually became the 14th Amendment |
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| California wanted to join the Union as a free state, which upset the South because of sectional balance of slave vs. free states represented in Congress; California admitted as free, slave trade abolished in DC, Fugitive Slave Law enforced, status of slavery in remaining Mexican territories based on popular sovereignty; Fugitive Slave Law rivaled the concept of states’ rights & increased tension concerning slavery between North & South |
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| term used to describe captured former slaves by Northern army – often aided the Union army |
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laws passed during the Civil War with the intention of freeing slaves still held by Confederate forces in the South
First Confiscation Act [1861] – authorized the confiscation of any Confederate property [including slaves] by Union forces
Second Confiscation Act [1862] – the slaves of any Confederate official [military or civilian] who did not surrender within 60 days of the act’s passage would be freed; only applicable to Confederate areas already occupied by Union army |
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| created separate values for women, especially virtue [innocence, beauty, dependence on men] & taking care of families while husbands worked; separate “spheres” of life for men & women, who did simple work such as domestic servants, in factories, seamstresses, & “putting out system;” based on Victorian cultural qualities of the 19th century |
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| after Andrew Jackson refused to take part in the deal, John Quincy Adams won the election of 1824 because of Henry Clay’s corrupt bargain: Clay was Speaker of the House [had great influence over Congress], & he traded Adams’s presidency for Clay becoming Secretary of State |
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| resolution by John J. Crittenden & Andrew Johnson passed by Congress after the Civil War started in 1861; stated that the war wouldn’t interfere with slavery where it already existed but would defend the Constitution; affirmed that the North’s main goal [at the start of the Civil War] was to preserve the Union & the Constitution |
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| anti-slavery document published in 1829 by David Walker [free black originally from the South] written with the intent of instilling pride in black readers; inspired Nat Turner to start his insurrection |
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| Declaration of Sentiments |
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| the abolitionist doctrine of universal freedom & equality was adopted for women’s fight for rights; Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Lucretia Mott held the Seneca Falls Convention in Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848 to voice their opinions on women’s rights; presented the Declaration of Sentiments, which was based on the Declaration of Independence & outlined the rights they wanted [especially voting]; Elizabeth Cady Stanton = principal author |
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| 1857 – Dred Scott was moved around into free territory, claimed he was as a result free, challenge went to supreme court who ruled that he was not a person and had no legal right to be there, invalidates all previous territorial compromises, including popular sovereignty. |
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| Election of 1800 - Jefferson’s election in 1800, the change from Federalist to Republican [Democratic-Republican→ Democratic beliefs such as states’ rights] leadership; goal = minimize federal power & chance of a centralized state, power should be in the hands of the people [especially small yeoman farmers]; was the first contested presidential election |
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| democrats split North/South, need to bridge sectional divide to win but cannot, Constitutional Party and Republicans also contend, Lincoln of Republicans win, chosen for his antislavery Whig, moderate, rural upbringing, need Illinois to win – leads to Southern states seceding before Lincoln even being inaugurated |
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| invented the cotton gin in 1793; made the growing & selling of cotton on a large scale possible by speeding up the seeding process; entrenched slaves deeper into their societal role as working for cotton plantation owners because they were needed to harvest and prepare the South’s new major export, cotton. |
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| women’s rights activist in New York in the mid-1800s & principle author of the Declaration of Sentiments, which was presented at the Seneca Falls Convention, which she helped hold; played an integral role in the women’s rights movement & helped to inspire other women to join it |
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| Emancipation Proclamation |
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| signed on January 1, 1863, freed slaves only in Confederacy; actual liberation would only come after Union victory; no compensation to slaveholders or colonization of the freed slave [first time slaves would be recognized as part of American society]; committed the gov’t to enlisting black soldiers in Union army; represented the changing ideas of freedom in American society [the face of the war changed from just preserving the Union to freeing slaves & a battle between societies – free vs. slave]; took greater effect once the North pushed into the South |
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| war between Britain & France resumed in 1803; both countries tried to deny trade with America to the rival; Jefferson enacted an Embargo that placed a ban on all American vessels sailing for foreign ports; demonstrated the crisis between US & Britain & deteriorating Indian relations in the West [pressures for the War of 1812] |
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| 1815 – 1825 [Monroe’s 2 terms as president]; end of the Federalist Party; misnomer because there was neither 1 party in existence nor political harmony; neo-federalism → government had to promote economic growth & progress--> Proposed the American System: new Bank of the US, strong defense, & tariff to promote American industry |
