Term
| Temperament is ___ determined characteristic style of behavior and includes : |
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Definition
- genetically
- activity level
- rhythmicity
- approach/withdrawal to novel stimuli
- adaptability
- intensity
- threshold of responsiveness
- quality of mood
- distractability
- attention span and persistence |
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Term
| easy temperament cluster: |
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Definition
- positive mood
- regular biologic rhythms
- low intensity
- positive approach to novelty |
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Term
| difficult temperament cluster: |
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Definition
- negative mood
- irregular rhythms
- slow to adapt
- intense reactions
- negative response to novelty |
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Term
| Slow to Warm Up temperament cluster: |
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Definition
- negative response to new stimuli
- mild intensity
- gradual adaption after repeated contact |
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Term
| According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, what are the 4 factors influencing cognitive development: |
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Definition
1. Maturation of the Nervous System
2. Experience
3. Social transmission of Information
4. Equilibration (innate tendency for mental growth to progress towards increasing complexity and stability) |
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Term
| The sensorimotor stage of cognitive development is during the ___ ___ ___ of life. It revolves around ___ to and ___ the environment, ___ ___ relationships, ___ ___, ____, infers ___ and ___, and ____, and ____. |
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Definition
- first 2 years
- reacting to and manipulating the environment
- ends/means
- object permanence
- symbolization
- infers cause and effect
- assimilation
- accomodation |
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Term
| The second stage of cognitive development is the ____ stage which occurs between ages __ and __ years. List characteristics of this stage. |
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Definition
- preoperational
- 2 and 6
- language acquisition
- symbolic reasoning
- egocentrism
- transductive thinking intuitive not deductive- events occuring together are seen as casually related
- immanent justice
- magical thinking
- animistic thinking |
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Term
| The concrete operations stage of cognitive thinking is between ages __ and __. What are the features of this stage? |
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Definition
- logical cause/effective thinking
- reversibility of events - water to ice,etc.
- social speech
- ability to take on others point of view
- conservation of volume and quantity
- rigid interpretation of rules |
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Term
| some say the ___ ___ stage is most important stage of developing socially. |
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Definition
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Term
| The formal operations stage is age __ and older. List the features of this stage. |
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Definition
- abstract reasoning
- more elaborate information processing
- metacognitive capacity
- can grasp probabilities
- hypothetical thinking
- stage entrance varies from child to child |
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Term
| Moral development is composed of __ general levels with ___ stages in each level. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| list 3 levels of morality: |
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Definition
1. Pre-convential morality
2. Conventional morality
3. Post-conventional morality |
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Term
| The ___ of levels of morality is fixed but the ___ and __ ___ may vary. |
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Definition
- order is fixed
- rate and final level vary |
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Term
| Super-ego means that you have developed morals and have sense of value of others or rights. Antisocial personality has not developed sense that other people have value, who has not developed a super ego. |
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Definition
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Term
| birth to 1 year is the ___ period. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Between ages __ and ___ we see the emergence of ___ ___ and moral emotions such as ___, ___, ___, and ___. There is distress over disappointing parents at this time. |
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Definition
- 2 and 6
- normative standards
- empathy
- guilt
- shame
- embarassment |
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Term
| During ages 6 to 9 is ___ _ ____ in which rules are seen as ___. |
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Definition
- Stage 1 Egocentricity
- iviolable |
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Term
| From age 9 to 12 __ _ predominates and kids develop the ability to think of ___ __ as ___ . |
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Definition
- stage I
- social problems as changable |
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Term
| during ages 11 and 12 ___ __ occurs in which kids accept ___ ___ and __ as standard. |
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Definition
Stage II
societal rules and norms |
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Term
