Term
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Definition
'broken' families through divorce/seperation where family unit breaks down and problems occur
Maternal Deprivation Hypothesis
-child should receive continuous care for approx. first 2 years of life
-if disrupted, child can suffer irreversible long-term consequences |
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Term
| 1.1.2 Learning From Others |
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Definition
Classical conditioning - association (Little Albert)
Operant conditioning - consequences, rewards, punishments
Social Learning Theory
-Bandura identified 3 basic models of observational learning:
1. a live model
2. a verbal instructional model
3. a symbolic model |
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Term
| 1.1.3 Poverty & Disadvantaged Areas |
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Definition
Strain Theory - Merton 1938
-crime is not fault of individuals themselves but of strains in make-up of society
-criminals aren't different to non-criminals
-experience same goals (wealth/independence)
-just choose to rebel against conventional routes to get there |
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Term
| 1.2.1 Criminal Thinking Patterns |
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Definition
Rational Choice Theory - Cornish & Clarke
-offenders rationally choose to commit crimes
-based on a cost/benefit analysis
-if benefits>costs = commit crime
-we don't all commit crimes because of individual differences and different social positions (children etc.) |
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Term
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Definition
Kohlberg
-studied group of boys from Chicago
-studied in intervals
-younger boys operated at stages 1 & 2 whilst older boys operated at stages 3 & 4 of moral development
-level 1: pre-conventional level
-level 2: conventional morality
-level 3: post-conventional |
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Term
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Definition
Social cognition refers to the way we think about our actions
-Attribution Theory
-Internal: cause of behaviour is within the person
-External: cause of behaviour is assigned to situation |
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Term
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Definition
Phineas Gage
-iron rod propelled at high speed through Gage's skull
-accident altered his behaviour dramatically
-turned from sweet, old man into rude, unreliable man |
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Term
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Definition
Studies have tried to find link between genes and criminal behaviour
XYY
-males who had extra Y chromosome were predisposed to be violent criminals
-'super male syndrome'
-later research shows not true
-1/1000 men have extra chromosome but estimated 97% of those have no noticeable XYY traits |
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Term
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Definition
Steffensmeier
women tend not to commit crimes because:
-physically different
-who will look after the children
-don't drink as much |
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Term
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Definition
There have been cases of wrong identification e.g. Ed Honaker
-victim identified mugshot as it had a different coloured background and stood out
-served 10 years for crime he didn't commit |
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Term
| 2.1.2 Factors Affecting Identification |
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Definition
There are many factors such as:
-difficult to identify someone of different race
-difficult if crime happened at twilight
-difficult if someone has a poor memory for faces |
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Term
| 2.1.3 The Cognitive Interview |
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Definition
Fisher & Geiselman suggest techniques should incorporate basic psychology about memory
-memory an interconnected network
-retrieval more effective if context is reinstated
-one memory leads to another by association
-trivial memories may lead to important ones
Interviewing Techniques
-interview similarity
-focused retrieval (no interruption)
-extensive retrieval (another viewpoint)
-witness-compatible quesitoning |
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Term
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Definition
misinformation about detecting lies
-less blinking
-pupil dilation
-nervousness
don't consistently mean someone is lying
-some police officers still look for these cues |
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Term
| 2.2.2 Interrogation Techniques |
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Definition
Interrogating is more accusing than interviewing - when you're pretty sure they're guilty
Reid technique
-persuasive techniques including deceit, trickery or psychological manipulation |
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Term
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Definition
3 types of false confessions:
1. voluntary confession
2. coerced compliant confession (elicited by forceful or persistent questioning)
3. coerced internalised confession (person temporarily persuaded they committed crime) |
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Term
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Definition
Applying information we already know and theories we already found
4 stages of profiling:
1. collection of data
2. putting crimes into categories
3. development of hypothesis
4. development of profile |
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Term
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Definition
takes evidence and data and builds it up piece by piece
geographical profiling:
-marauder: offender has a base and branches out to commit offences
-commuter: offender travels from base to another area to commit offences |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Primary and Recency Effect
-people remember 1st and last words on a list but forget the middle
Re-constructive Memory
-if people are unable to recall info, there is a tendency to fill in the gaps |
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Term
| 3.1.2 Persuasion - Use of Expert Witness |
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Definition
media has shown that:
-experts don't always get it right
-jurors disregard testimony in favour of witness testimony |
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Term
| 3.1.3 Inadmissible Evidence |
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Definition
Reactance Theory
if a judge asks jury to ignore a comment, they are more likely to remember it |
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Term
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Definition
Halo Effect - Dion
view attractive people as attributing positive personality qualities
Implicit Personality Theory
-when people believe that someone who possesses one positive/negative attribute has many other positive/negative characteristics
e.g. he is stupid so he is aggressive |
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Term
| 3.2.2 Confidence of Witness |
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Definition
| Studies shown jurors rate witnesses most persuasive when they are confident, relaxed, make eye contact, extroverted and speak clearly |
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Term
| 3.2.3 Effects of Shields & Videotape on Children giving Evidence |
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Definition
NSPCC calling for pre-recording evidence before trial and not in court building
real e.g.
-4 year old girl youngest to ever testify
-attacked & raped |
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Term
| 3.3.1 Stages in Decision Making |
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Definition
-in UK 12 jury members
-unanimous decision (12-0)
-if not, majority decision (10-2)
-if not, hung jury dismissed |
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Term
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Definition
Kalven & Zeisel conducted study in 1960s
-146 juries not originally unanimous decisions
-only 7 moved in favour of original minority |
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Term
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Definition
Kalven & Zeisel
-after failing to reach unanimous decision, out of 146 only 7 juries went in favour of minority
factors affecting minority influence:
-size of minority
-size of majority
-behavioural style
-situational factors |
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