Term
| what is the study of wine-making called? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| what is one of the most important components to wine-making? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| why are wineries on a hill? |
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Definition
1. plants do not shade each other (maximum sunlight)
2. soil will drain, no saturated soil |
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Term
| what climactic factors affect wine-growing? |
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Definition
1. length of growing season (amt. of sunlight)
2. Type of soil
3. Natural yeasts and molds |
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Term
| what is the native grape to the US? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the native grape to Europe? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what are the 8 stages of wine-making? |
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Definition
1. Harvest
2. Crush ('must')
3. Add sulfur dioxide
4. Add yeast
5. Add sugar (if needed)
6. Ferment
7. Age
8. Bottle |
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Term
| what is the form of sulfur dioxide often added to wine? what is the purpose? |
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Definition
Na metabisulfite
-added to inhibit growth of 'wild' yeasts, molds, and bacteria |
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Term
| what variety of yeast is often used for wine-making? |
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Definition
| Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. ellipsoides |
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Term
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Definition
| adjusting sugar and/or acid level to improve final quality of wine (in this case before fermentation) |
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Term
| what is the maximum alcohol content in which S.cerv ellipsoides can still ferment? |
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Definition
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Term
| what type of container is used for red wine aging? |
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Definition
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Term
| why is the soil at Clos de Vougeot in the Burgundy district of France considered so precious that workers have to scrape it off their shoes before they leave? |
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Definition
| contains certain desired wild yeasts |
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Term
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Definition
| a louse unknowingly exported from the US to Europe which destroyed almost all European vineyards |
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Term
| what is the meaning of vinegar? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what are the fermentation reactants in wine and vinegar? |
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Definition
| glucose - pyruvate - ethanol - CO2 |
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Term
| what two microbiological processes result in vinegar? |
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Definition
1. anaerobic fermentation by yeast
2. aerobic oxidation of alcohol to acetic acid by bacteria |
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Term
| what happens to the alcohol when it becomes vinegar? |
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Definition
| ethanol is oxidized to acetic acid |
|
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Term
| what bacteria are used to turn wine into vinegar? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what happens if over-oxidation occurs in vinegar making? |
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Definition
| the acetic acid oxidizes completely to CO2 and H20 |
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Term
| where is white wine derived from? |
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Definition
| leftovers from grain fermentations (vodka, rum, etc.) |
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Term
| what is the 'placenta' in cocoa fermentation? |
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Definition
| the pulpy, pomegranate-like insides of the cocoa pod |
|
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Term
| how is the placenta dried in the chocolate process? |
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Definition
| dried in sun on banana leaves or in shallow wooden boxes |
|
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Term
| what are the steps of cocoa fermentation? |
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Definition
1. harvest cocoa pods
2. remove placenta
3. dry in sun, stirred
4. fleshy parts ferment
5. roast
6. ground up |
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Term
| in what 2 forms is cocoa exported? |
|
Definition
1. roasted
2. roasted and ground-up |
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Term
| what are the actual fermentations taking place in cocoa process? what organisms involved? |
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Definition
1. yeast fermentation
2. acetic acid fermentation - Acetobacter
3. Lactic acid fermentation - Lactobacillus
4. Other minor fermentations (Butyric acid fermentations) |
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Term
| what is the substrate for the lactic acid fermentation of the cocoa process? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the fermentation process do to the cocoa seeds? |
|
Definition
1. kills them
2. changes the color |
|
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Term
| what does the grinding do in cocoa process? |
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Definition
| releases complex compounds that give it is flavor |
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Term
| what are probiotics? prebiotics? |
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Definition
probiotics - food containing active, live microorganisms marketted to improve GI function, promote health
prebiotics - the foods (substrates) that should be eaten w/the probiotics |
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Term
| what are probiotics? prebiotics? |
|
Definition
probiotics - food containing active, live microorganisms marketted to improve GI function, promote health
prebiotics - the foods (substrates) that should be eaten w/the probiotics |
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Term