| From ages 12-18 stage ___ occurs in which kids are ___ ___ of others. |
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Definition
stage III
meeting expectations |
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Term
| Between ages 14 and 20 ___ __ occurs in which kids learn how to take on ___ ___. |
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Definition
- stage IV
- mutual perspective |
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Term
| Ages 20 and older is __ ___ of ___ ___ |
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Definition
stage V
contractual orientation |
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Term
| Adulthood is ___ __ of ___ ___. |
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Definition
stage VI
personal committment |
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Term
| Erik Erikson's Psychosocial Theory: |
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Definition
- epigenetic model
- development occurs throughout the life cycle
- normative crisis occurs at each stage
- adequate resolution necessary for optimal development |
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Term
| Freud: Id dreams about needs Ego refers to interaction that we must have with environment to meet our needs. Superego is societal constraints on needs |
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Definition
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Term
| According to Erikson, what is the crisis and stregth gained from the crisis in infancy: |
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Definition
- crisis: basic trust vs. basic mistrust
- strength: HOPE |
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Term
| According to Erikson, what is the crisis and strength gained from early childhood? |
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Definition
- crisis: autonomy vs. shame and doubt
- strength: Will |
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Term
| According to Erikson, what is the crisis and strength gained from play age children? |
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Definition
- crisis: initiative vs. guilt
- strength: Purpose |
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Term
| According to Erikson, what is the crisis and strength gained from school age children? |
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Definition
- crisis: industry vs. inferiority
- strength: Competence |
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Term
| According to Erikson, what is the crisis and strength gained from adolescence? |
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Definition
- crisis: Identity vs. Role Confusion
- strength: FIDELITY |
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Term
| According to Erikson, what is the crisis and strength gained from young adulthood? |
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Definition
- crisis: Intimacy vs. Isolation
- strength: LOVE |
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Term
| According to Erikson, what is the crisis and strength gained from adulthood? |
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Definition
- crisis: Generativity vs. Stagnation
- strength: CARE |
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Term
| According to Erikson, what is the crisis and strength gained from old age? |
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Definition
- crisis: integrity vs. despair
- strength: WISDOM |
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Term
| explain characteristics of a child with high self esteem: |
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Definition
- happy
- energetic
- social
- cooperative
- follow age appropriate rules
- engage in approrpriate individual and social play
- enthusiastic about new experiences
- creative and express own ideas
- make friends easily
- delight in accomplishing developmental tasks
- use positive self statements to describe self and their behavior
- take responsiblity of own behavior
- CONTROL THEIR OWN BEHAVIOR |
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Term
| children with low self-esteem: |
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Definition
Don’t feel worthwhile or loveable
Doubt their capabilities
Have poor frustration tolerance regardless of age
Fear new experiences
Take credit for failures and devalue successes |
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Term
| People who are depressed overvalue their failures and devalue successes much like people with low self esteem. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| building self esteem in children: |
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Definition
- build sense of acceptance by letting them know from birth that they are loved
- show sincere caring and affection that is non-contingent
- be realistic about your expectations for behavior
- praise attempts and successes
- show interest in child's activities
Tell children what to do instead of what not to do
Remember development of new skills takes time and practice
Reinforce good behavior with verbal praise and shows of affection
Catch them being good
Ignore or distract child during tantruming
Clearly separate the misbehavior from the child
Don’t expect too much or too little
Avoid calling the child names - “clumsy, stupid, worthless, or lazy “
Don’t overprotect or neglect
Avoid telling children who make mistakes that they are failures
Build on children’s strengths
Give children realistic responsibility
Encourage realistic risk taking
Show your confidence in the child’s ability to succeed
Tell children how you handled difficult situations
Help children set goals and stick to them
Celebrate small victories
Help children accept responsibility for their own actions
Compare children only to themselves