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| after John C. Calhoun led the nullification of Jackson’s “tariff of abominations” [1828 increase of taxes on imported manufactured goods to stimulate American manufacture; opposed by South because they had to import manufactured goods]; Jackson got Congress to pass a Force Bill [to use army to collect taxes]; however, confrontation was avoided when Clay & Calhoun passed a new lower tariff |
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| Lincoln knew the imminence of the war, so he waited for the South, not the Union, to make the first move; this happened at Fort Sumter in April 1861 in Charleston, South Carolina; the first battle of the Civil War; Union victory |
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| escaped slavery & became a free man; avid & renowned abolitionist; also advocated women’s rights; demonstrated the connection between abolitionism & women’s rights |
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Free Soil Party organized by opponents of slavery; Martin van Buren was the candidate for the 1848 election [became popular & split the Democrat vote, so Whig candidate Zachary Taylor won]; Free Soil movement appealed to Northerners because of the precedent of keeping all new territories free from slavery & keeping the South from dominating the federal gov’t; also called for federal gov’t to provide free homesteads to settlers
party, ideology of America as no slavery, free labor, free men, template for success, not abolitionist, keep out because do not want to compete with slaves, critical of south as being inferior, stagnant, aristocratic, slavery leads to laziness |
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| Reconstruction agency established in 1865 to protect the legal rights of former slaves & to assist with their education, jobs, healthcare, & landowning; lasted from 1865 to 1870; however, no land distribution took place, so the vast majority of rural freed people remained poor & without property during Reconstruction & were largely confined to farm work, unskilled labor, & service jobs |
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| passed in the Compromise of 1850; allowed special federal commissioners to determine the fate of alleged fugitives without benefit of a jury trial or even testimony by the accused individual; prohibited local authorities from interfering with the capture of fugitives; rivaled states’ rights because it brought federal agents into communities throughout the North, who had the power to override local law enforcement & judicial procedures to return runaway slaves |
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| the exclusion of discussion of slavery from the American public sphere, by Congress from 1831 to 1844; aroused resentment in the North – believed that it encroached upon right to free speech; demonstrates the unwillingness to even talk about the issue of slavery & the growing tension building between Northern & Southern societies |
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Lincoln’s speech after the Battle of Gettysburg in Pennsylvania in 1863; identified the goals of both the nation & the war; created a unified nation [instead of a bunch of separate states] based on a set of universal ideas & political democracy; marked a transition from a union of states to one nation
speech by Lincoln after battle of Gettysburg – changed goals of war to preserving Union to freeing slaves – state’s rights would no longer be dominant |
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| proposed by Benjamin Lundy in the early 1800s [1819 – 1821]; gradual emancipation sought to assure Southern slave owners that they would not lose the investment capital in slaves [appease the need of slave holders to have slaves to maintain plantations and, in effect, the Southern economy]; demonstrated that even antislavery figures joined the concept of citizenship with whiteness → the acceptance of blacks as citizens would not come until Emancipation Proclamation |
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| a legal action, or writ, through which a person can seek relief from their unlawful detention or that of another person |
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Federalists’ last stand in 1814; New England Federalists gathered at Hartford, Connecticut, to voice their party’s grievances, especially about Virginia presidents’ domination of the federal gov’t & their region’s declining influence as compared to new western states entering the Union & strong Southern power [because of the 3/5 clause]
The Federalists Disbanded after this |
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| British practice of kidnapping American sailors to serve in their navy in the late 1700s; one of the causes for the War of 1812 |
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Jackson’s ascendancy as head of Democrats; led to Democratic reforms [moving to universal male suffrage], but not everyone benefitted equally; rejected the notion that only the elite should benefit from politics; Democratic Party objectives → rid gov’t of class bias, dismantle hard $ policies of banks, opposed programs of internal improvements of infrastructure, demanded access to land
ascension of Jackson, led to democratic reforms, expanded suffrage, restructured federal institution, politically constraints of men break down, universal white make suffrage, came about as a result of market revolution, still encourages slavery and Indian removal – led to rise of mass politics, not all-inclusive democracy though |
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won 1844 election on grounds of reannexing Texas; planned for military action to take the land [Mexican-American War]
starts war with Mexico, over disputed territory, sends troops to disputed area, Mexico attacks them, and many see war as unnecessary |
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1794 treaty between US & Britain to avert war, solved problems left over from the American Revolution, & opened 10 years of peaceful trade
