Term
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Definition
AMBROSIA BEETLE
-Attack most pine species & hardwoods
•-Infest weakened & dying trees, green logs & unseasoned lumber
•-Degrade lumber & reduce strength
-Dark reddish brown in color
•-About ¼” long
-Usually have sharp spines at the rear
-Large piles of fine white granular dust below entrance holes or at the base of standing trees
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-Darkly stained galleries
•-Adults bore into sapwood or heartwood of logs and lumber
•-Females lay eggs in small clusters
•-Timber is not attacked unless moisture content of wood is at least 48%
•-Seasoned lumber is never infested
No chemical control recommended in
the forest
•-Rapid utilization of cut timber
•-Fast drying of lumber helps prevent damage
•-Winter harvest & storage
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Term
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Definition
BLACK TURPENTINE BEETLE
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•Attacks all pines native to the South
•Most serious in pine naval stores
•3/8” in length, , Round rear end
Attack fresh stumps
•Attack lower trunks (0-15’) of living pines
•Initial attacks generally within 2’ of the ground
•Identified by white to reddish-brown pitch tubes, about the size of a half-dollar
Adult beetles bore into the cambium & construct galleries
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•Eggs laid in clusters & hatch in 10-14 days
•Life cycle takes from 2 ½ to 4 months, depending on the season
•2-4 generations a year
Natural enemies & good tree vigor keep populations at low levels
•Preventive sprays effective for high value trees
•Prompt removal of infested trees helps control outbreaks
•Management practices that promote tree vigor & minimize root & trunk damage help prevent infestations
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Term
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Definition
IPS ENGRAVER BEETLE
Kill more pine timber in the south than any other forest insect, with the exception of the SPB
•Usually attack injured, dying or recently felled trees & fresh logging debris
•Common in trees weakened by drought or lightning strikes
•1/8 to 1/5 of an inch long
•Scooped out rear end with 4-6 spines on each side
First signs of attack are reddish-brown boring dust in bark crevices or reddish-brown pitch tubes about dime size on bark surfaces
•Y & H shaped egg galleries with short larval galleries extending perpendicular to them, usually free of boring dust, Pitch tubes found from the ground to the top of the trees
•Blue-stain fungi introduced when the beetles attack the tree, visible in the sapwood & hasten the death of the trees
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•New adults emerge after 21-40 days during the summer
The best control is prompt removal & utilization of actively infested trees
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•Chemical control is not feasible under forest conditions
•Preventive practices include minimizing logging damage to remaining trees & quick removal of felled trees
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Term
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Definition
SOUTHERN PINE BEETLE
The most destructive pest of pines in the southern United States
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•Attacks & can kill all species of pines but prefers loblolly, shortleaf, Virginia, pond & pitch
•Front of the head is notched and the hind end of its body is rounded, 1/8 inch long
•Larva is crescent-shaped and whitish, with an amber head
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•-Tree exudes resin which forms a small pitch tube about the size of a small piece of popcorn
•-Beetles construct winding, S-shaped galleries, which cut across and girdle the tree
•-Blue-stain fungus in the sapwood hasten the death of the tree
•-First indication of mortality is discoloration of the foliage
•-Trees may be killed singly or in groups ranging from a few trees to several hundred acres
Adults construct winding galleries in the inner bark
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•One life cycle can be completed in 30 days under ideal conditions
•3-7 generations per year depending on latitude, elevation & climate
•Integrated pest management techniques such as rapid removal & utilization of infested trees, piling & burning of infested materials, chemical
control in high value resources
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