Give objective feedback, but begin with a positive
Teach them how to reframe problems |
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Term
| Sexual identity is the patterns of a person's biological sexual characteristics including: |
|
Definition
- chromosomes
- internal and external genitalia
- hormones
- secondary sex characteristics
- gonads |
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Term
| ___ ___ is the learned sense of what behaviors are male and what behaviors are female. |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ ___ is the object of an individual's sexual interest defined as primarily ___, ___, or ____. |
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Definition
- Sexual orietation
- heterosexual
- homosexual
- bisexual |
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Term
| normative childhood sexual behavior: |
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Definition
0-2 years: self exploration and stimulation
2-3 years: initiation of exploration of play mates
3-5 years: same gender and cross gender sex play imitative in nature
6-10 years: definition of sexual nature of sex play and occasional direct sex play
9-12 years: masturbation and homoerotic sex play
12-18 years: sexualization of interpersonal relationships, increased masturbation and sexual behavior |
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Term
Males have a higher incidence of masturbation regardless of age
Rates of masturbation go down with age from adolescence onward
Individuals with regular sexual relationships have a slight decrease in frequency of masturbation |
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Definition
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|
Term
Males with higher levels of education have increased frequency of masturbation
Studies of incidence shows consistent rates for males over past 50 years (90%+) with increased rates for women reporting masturbating |
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Definition
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Term
| Toddlers response to illness and hospitalization: |
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Definition
Separation fears:
- rejection of parents
- aggression towards caregivers
- regression |
|
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Term
| kids ages 3-6 years response to illness: |
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Definition
Fears of Separation and Mutilation
- anxiety
- dependence and regression |
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Term
| Permanency and separation are the two important concepts of death. Not good to use terms “went to sleep”. Until ages 6-10 don’t have a good sense of permanency of death and separation. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
Onset of Puberty
Girls Mean= 11 (12-18)
Boys Mean= 13 (10-14)
Effects of Early Onset Greater for Girls than Boys
Age of Menarche 12
Pubertal Changes completed by 15 in Girls and 17 in boys |
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Definition
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Term
| Developmental Challenges of Adolescence |
|
Definition
Dependence vs Independence from Nuclear Family
Behavioral license vs Intellectualized Control
Loyalty Conflicts Peers vs Family
Sharing Feelings with Peers vs Need for Privacy
Idealization vs Devaluation of Peers and Parents
Formation of Identity, Role Definition and Character
Sexual Role and Sexual Object Choice
Developing More Advanced Defenses -going from projection, externalization,denial, reaction formation, repression to rationalization, identification,sublimation |
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Term
|
Definition
Risk Taking - Myth of Invincibility
Experimentation with Roles and Behaviors
Negativism
Sexuality
Egocentrism and Imaginary Audience
Family Relationships - family romance of idealizing peer’s parent and scorn for own |
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Term
| adolsecents response to illness: |
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Definition
- more realistic fears
- fear of loss of autonomy
- fear of being seen as different
- non-compliance |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| pseudo-adulthood is a ___ role |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Pre-adulthood (0-22)
Pseudo-Adulthood - student role
Consolidation of Adulthood- graduation
Limbo Stage (22-28)
Relationship Forming- dating, living together
Transition to Marriage- Serial Process contract/permanency/ divorce
Career Formation- concept of future and planning
Pregnancy- Changes in physical self, environment, intimacy
Family Formation- childbirth, defining role
Parenting- focus on children, balancing career, meeting own needs, older age for parenting role
Midlife Transition- defining meaning, defining decades/birthdays 40th, 50th, 60th
Middle Adulthood (40-65)
Prime of Life financially
Recognizing changes in body and life span
Boredom, repetition, responsibility
Menopause-Mentalpause (Male climacteric)
Empty Nest - Second Family
Job/Career Transition
Transition to Aging- Retirement, Health, Finances |
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Term
| Serial monogamy: people tend to marry and divorce and remarry, this tends to be the norm now. Less than 50% marry once and stay married. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Mentalpause aka male climacteric- old man gets new sports car and 25 year old wife |
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Definition
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Term
| The aging process is primarily the process of adapting to the physical, psychological and social changes that accompany growing older. The specific ways an individual adapts to these changes is determined by the resources available and the occurrence of life events. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| depression increases risk for ____. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| factors influencing age related changes: |