between US and Britain – Washington administration - averted war and solved issues left unresolved after Revolution – Jefferson opposed to it – Britain troops left US territory – want compensation for slaves and merchant ships – trade with West Indies –boundary with Canada – British aiding Indians |
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| Jeffersonian Republicanism |
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Jefferson’s goal as president was to restore the principles of the American Revolution, which had been obliterated by the Federalists [through heavy taxes, expanding power of the federal gov’t, & a privileged upper class of the wealthy], so Jefferson wanted to expand the rights of the individual commoners: frugal & limited gov’t, reduction of public debt, respect for states’ rights, encouragement of agriculture, & a limited role for gov’t in people’s lives
1800-1820 – contrast with Jacksonian democracy – representative democracy – aid state and resist corruption – yeomen farmer is most civic virtue, independent from corruption – financiers/bankers/industrialists live in cities and have corruption – spread liberty throughout world without alliances – government dangerous but necessary to ensure safety of the people – separation of church and state – Bill of Rights is central – must honor states rights – no standing army/navy - |
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| led an 1859 abolitionist assault on the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia; increased sectional tensions [Northern freedom vs. Southern slavery] |
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| Democratic/Democratic-Republican leading Southern politician from South Carolina; advocate of slavery, states’ rights, limited gov’t, secession, & was the leader of nullification |
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Democratic/Democratic-Republican leading Southern politician from South Carolina; advocate of slavery, states’ rights, limited gov’t, secession, & was the leader of nullification
served over Marbury vs. Madison |
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| led a group of Creek & Cherokee mixed Indian-white people [along with Major Ridge] to endorse the US federal policy of promoting “civilization;” “principle chief” of the Cherokees led the adopted policy of passive resistance when the Marshall [Supreme] Court ruled that the federal, not state, gov’t should deal with Indian problems, & Jackson refused to recognize the validity of this ruling |
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| ruling in ways that enhance the power of the federal gov’t; linked Constitution with capitalism; used by John Marshall, who was a Federalist who helped shape the Supreme Court |
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| refers to the extreme influence that cotton had in the South; shaped the entire economy; Old South had monopoly on cotton production, facilitated by slavery; early industrial revolution was centered on factories using cotton as the raw material, so cotton became the most important commodity; led to the planters’ glorification of a hierarchical agrarian society with paternalism towards slaves [maintained order & provided a source of labor]; massive slave trade developed within the US & became a major southern business [economies of older states like Virginia relied on selling slaves]; also impacted the North: $ earned in cotton trade financed industrial development, internal improvements, & major trade export; wealthiest Americans pre-Civil War were South Carolina planters; proslavery sentiments led to sectional controversy |
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| value associated with Jeffersonian Republicanism that advocates the individual’s role in society as being more important than that of the federal gov’t, enforces states’ rights |
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| held for the Illinois Senate election of 1858 [Stephen Douglas vs. Abraham Lincoln]; while Douglas supported the middle ground of popular sovereignty, Lincoln believed that America must choose either slave or free [hated slavery but was willing to compromise to preserve the Union]; although Douglas won the election, different definitions of freedom were established, & Lincoln’s view on slavery was made clear |
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| 1803 purchase of French territory in the US that doubled the size of the US & ended French presence in North America; western expansion was a part of manifest destiny |
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| Massachusetts city where many factories were built [utilized power looms for weaving cotton cloth] as a result of British imports cut off [because of Embargo of 1807] & the War of 1812; factories brought together all phases of production; stimulated slavery because factories needed raw material of cotton to produce a finished product |
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| the belief that the US had a divinely appointed mission to occupy all of North America; their right to the continent was provided by the nation’s mission to extend the area of freedom; caused Western expansion in the Louisiana Purchase, the annexation of Mexican territories, & the pushing of Native Americans off of their own land |
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| Marbury vs. Madison / Judicial Review |
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Definition
1803 court case detailing: before Adams left office, he appointed a # of Supreme Court judges; Madison [Secretary of State under Jefferson] wouldn’t allow these “midnight judges,” & Marbury sued for his position; Marshall ruled that the Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional; Supreme Court assumed the right to determine the Constitutionality of an act of Congress [“judicial review”]
Judicial review: a precedent established by Marshall, a process where federal courts determine if something follows the Constitution; concentrated power at the federal level & increased the power of the Supreme Court |
