Term
What is another name for adrenergic agonist? |
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Definition
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What are adrenergic agonist also known as sympathomimetics? |
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Definition
bc their effects mimics those cause by the sympathetic nervous system |
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Term
How do most adrenergic agonist act? |
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Definition
by direct activation of arenergic receptors |
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Term
Pormotion of norepi release, blockade of norepi reuptake, and inhibition or norepi breakdown are all |
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Definition
indirect mechanisms of activity by adrenergic agonist |
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Term
Activation of alpha1 receptors causes___________ and _________. |
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Definition
vasocontriction and mydriasis |
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Term
What are used for hemostasis, mmasal decongestion,elevation of blood pressure, and adjuncts to local anesthetics? |
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Definition
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Term
What are the two adverse events that may occur from alpha1 activation? |
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Definition
hypertension and local necrosis |
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Term
Activation of alpha2 receptors in the periphery is of |
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Definition
little clinical significance |
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Term
Drugs that activate alpha2 in the CNS produce |
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Definition
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Term
clinically relevant responses of beta1 receptors result from activating beta1 receptors in the |
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Definition
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Term
activation of cardiac beta1 receptors results increased______,_________, and conduction through the _________. |
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Definition
heart rate, force of contraction, and AV node |
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Term
Drugs that activate beta1 receptors treat_________,__________, and _______ |
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Definition
heart failure, AV block, and cardiac arrest |
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Term
Advers effects of beta1 activation include |
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Definition
tachycardia, dyshythmias, and angina |
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Term
Drugs that activate beta2 receptors are used to tx |
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Definition
asthma and delay preterm labor |
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Term
Adverse effects of beta2 activation are |
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Definition
hypergylcemia (esp in diabetics) and tremor |
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Term
________ block sodium and chloride reabsorption in the __________ |
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Definition
Loop diuretics (high ceiling) and loop of henle |
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Term
__________ produce the greastest diuresis. |
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Definition
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Term
High-ceiling diuretics are effective even when |
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Definition
glomerular filtration rate is low |
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Term
Thiazide diuretics are not effective when |
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Definition
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Term
High-ceiling diuretics can cause_________ through excessive fluid loss |
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Definition
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Term
High-ceiling diuretics cause hypotension by_________ and ___________ |
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Definition
decreasing blood volume and relaxing venous smooth muscle |
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Term
__________ causes hearing loss which is ________ |
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Definition
high-ceiling diuretics and reversible |
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Term
Pt taking digoxin (high-ceiling diuretic) may experience |
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Definition
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Term
HTN and edema associated with heart failure, cirrhosis, or kidney disease are tx'd with |
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Definition
high-ceiling diurectics andd thiazides |
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Term
_________ block sodium and water reabsorption in the early distal convoluted tubule. |
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Definition
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Term
Thiazide diuretics produce less diuresis than than |
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Definition
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Term
thiazide diuretcis are ineffective when |
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Definition
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Term
Like high-ceiling diuretics,________ can cause hypokalemia and dehydration. |
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Definition
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Term
Thiazide-induced hypokalemia presents as a special problem for pts taking |
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Definition
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Term
____________ act by blocking NA+/K+ exchange in the_______ |
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Definition
K+ sparing diuretics and distal convoluted tubules |
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Term
K+ sparing diuretics cause only |
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Definition
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Term
What are K+ sparing diuretics primarily used for? |
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Definition
to counteract K+ loss in pt taking loop diuretics or thiazides |
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Term
K+ sparing diuretics cause |
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Definition
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Term
K+ sparing diuretics should with precaution in those pt who are taking |
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Definition
ACE inhibitors, ARBs, and direct renin inhibitors. |
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Term
Beneficial effects of ACE inhibitors result from inhibition _______ and _______ |
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Definition
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Term
When you inhibit ACE is leads to the |
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Definition
a decrease in production of angiotensin II |
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Term
When angiotensin II is decreased, it causes_______, _________,________. |
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Definition
decreased blood volume, vasodilation, and reversal of pathologic changes in the heart and blood vessels |
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Term
What are ACE inhibitors used to treat? |
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Definition
HTN, heart failure, MI, and nephropathy. - also used to prevent MI, stroke, and death |
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Term
How do ACE inhibitors cause a first dose hypotension? |
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Definition
by causing a sharp drop in circulating angiotensin II |
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Term
What is the most common reason for discontinuation of an ACE inhibitor? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the cause of the cough from ACE inhibitor usage? |
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Definition
accumulation of bradykinin |
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Term
How do ACE inhibitors cause hyperkalemia? |
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Definition
they suppress aldosterone |
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Term
What pregnancy category are ACE inhibitors? |
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Definition
Cat X -causes major fetal malformations in all three trimesters |
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Term
Pt with ___________ can have a significant drop in their blood pressure when taking ACE inhibitors |
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Definition
bilateral renal artery stenosis -or if they have one kidney and have a stenosed artery |
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Term
Calcium entry into the heart causes__________,____________, and __________ |
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Definition
increased heart rate, AV conduction, and myocardial contractility |
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Term
CCB decrease_______,____________, and ______. |
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Definition
heart rate, AV conduction, and myocardial contractility |
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Term
Because all CCB cause vasodialation they are useful in |
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Definition
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Term
Verapamil and diltiazem can cause________, ___________, and _________. |
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Definition
bradycardia, AV block, and exacerbation of heart failure. |
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Term
__________ intensify cardiosuppression caused by verapamil and diltiazem. |
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Definition
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Term
All adults, older than 20, should be screened every 5 yrs for |
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Definition
total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and triglycerides |
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Term
Treatment of elevated LDL is based on the person |
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Definition
10yr risk assessment for major coronary event |
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Term
People with CHD or risk for CHD are in the _________ 10 yr risk group. |
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Definition
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Term
The higher the 10yr risk assessment the lower the _______ goal |
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Definition
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Term
What are the primary methods for reducing LDL? |
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Definition
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Term
When are drugs given when dealing with elevated LDL? |
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Definition
when diet and exercise are ineffective |
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Term
How long should a pt expect to stay on medication to reduce their cholesterol? |
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Definition
indefinitely -withdrawel from medication usage causes a return in premedication values |
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Term
Bile-acid are not absorbed from the GI tract and hence do not cause |
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Definition
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Term
Fish oil must contain _____ and _______ to provide cardiovascular protection |
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Definition
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Term
Fish oil has been show to reduce |
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Definition
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Term
Arterial thrombi are best prevented with |
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Definition
antiplatlet drugs like asa |
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Term
Venous thrombi are best prevented with |
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Definition
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Term
Genetic testing for VKORC1 and CYP2C9 can id those who have an increased sensitivity to |
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Definition
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Term
What are the consequences of warfarin use during pregnancy to the fetus? |
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Definition
malformation, CNS defects, and optic atrophy |
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