|
Definition
- age
- genetics
- gender
- racial-ethnic background
- physical health and activity
- psychosocial health
- social, environmental, ecologicial
- education |
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Term
| Brain changes that occur with aging: |
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Definition
- brain volume decreases
- CSF volume increases
- brain weight decreases at rate of 2-3 g/year after age 60
- brain/skull ration declines
- ventricular enlargement
- prefrontal cortex shows greater loss
- differential alterations in neurotransmitters: dopamine, acetylcholine, serotonin
- selective neuronal loss in subcortical areas
- changes in dendritic branching and dendritic loss related to aging
- cerebral microvasculature changes occur with aging including thinning of capillary walls in white matter |
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|
Term
| wide spread neuronal loss ___ ___occur with normal aging, just selective neuronal loss in subcortical areas. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| normative decline in hearing occurs in mid ___. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| normative decline in vision occurs in : |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| normative decline in touch occurs: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| decline in taste occurs mid : |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Normative Decline
Hearing mid 40s
Vision mid 50s
Touch mid 50s
Taste mid 60s
Smell mid 70s |
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Definition
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Term
| With normal aging, higher level behavioral slowing and cognitive decline effect both ___ and ___. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Age related changes in stereothreshold, truncation of visual control of vestibular-ocular response, dark adaptation, photic sensitivity, motion perception, distance estimation, proprioception and balance, contrast vision and color intensity |
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Definition
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Term
| Presbycusis is difficult to differentiate from the cumulative effects of genetics, exposure, and illness |
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Definition
|
|
Term
A decline in taste sensitivity and taste discrimination is related to aging with significant decline in # of taste buds after 80
Slight decline in olfactory discrimination occurs with aging usually related to disease with anosmia related to cognitive impairment and dementia
Loss of elasticity and tissue loss below skin leads to reduced sensitivity |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Major cardiovascular aging changes occur in the ___ decade and include: |
|
Definition
-8th decade
- decreased blood flow related to changes in heart muscle mass with atrophy of left ventricle
- calcification of heart valves
- arteriosclerosis
- atherosclerosis |
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|
Term
| Respiratory system shows decreased efficacy with aging as evidenced by: |
|
Definition
- airways and lungs lose elasticity
- reduced activity of celia affecting oxygen uptake and exchange
- atrophy of muscles of diaphragm and rib cage leads to more shallow breathing, less efficient cough reflex, reduced carbon dioxide expiration |
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|
Term
| GI changes with normal aging: |
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Definition
changes in activity of the muscles of the bowel along with reduced production of hydrochloric acid, saliva and digestive enzymes increases likelihood of GI distress, impaired swallowing and delayed emptying of the stomach
change in blood flow to liver, reduced size of liver and reduced liver enzymes |
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|
Term
| skeletal changes with aging: |
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Definition
bone loss beginning in 20s for women can lead to osteoporosis and increased fracture risk
vertebral calcification
joint pain due to long term joint stress |
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|
Term
| Endocrine changes with aging: |
|
Definition
| slowing of metabolic rate affecting absorption of food and metabolism of drugs and alcohol |
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|
Term
| genitourinary changes with aging: |
|
Definition
reduced blood flow to kidneys
muscle atrophy leads to increased urinary incontinence especially in women
increased likelihood of prostrate problems
atrophic vaginitis
reduced vaginal secretions
longer time for arousal, increased refractory period and less intense orgasm |
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|
Term
| changes in pharmacokinetics with aging: |
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Definition
- reduced drug absorption
- Change in distribution due to change in fat to lean body mass ratio, reduced total body water and reduced plasma albumin
Changes in metabolism in the liver
Changes in elimination in the kidneys
Reduced receptor site availability |
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|
Term
| personality changes with aging: |
|
Definition
basic personality is amazingly stable across adulthood
demands of different stages require different adaptations
central characteristics tend to become more rigid
risk taking behavior tends to decline
personality disorders continue to color behavior but tend to be less pathological |
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