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| 1800 – 1840; caused by innovations in transportation & communication [roads, steamboat, canal, railroad, & telegraph → opened new land to settlement, lowered transportation costs, & made it easier to distribute & sell products]; opened farmers to national & world markets, so they became major consumers; Erie Canal [1825] opened trade between Great lakes & NYC & caused settlement; Western settlement created the cotton kingdom of the Deep South & increased the demand for cotton [facilitated by Eli Whitney’s cotton gin]; South remained rural & dependent on plantation economy, while North integrated the economy of commercial farms & manufacturing cities [both sides depended on each other → markets for farmers, raw materials for northern factories, & loans & insurance provided by cities]; growth of cities, factory system [especially textiles], early industrialization, change of work life, demand for labor met by increased immigration |
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1846 – 1848; Mexico began to reassert power in Texas in 1830; American rebel settlers in the area were alarmed by potential Mexican control & called for Texan independence, Texas Congress requested to join US in 1837, but US gov’t ignored the problem; James K. Polk won 1844 election on grounds of reannexing Texas & extending Oregon’s northern boundary, planned for military action to take these & California from Mexico; war ended with Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo: annexed Texas & ceded California, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, & Utaha; US paid Mexico $15 million
completed manifest destiny; race defined in new territories; California gold rush brought a diverse non-Indian population from 1848 - 1860 |
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Federalists were beginning to lose power in the federal gov’t & could only retain control over judicial branch; Adams tried to prevent Democratic Jefferson from appointing a new non-Federalist member to Court & expanded the circuit courts to add more Federalist judges [midnight judges]; led to Marbury v. Madison trial, where judicial nationalism & judicial review were established
Adams last night of presidency appointed many judges to federal position – Madison does not deliver some letters – Marbury was part of those not delivered – write of mandamus – court order to deliver appointments – John Marshall Chief Justice affirms that Marbury was right - Judicial review established – Jefferson torn between having judges or having judiciary branch gain power |
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| 1820 decision stating that Maine would be admitted to the Union as a free state to balance free & slave states when Missouri was admitted; no slavery in Louisiana Purchase, except for Missouri, north of Missouri’s southern border [36’30’]; demonstrated Congress’s attempts to keep territories [areas that had not yet entered the Union as states] free from slavery; disregarded when the Kansas-Nebraska act [passed in 1854] stated that Kansas & Nebraska [north of Missouri’s southern border, so they should’ve remained free] would enter the Union & determine slavery by popular sovereignty |
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| meta-ethical view that certain actions are either absolutely right or wrong, devoid of the context of the act |
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| 1831 slave rebellion in Southampton County, Virginia, led by Nat Turner [slave preacher & mystic]; as a result, Virginia legislature passed new laws in 1832 to further enslave blacks [no blacks could preach, strengthened militia & patrol systems, banned blacks from having firearms, & prohibited teaching slaves to read; marked the sectional differences between North & South concerning slavery |
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| Nullification Controversy |
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| Andrew Jackson passed the “tariff of abominations” in 1828 to increase taxes on imported manufactured goods [to stimulate American manufacture & economy]; opposed by the South, especially in South Carolina, because they were not industrialized & would have to pay the higher taxes on imported manufactured goods; John C. Calhoun led nullification; crisis occurred when Jackson got Congress to pass a Force Bill [use army to collect taxes], but confrontation was avoided when Clay & Calhoun passed a new lower tariff; laid the foundation for Civil War secession [South Carolina was first] |
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| occurred when European demand for American products & demand for Western land decreased; created distrust in national bank, & some states retaliated by taxing its local branches [Marshall Court case McCulloch v. Maryland – 1819, states didn’t have power to tax a federal institution]; first time since market revolution that there was a depression; affected America with unemployment, & the national $ system collapsed; 2nd party of Democrats created by Martin van Buren as a result of this [wanted to revert to Jefferson’s era of gov’t & his ideals] |
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| occurred as a result of the Bank War; there was no national bank, so local banks were unsupervised & issued a lot of paper $; this caused the speculative boom to collapse, Specie Circular [Andrew Jackson’s policy that gov’t land must be paid for in gold & silver, demonstrated his Democratic hard $ beliefs] issued, economic decline in Britain caused decreased demand for American cotton [a major export, so this caused more American economic trouble]; Martin van Buren elected in 1836 & created the Independent Treasure in 1840 [completely separated federal gov’t from nation’s banking system & split the Democratic party]; Democratic split caused William Henry Harrison [Whig] to be elected in 1840 & replaced Democratic politics with market logic |
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| unity movements that occurred in North America between 1762 & 1891; occurred in opposition of US gov’t trying to assimilate Indians into American society & culture |
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| the way that plantation slave owners viewed their obligation to own slaves; own them & treat them as part of their family because they would have a worse life otherwise |
