Term
| What did Alphonse Bertillion contribute to the field of forensics? |
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Definition
| First scientific system of person identification. Distinguished individuals based on different body measurements (Anthropometry) |
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Term
| Francis Galton discovered... |
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Definition
| Fingerprints were unique and estimated the probability of two people having the same print |
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Term
| Leone Lattes found that... |
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Definition
| Blood can be grouped into different categories (A, B, AB, and O) |
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Term
| Who discovered the structure of DNA? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who invented the polymerase chain reaction? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe Locard's principle |
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Definition
| The exchange of materials between two objects that occurs whenever two objects come into contact with one another (cross-transfer) |
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Term
| What are the three phases alcohol goes through in the body? |
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Definition
| Absorption, distribution, and elimination |
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Term
| How long does it take for alcohol to absorb into the body? |
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Definition
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Term
| How, where, and what amount is alcohol absorbed and why |
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Definition
| Mucous surfaces of the stomach and small intestine by simple diffusion, 25% in stomach 75% in small intestine (due to its greater surface area) |
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Term
| Why does alcohol absorb more quickly on an empty stomach? |
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Definition
| The pyloric valve leading from the esophagus to the stomach is open when the stomach is empty, allowing more alcohol through |
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Term
| How much alcohol do you burn off in an hour? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the absorption rate depend on? |
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Definition
-Amount of alcohol consumed
-Empty versus full stomach
-Concentration of alcohol
-Total time drinking |
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Term
| Where does 90% of alcohol go to be broken down? What breaks it down? |
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Definition
| The liver; alcohol dehydrogenase |
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Term
| How does alcohol make it into your breath? |
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Definition
| Alcohol is dispersed into the blood stream through the stomach/small intestine, where it's carried to the pulmonary artery, and into the capillaries which come into close contact with the alveoli cells, transferring the volatile (gas) alcohol from blood to lungs |
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Term
| Where does the highest and most accurate alcohol concentration come from? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the blood breath ratio for most people? |
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Definition
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Term
| If a person blows a .08 on their first test and a .06 on their second, which is the more accurate? |
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Definition
| The .08, because you can't blow higher than your actual BAC |
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Term
| What are the only ways to eliminate alcohol from your system? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the last 10% of alcohol eliminated by? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the urine to blood ratio? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the steps for taking a urine sample and why? |
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Definition
| Void the bladder, wait 20 minutes, then take another sample. The first void is for toxicology purposes and can't be used because you have no idea the last time they urinated was. The second test represents a known time so the elimination can be calculated |
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Term
| When is a urine test offered? |
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Definition
| Only if a blood or breath test is not available/possible |
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Term
| What are some of the effects of alcohol consumption? |
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Definition
-Physical and mental impairments
-Impaired coordination
-Impaired vision and hearing
-Impaired divided attention tasks
-Increased reaction time
-Impaired glare resistance and recovery
-Blackouts
-Anxiety |
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Term
| What is consumption tolerance? |
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Definition
| AKA accommodation; the person has more practice being drunk, so seems less drunk |
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Term
| What is constitutional tolerance? |
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Definition
| When a person has less alcohol dehydrogenase to break down the alcohol, so stays drunk longer |
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Term
| What color is the top for a blood sample tube and what does the color indicate? |
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Definition
| Gray; that it contains an anti-coagulant |
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Term
| What does a red top on a collection tube indicate? |
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Definition
| There is no preservative in the tube |
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Term
| Urine sample collection tubes have a _____ color top |
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Definition
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Term
| If there is no preservative in the tube in which a blood sample is collected, what could happen? |
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Definition
| There may be an increased BAC due to bacterial growth, which could produce alcohol |
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Term
| When can acetone be present in a gas chromatography test? |
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Definition
| If the person has been dieting or has diabetes (Ketosis) |
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Term
| Suppose someone is pulled over at 9pm and given a breathalyzer test at 11pm. They blow a .06 then a .04. Was the person above the legal limit to drive? How drunk were they at 9pm? |
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Definition
| Yes, because the BAC is within ±.02 of .08 BAC. The person was around .10 BAC at 9pm. |
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Term
| What does it mean that ethanol is volatile? |
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Definition
| It turns into a gas when heated |
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Term
| What should you do to determine a person's BAC if they are burping or vomiting? |
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Definition
| Get a blood or urine sample |
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Term
| What are the steps involved in a breath sample collection and why? |
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Definition
Observe subject for 15 minutes, have the person blow as hard as they can for as long as they can, run two tests.
