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Definition
| Of, relating to, or used in debate or argument; rhetorical |
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Definition
| Relating to the use of science or technology in the investigation and establishment of facts or evidence in a court of law ; a forensic lab |
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| First people to apply scientific theologies to solving crimes and why? |
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Definition
| the Greeks; validate the cause of death in suicides |
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| the 2 sep areas of modern forensics |
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Definition
1. Investigative forensics
2. Laboratory forensics |
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| Characteristics of reliable forensic technique |
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Definition
1. Integrity
2. Competence
3. Defensible techniques
4. Relevant experience |
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| What do the forensic sciences offer police and courts? |
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Definition
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| What's required for an individ to be qualified as a expert? |
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Definition
1. Recognition by a court (judge)
2. Life experience
3. Educational experience |
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| Derived from German word "kriminalistik" and developed by German criminologist Dr. Hans Gross |
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| World's first crime lab origins |
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Definition
| in Lyon, France in 1910 by Edmond Locard |
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| A foundational principle of criminalistics |
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Definition
| "Every contact leaves a trace"- Edmond Locard |
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| Modern criminalistics follows 2 models... |
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Definition
1. Police science model (-record, -identify, -interpret)
2. Medical science model (- Relies upon principles established by preexisting scientific principles such as pathology, serology, odontology, and toxicology) |
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Definition
| 350 in U.S., 80% affiliated w a police agency; the rest are private reference labs |
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| Biggest problems facing crime labs |
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Definition
1. Chain of custody issues
2. Institutional accreditation
3. Integrity |
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Term
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Definition
1. Testimonial
2. Physical evidence
3. Documentary
4. Demonstrative |
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| Another name for impression evidence |
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Definition
| Forensic pattern recognition |
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| Items that leave impressions |
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Definition
1. Fingerprints
2. Bite marks
3. Shoeprints
4. Tool marks
5. Firearms |
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| What do impression items have in common? |
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Definition
| They are unique to a person/object and can be a direct link between a suspect/victim to a specific crime |
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Definition
1. Hair/fur
2. Glass
3. Fibers
4. Paint
5. Soil
6. Gunshot residue |
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Term
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Definition
- Small evidence used to link victims, suspects, objects, and crime scenes
- Trace analysis uses microscopes and other instrumentation
- Other sections (drugs, firearms) also use microscopes |
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Term
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Definition
1. Microscope magnifies sample
2. Also can look @ more detailed traits of samples
3. Many diff types of microscopes are used |
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Term
| Reflected light vs. transmitted light |
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Definition
Reflected: bounces off object (normal light)
Transmitted: passes through object |
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Term
| Stereo binocular microscope |
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Definition
1. Look at 3-D objects
2. Usually look @ surface
3. Usually use reflected light
4. Preliminary search of objects of small hairs, fibers, etc
5. Look @ paint chip layers, measure fibers, bullet striations, etc |
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Term
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Definition
1. Can be binocular or one ocular
2. Look @ transparent object on prepared slide
3. Look through object
4. Use trasmitted light
5. Analyze fibers, hair, glass, for optical traits
6. Biological samples for sperm cells |
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Term
| Polarized light microscope |
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Definition
1. Takes advantage of the optical properties of glass, crystals, and fibers
2. Sample absorbs light differently depending on its orientation in polarized light |
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Term
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Definition
1. An optical bridge allows viewing of evidence side by side
2. Useful for comparing bullets, fibers, hair, etc |
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Term
| Why is trace evidence useful? |
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Definition
| Can link objects and people |
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Term
| Who collects trace evidence? |
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Definition
1. Police officer
2. CSI
3. Forensic scientist
depends on state/community, often one person to ensure consistency of labeling |
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Term
| Considerations before packing entire object |
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Definition
1. Object may be too large/difficult to move
2. Trace evidence may fall off during transport
3. Trace evidence may be transferred to different, irrelevant area of object
- If packaging object, package objects seperately
- Prevents trace evidence from being transferred to other objects
-NEVER package known material w/ evidence |
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Term
| 3 methods to be done at crime scene/lab |
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Definition
1. Visual inspection
2. Tape lift
3. Vacuum |
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