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| during Bank War; state banks where federal funds were relocated to; demonstrated the Democratic distrust in the national bank & willingness to create many small, state-owned banks to hold federal funds |
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| practice of having the people living in a territory trying to become a state vote on whether they want their state to be free or slave; caused problems such as Bleeding Kansas & Kansas-Nebraska Act & the Compromise of 1850 |
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| Radical Reconstruction / Republicans |
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Definition
Radical Republicans wanted to dissolve the southern gov’ts created by Johnson & establish new ones with “rebels” excluded from power & give black men the right to vote; they embraced the increased powers of the federal gov’t, which resulted from the Civil War; most prominent radicals were Charles Sumner & Thaddeus Stevens; impetus → former slaves’ demands for right to vote, Radicals’ commitment to equality, hatred of Johnson’s policies, desire to fortify the Republican Party in the south, & wanting to keep ex-Confederates out of office
Radical Reconstruction, caused by Radical Republicans, was based on the Civil Rights Acts [divided the South into 5 military districts & created new state gov’ts giving blacks the right to vote; defined all persons born in US as citizens & spelled out their rights; equality before the law]; inspired outbursts of political organization by blacks who took action to obtain their rights |
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| Reconstruction Amendments |
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13th, 14th, & 15th amendments
14th → principle of citizenship for all persons born in US & empowered the federal gov’t to protect rights of all Americans, prohibited states from going against these rules, didn’t grant blacks the right to vote but did state that a state’s representation in Congress would decrease if any group of men were denied the right to vote
15th → prohibited federal & state gov’ts from denying any citizen the right to vote because of race; however, suffrage restrictions [literacy tests, property qualifications, & poll taxes] still occurred, left out women
all 3 increased the power of the federal gov’t & solidified the Civil Rights Acts |
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| in the absence of a strong national gov’t, political & social activities were run by voluntary associations; reforms = abolitionism, temperance, increase condition of wage laborer, expand public education, improve prison & asylum conditions [& try to help them]. & reorganize society based on cooperation & not competitive individualism; worked to convert public opinion to support these causes |
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Northern party that was committed to abolition & rights for freed people; enacted Reconstruction in the South
Organized in 1854 by anti-slavery Whigs, Democrats, & Free Soilers in response to the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act; nominated John C. Fremont for president in 1856 & Abraham Lincoln in 1860 |
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political theory in 18th century England & America that celebrated active participation in public life by economically independent citizens as central to freedom
trusted virtuous men are independent, society values virtues, rejects inherit political powers, inalienable rights |
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| Jefferson’s election in 1800, the change from Federalist to Republican [Democratic-Republican→ Democratic beliefs such as states’ rights] leadership; goal = minimize federal power & chance of a centralized state, power should be in the hands of the people [especially small yeoman farmers]; was the first contested presidential election |
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| stereotypical idea of slave being carefree and ignorant, bought slaves privacy – pretend to be compliant – further reiterating stereotype |
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| Southern white Republicans – some former Unionists – who supported Reconstruction governments |
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| counter-revolution; South Carolina was the first to secede on 12/20/1860 & lower tier states followed suit the next month; Confederacy organized itself & drafted a constitution within 3 months of Lincoln’s election; although this was over the issue of slavery, most of the South did not had them & had to be convinced to join the cause so that those who had slaves could gather enough supporters; justified by the Declaration of Independence being founded on secession; Confederate States of America – president = Jefferson Davis, capital = Montgomery, Alabama |
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| started by Charles Grandison Finny in upstate New York from 1790 – 1840s; movement that returned to religious roots → people could be saved [not just damned to Hell], 19th century reform impulse on industrialization wanted to create a better workforce, temperance [families were falling apart because of alcohol]; added religious underpinning to the era’s celebration of personal self-improvement, self-reliance, & self-determination; characterized by emotional preaching, democratizing Christianity to make it a mass enterprise, private judgment in spiritual matters, salvation thru faith & good works; happened in conjunction with market revolution, so ministers took advantage of this [raised funds, traveled, & had mass participation; however, they criticized the market revolution’s materialism & individualism] |
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| convention held in Seneca Falls, New York, by Lucretia Mott & Elizabeth Cady Stanton to discuss women’s rights & produce their Declaration of Sentiments; stemmed from the abolitionist movement because women took their first public role in supporting abolitionism [established connection between racism & sexism]; women were separated from men [stayed at home while men went to work] in 2 separate spheres because of the market revolution/cult of domesticity, heterosexual [marriage] & homosocial [women friends with other women], & women have moral superiority over men [but that’s it] |