Observation is to ensure there is no eating, smoking, or anything else that may effect the results. The longer and harder a person blows, the more likely you're getting deep lung air (which is the most accurate). The second test is to corroborate the first. |
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Term
| What does EPAS stand for? |
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Definition
| Evidential Portable Alcohol System |
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Term
| What technology does EPAS use? |
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Definition
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Term
| Basically, how does fuel cell technology work? |
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Definition
| Alcohol and oxygen react and an electrical current is detected to determine BAC (more alcohol = higher current) |
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Term
| What causes mouth alcohol and what are some issues related to it? |
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Definition
| Burping or vomiting; it will cause the machine to read the BAC as a spike, the machine needs a plateau for an accurate reading |
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Term
| How does one determine BAC? |
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Definition
| Number of drunks = (weight)(13.1[male] or 10.8 [female])(BAC) divided by 48(Amount consumed, concentration) |
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Term
| If you have a 200 pound male, how many drinks would he have to have over an hour to blow a .08? |
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Definition
| 4.3, but since it takes place over an hour, he burns one off. So to be a .08, he would have to drink 5-6 drinks over an hour |
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Term
| What is the chug-a-lug difference? |
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Definition
| If you drink a ton all at once and drive immediately, you won't be drunk since it takes 15-90 minutes to absorb into your system |
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Term
| The Vehicle Alcohol Penal codes are... |
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Definition
23152(a): Unlawful to drive under influence of drugs or alcohol
23152(b): Under influence of alcohol at .08% or above
23152(d): unlawful to drive commercial vehicle at .04% or more
23513: driving under the influence and cause bodily harm to someone other than the driver |
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Term
| What is the gross weight and net weight of a drug? |
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Definition
Gross: drug and container
Net: Just drug |
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Term
| The Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) contain information about... |
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Definition
-How to handle different materials safely
-What to do if toxic (such as a mutagen or carcinogen)
-Health effects
-First aid info
-Reactivity
-Proper storage
-Disposal
-Protective equipment
-Spill handling procedures |
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Term
| What are the two methods to produce methamphetamine? |
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Definition
| Red phosphorus and Anhydrous Ammonia (shake and bake) |
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Term
| The red phosphorus method to make meth requires ________, uses ________ to mix ingredients in, and has a _____ yield and _____ waste. |
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Definition
| Ephedrine (from cold meds) hydroiodic acid (from red phosphorus and iodine); glassware; high; high |
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Term
| The Anhydrous ammonia method uses _______ (fertilizer) in place of red phosphorus to remove meth from ephedrine when mixed with _______. It uses _____ to mix the ingredients and has a _____ yield and _____ waste |
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Definition
| anhydrous ammonia; lithium (from batteries); buckets or bottles; low; low |
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Term
| The "shake and bake" method for manufacturing meth is another name for the _______ ________ method |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two ways to convert cocaine to cocaine base (crack)? |
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Definition
-Add cocaine to boiling water with equal amounts baking soda, filter the precipitate and dry it
-Mix cocaine, baking soda, flour, yeast, and carbonated water and heat to form a paste, which is dried. |
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Term
| What's another name for presumptive tests and what is their purpose? |
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Definition
| Color tests; gives you an idea for what to do next |
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Term
| Cobalt Thiocyanate is a _________ test, and forms ___ _____ precipitate when it comes into contact with _______ _____. If it only precipitates when mixed with acid, it indicates a ________ ______. |
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Definition
| Presumptive; blue flaky; cocaine salts; cocaine base |
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Term
| Duquenois Levine is a ______ test that turns _____ to indicate ______ |
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Definition
| Presumptive; purple; marijuana |
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Term
| Marquis is a _______ test that turns ______ to indicate _______. If it turns orange to brown, it indicates _______ and black indicates ________ |
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Definition
| presumptive; purple; heroin; methamphetamine; ecstasy |
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Term
| Mecke is a _______ test that turns blue to green to indicate _____, _______, or _______ |
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Definition
| presumptive; morphine, heroin, or codeine |
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Term
| What is needed to identify marijuana? |
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Definition
| Duquenois Levine and confirming microscopic characteristics |
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Term
| What microscopic characteristics are needed to confirm marijuana? |
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Definition
| Leaves that have toothed margins, bear claw shaped hairs on the top of the leaf, and cystolithic hairs |
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Term
| Why do forensics labs have the officer drug screening program? |
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Definition
-More efficient for criminalists so that larger investigations can be focused on
-Results obtained for prelim hearings, allows officer testimony hearings
Lab provides all reagents for testing, 8 hr course to certify, must pass proficiency course every 6 mo. |
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Term
| What are the two most common confirmatory tests? |
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Definition
Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GCMS)
Fourier Transorm-Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) (not used as often as GCMS) |
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Term
| What percentage of cases are reexamined for quality control purposes? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does "dry labbing" mean? |
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Definition
| Examining the substance without confirming |
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Term
| What are the three most common friction ridge types? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is THE most common friction ridge type? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Not visible to the naked eye; needs some means to enhance or develop to be fully seen and collected |
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Term
| What is a plastic print? What are materials in which plastic prints are left? |
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Definition
Latent print deposited into a pliable surface
-Clay, butter |
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Term
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Definition
| Obvious or evident (left in ink, blood, etc) |
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Term
| Ninhydrin is used to pick up prints on what material? |
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Definition
| Porous ones such as paper |
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Term
| How could a print analyst pick up a print on a hard surface like a car? |
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Definition
| Either with powder or cyanoacrylate ("superglue fuming") |
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