| what are some 'probiotic' foods? what are some 'prebiotic' foods? |
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Definition
probiotic - yogurt, sauerkraut, kefir
prebiotic - oatmeal, legumes, barley, whole grains, flax |
|
|
Term
| what two studies about intestinal flora discussed in class? |
|
Definition
1. breastfed vs. bottle fed babies
2. Poi study in Hawaii |
|
|
Term
| what is a crossover study? |
|
Definition
| when each individual acts as their own control and test group. ex. 2 weeks on one diet, intestinal flora removed, 2 weeks on regular diet |
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Term
| what is a new approach to combat Listeria monocytogenes approved by the FDA this year? |
|
Definition
| to use Listeria specific bacteriophages in at-rsik foods |
|
|
Term
| what are two target pathogens in chocolate processing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what time frame is a food infection generally associated with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what time frame is a food intoxication generally associated with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of toxins associated with gram(+) organisms? |
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Definition
| toxins that are excreted from the cell, can be present even if no organism is present |
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Term
| what type of toxin is associated with gram(-) organisms? |
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Definition
| LPS toxins - toxins that are part of the cell wall, lipopolysaccharide toxins |
|
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Term
| what toxin associated with Listeria monocytogenes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does Listeria monocytogenes attack the immune system? |
|
Definition
parasitizes macrophages which causes them to be destroyed by other macrophages
-travels along cytoskeleton in cells |
|
|
Term
| what is the medical term for bleeding intestines caused by E.coli 0157:H7? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is hemolytic anemia? |
|
Definition
anemia - deficiency of RBCs
hemolytic - from hemolysis, breaking open of RBC
|
|
|
Term
| what is a retrospective cohort? prospective? |
|
Definition
retrospective - look at what happened
prospective - look at what would happen |
|
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Term
| what is a cohort? what is a cohort study? |
|
Definition
a group of people that share a common characteristic or experience within a given time period
cohort study - used to determine linkaged between a cause and a disease |
|
|
Term
| how do you assess exposed relative risk? |
|
Definition
| divide # ill/ # that ate food |
|
|
Term
| what are the two subtypes of Norovirus? what are they based on? |
|
Definition
GI - affects blood types A,O
GII - affects blood types A, B |
|
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Term
| name 2 lab methods used in the Wyoming summer camp case-study. |
|
Definition
1.RT-PCR (Reverse transcription PCR) - used to identify Norovirus subtypes
2. PFGE - (pulse field gel electrophoresis) used to show that Campylobacter isolates were from the same source |
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|
Term
| when is pulse field gel electrophoresis better than normal electrophoresis? |
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Definition
| when large molecules are involved (20-1400 kbp) |
|
|
Term
| what program has allowed comparison of PFGE results across the country? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| what does an outbreak code such as 0407PAJGGJAG1 mean? |
|
Definition
0407 - april 2007
PA - Pennsylvania
JGG/JAG - serotypes identified
1 - isolate group |
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|
Term
| what does a serotype code such as JGGX01.0036 mean? |
|
Definition
JGG - serotype
X01 - enzyme used to cleave dna
0036 - relates to strain pattern |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a grouping of viruses or MOs based on cell surface antigens |
|
|
Term
| what types of molecules is PFGE used? what molecules don't work, why? |
|
Definition
work - dna, rna, proteins
doesn't work - fats, carbs (no charge) |
|
|
Term
| what are the three main differences betwenn PFGE and regular electrophoresis? |
|
Definition
1. larger molecules can be used
2. electrical field is intermittant
3. elec. field is multi-dimensional |
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Term
| what is the infective dose of Vibrio parahaemolyticus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does Vibrio parahaemolyticus attach to the small intesitine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what food from case study implicated in C-bot type E? |
|
Definition
| Muktuk - whale skin/blubber strips stored in zip-lock bags (traditionally stored in oil) |
|
|
Term
| How many botulism toxins are there? what types affect humans? |
|
Definition
7 types
A, B, E, F affect humans |
|
|
Term
| what types of botulism affect humans? (not what toxins) |
|
Definition
Foodborne
Infant(spores in honey)
Wound
Undetermined |
|
|
Term
| what is heat treatment needed to destroy C-bot spores? what pH needed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where specifically does botulism toxin act? |
|
Definition
| blocks nerve terminals of myoneural junction |
|
|
Term
| what nerve to muscle transmitter blocked by notulism toxin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what botulism toxin is the most deadly? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what botulism toxin is the most common in the Eastern US? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what botulism toxin is associated with colder temperatures, Great Lakes, Alaska, Pacific NW? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what 2 types of toxin does B.cereus produce? |
|
Definition
diarheal toxin
emetic toxin (vomiting) |
|
|
Term
| what methods taken in response to Guatemalan Cyclospora outbreaks from rasberries? |
|
Definition
1.growers must follow specific plan to be able to export
2.subject to inspections
3.packages coded allowing traceback to grower |
|
|
Term
| what surface antigens may react to Yersinia enterocolitica infection with post enteric reactive arthritis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what pathogen is hard to grow in the lab because it is very microaerophillic and needs a CO2 incubator (needs lower Oxygen than in environment) |
|
Definition
| Campylobacter jejuni (catalase neg) |
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