• Beowolf is an epic poem.
• Beowolf was written in England.
• It was written in Anglo-Saxon not Latin.
• Authors of the poem are unknown.
• He was a great warrior and ruler.

• Occured during the reign of Charlemagne.
• Charlemagne wanted to educate the monks and clergy to better understand Christian writting.
• Rulers, noblemen funded monasteries.
• In the monasteries they copied books & manuscripts.
• Developed writing with uppercase and lowercase.

• Father of english literature.
• Greatest english poet of the middle ages.
• He wrote the Canterbury Tales.
• First poet to be barried at Westminister Abbey, London.

• Founded by William the Pious.
• Monastery was free from any feudal resposibilities to him or any lord.
• Monastery had high religious behavior.
• Monastery had vast religious influence. 

• Wars sponcered by the Papacy.
• Pope Urban II proclaimed the first crusade.
• War was to recover holy city of Jerusalem from Muslims.
• Engaging in a holy war could shorten one's time in purgatory.

• He wrote The Devine Comedy.
• It was written in Italian.
• Devine comedy was an epic poem of 100 cantos(verses).
• Deveine comedy described realms of next world: hell, purgaotry, & paradise.
• Devine comedy embodied the psychological tensions of the age.

Dominicans and Franciscans

(D & F)

• Dominicans were followers of Saint Dominic.
• Franciscans were followers of Saint Francis.
• D & F were friars not monks.
• Friars wanted more contact with oridinary Christians then be secluded like monks.

• One of the most powerful Holy Roman Emporer.
• He had broad interest & abilities he was called "wonder of the world."
• He grew up in a multicultural scicily & spoke six languages.
• He supported scientist, scholars, and artists no matter what their religion was.

• They made church ceilings lighter.
• They also made arches to support the roof to put in windows.
• Cathedrals were tall as 119 feet from floor to ceiling.
• Took more than one generation to finish the cathedrals.

• Association of artisans or merchants.
• They control practice of their crafts in town, wouldn't allow outsiders to sell similar products in town.
• They became part of governing bodies.
• Craft guilds regulated quality standards for their products.

• Her first work was scivias.
• She kept records of her mystical visions.
• left abbey to find a covenant of Repertsburg.
• only woman at the time whose opinion on religious matter wwere considered authoritative by the church.

• French peasent girl.
• co-commander of entire french army.
• captured by the Burgundians.
• Claimed to hear voices of Saint Michael, Catnerine, and Margarat.

• English Scholar and theologian.
• Wrote that sunpure(scripture?) alone should be the standard of Christian belief.
• produced the first complete translation of the bible into english.
• followers were called Lollards.

• Schools were called "studium generale".
• originated from middle ages priests instructing boys on the mannor.
• Studied roman law.
• students at the universities were generally considered to be lower level members of the clergy.

• Sun of a minor Brenton Knight.
• Studied in Paris.
• writings were majorly censored by the church.
• Spent later years in an abbot(abby?).

• 13th century scholastic.
• His collection of knowledge was published, called the Summa.
• invested the branch of philosophy called epistomology.
• his work became the fundamental text of roman catholic docterine.

• Heavy plow allowed to plant in soils too hard to dig by hand. 
• Hour glass to measure time precisely each time. 
• Eyeglasses were invented in the middle ages.
• Printing press by Gutenberg.

• "atro mors" the dreadful death was translated as the black death.
• Victim coughs violently and spit blood.
• 14th century outbreak.
• Bacilli entering the bloodstream signaling death with in 2-3 days.

• disagreement over rights to land.
• dispute over the sucession of the French throne.
• lasted 116 years. 1137-1453
• England vs. France

• Bishop of Cantebury in 1162.
• protested that church law required clerics to be subject to church courts.
• assasinated by king Hnery II knights.
• Becket was made a saint.