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| Separate Spheres / Cult of Domesticity |
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| the market revolution [1800 – 1840] created separate spheres for men & women – men worked & earned money while women took care of the home & family; this created the cult of domesticity |
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| slaves created a syncretic culture that blended American & African traditions [to keep them alive while under the institution]; semi-independent culture centered on family & church, African influences in music & dance, style of religious worship, & healers’ use of herbs [African traditions & American values & experiences]; gender roles absent from work but emerged during their free time [with men doing work & women maintaining the home]; Christianity [mostly Baptist & Methodist] prevailed, served as a form of solace |
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| supported by many southerners who had supported the new Constitution; insisted that the federal gov’t could only exercise powers specifically listed in the Constitution; was a reaction to the increased powers of the federal gov’t during Reconstruction |
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Lincoln’s plan for reconstruction of south – pardons all rebels except top if they sign oath loyalty - once 10% signed on state could apply to reenter union – states sign onto congressional bills with slavery, TN, AR, LO, VA reenter with this plan
Lincoln’s lenient plan for political reorganization of the South; amnesty & full restoration of rights to white Southerners who took an oath of loyalty to the Union; after 10% of voters had taken the oath, they could elect a new state gov’t, which was required to support Emancipation Proclamation & any amendment dealing with abolishing slavery; lenient because Lincoln’s main goal [which now included abolitionism] was primarily to preserve the Union easily |
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| brother of Tecumseh – led Shawnee tribe – fought in Tecumseh’s War – Battle of Tippecanoe – continued into war of 1812 – fought Americans to keep out ot the land - |
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| Indian Removal Act of 1830 passed by Jackson to clear Indians off land to make room for white settlers, especially in Georgia; resulted in the removal of the Cherokee on the Trail of Tears [forced to walk further West to clear room for white settlers]; caused by manifest destiny |
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| 1918 book depicting the antebellum South → racist interpretation, slavery a “benign” institution, slavery not profitable, paternalism: masters & sense of duty; although slavery produced great wealth, it was an economic dead end that left the South bypassed by the industrial revolution that was flourishing in the North; would have faded away without the Civil War, which he considered a needless conflict; countered by Kenneth Stampp in 1956 that described blacks as “white men in black skins” [step toward freedom but denies cultural difference] & resistance disguised as laziness & deceit |
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| Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions |
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reactions to the Alien & Sedition Acts
Virginia Resolution → federal courts would protect free speech
Kentucky Resolution → states could nullify laws of Congress that violated the Constitution |
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| opposing plan for Reconstruction to Lincoln’s 10% Plan; a majority of southern voters needed to take oath before Reconstruction could begin & guaranteed blacks equality before the law [but not the right to vote]; failed because Lincoln wouldn’t sign it; no real agreement for Reconstruction was reached |
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| new generation of political leaders, mostly from the West, who were ardent nationalists; led by Henry Clay [from Kentucky] & John C. Calhoun [from South Carolina]; instigated war to defend the national honor of the US against British insults & annex Canada & Florida; believed that unimpeded access to overseas markets were essential for the agrarian republic to prosper |
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| war between US and Britain – caused by Britain seizing US trips trading with France – British impressments of US citizens – British military support to American Indians – battle fought in Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic Coasts, Northern Frontier, and Gulf of Mexico Coast – war ended in stalemate – Treaty of Ghent – restore relations between countries - – lead to Era of good Feelings – stops partisan animosity – unites country |
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– over tariff – and repealing, Webster from MA, Hayne blamed tariff as cause of SC’s problems, brought up nullification, defend slavery, Webster has strong response regarded as one of the best congressional speeches ever
US Senate debate in 1830 between Daniel Webster [Massachusetts] & Robert Hayne [South Carolina] over nullification & states’ rights |
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| founded in 1834 to unite factions opposed to President Andrew Jackson, the party favored federal responsibility for internal improvements; the party ceased to exist by the late 1850s, when party members divided over the slavery issue |
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| prominent abolitionist, journalist, & social reformer from Massachusetts; founded the radical abolitionist newspaper The Liberator & was one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society; supported & promoted immediate emancipation of slaves & women’s suffrage |
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| proposal to prohibit slavery in any land acquired in the Mexican War, but southern senators, led by John C. Calhoun of South Carolina, defeated the measure in 1846 & 1847 |
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