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FNU Exam 3
Pharmacology Summer 2013- Moule 5
63
Pharmacology
Graduate
08/06/2013

Additional Pharmacology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What is another name for adrenergic agonist?
Definition
Sympathomimetics
Term
What are adrenergic agonist also known as sympathomimetics?
Definition
bc their effects mimics those cause by the sympathetic nervous system
Term
How do most adrenergic agonist act?
Definition
by direct activation of arenergic receptors
Term
Pormotion of norepi release, blockade of norepi reuptake, and inhibition or norepi breakdown are all
Definition
indirect mechanisms of activity by adrenergic agonist
Term
Activation of alpha1 receptors causes___________ and _________.
Definition
vasocontriction and mydriasis
Term
What are used for hemostasis, mmasal decongestion,elevation of blood pressure, and adjuncts to local anesthetics?
Definition
Alpha1 agonist
Term
What are the two adverse events that may occur from alpha1 activation?
Definition
hypertension and local necrosis
Term
Activation of alpha2 receptors in the periphery is of
Definition
little clinical significance
Term
Drugs that activate alpha2 in the CNS produce
Definition
useful effects
Term
clinically relevant responses of beta1 receptors result from activating beta1 receptors in the
Definition
heart
Term
activation of cardiac beta1 receptors results increased______,_________, and conduction through the _________.
Definition
heart rate, force of contraction, and AV node
Term
Drugs that activate beta1 receptors treat_________,__________, and _______
Definition
heart failure, AV block, and cardiac arrest
Term
Advers effects of beta1 activation include
Definition
tachycardia, dyshythmias, and angina
Term
Drugs that activate beta2 receptors are used to tx
Definition
asthma and delay preterm labor
Term
Adverse effects of beta2 activation are
Definition
hypergylcemia (esp in diabetics) and tremor
Term
________ block sodium and chloride reabsorption in the __________
Definition
Loop diuretics (high ceiling) and loop of henle
Term
__________ produce the greastest diuresis.
Definition
high-ceiling
Term
High-ceiling diuretics are effective even when
Definition
glomerular filtration rate is low
Term
Thiazide diuretics are not effective when
Definition
GFR is low
Term
High-ceiling diuretics can cause_________ through excessive fluid loss
Definition
dehydration
Term
High-ceiling diuretics cause hypotension by_________ and ___________
Definition
decreasing blood volume and relaxing venous smooth muscle
Term
__________ causes hearing loss which is ________
Definition
high-ceiling diuretics and reversible
Term
Pt taking digoxin (high-ceiling diuretic) may experience
Definition
hypokalemia
Term
HTN and edema associated with heart failure, cirrhosis, or kidney disease are tx'd with
Definition
high-ceiling diurectics andd thiazides
Term
_________ block sodium and water reabsorption in the early distal convoluted tubule.
Definition
thiazide diuretics
Term
Thiazide diuretics produce less diuresis than than
Definition
high ceiling diuretics
Term
thiazide diuretcis are ineffective when
Definition
GFR is low
Term
Like high-ceiling diuretics,________ can cause hypokalemia and dehydration.
Definition
thiazide diuretics
Term
Thiazide-induced hypokalemia presents as a special problem for pts taking
Definition
digoxin
Term
____________ act by blocking NA+/K+ exchange in the_______
Definition
K+ sparing diuretics and distal convoluted tubules
Term
K+ sparing diuretics cause only
Definition
modest diuresis
Term
What are K+ sparing diuretics primarily used for?
Definition
to counteract K+ loss in pt taking loop diuretics or thiazides
Term
K+ sparing diuretics cause
Definition
hyperkalemia
Term
K+ sparing diuretics should with precaution in those pt who are taking
Definition
ACE inhibitors, ARBs, and direct renin inhibitors.
Term
Beneficial effects of ACE inhibitors result from inhibition _______ and _______
Definition
ACE and kinase II
Term
When you inhibit ACE is leads to the
Definition
a decrease in production of angiotensin II
Term
When angiotensin II is decreased, it causes_______, _________,________.
Definition
decreased blood volume, vasodilation, and reversal of pathologic changes in the heart and blood vessels
Term
What are ACE inhibitors used to treat?
Definition
HTN, heart failure, MI, and nephropathy.
- also used to prevent MI, stroke, and death
Term
How do ACE inhibitors cause a first dose hypotension?
Definition
by causing a sharp drop in circulating angiotensin II
Term
What is the most common reason for discontinuation of an ACE inhibitor?
Definition
cough
Term
What is the cause of the cough from ACE inhibitor usage?
Definition
accumulation of bradykinin
Term
How do ACE inhibitors cause hyperkalemia?
Definition
they suppress aldosterone
Term
What pregnancy category are ACE inhibitors?
Definition
Cat X
-causes major fetal malformations in all three trimesters
Term
Pt with ___________ can have a significant drop in their blood pressure when taking ACE inhibitors
Definition
bilateral renal artery stenosis
-or if they have one kidney and have a stenosed artery
Term
Calcium entry into the heart causes__________,____________, and __________
Definition
increased heart rate, AV conduction, and myocardial contractility
Term
CCB decrease_______,____________, and ______.
Definition
heart rate, AV conduction, and myocardial contractility
Term
Because all CCB cause vasodialation they are useful in
Definition
HTN and chest pain
Term
Verapamil and diltiazem can cause________, ___________, and _________.
Definition
bradycardia, AV block, and exacerbation of heart failure.
Term
__________ intensify cardiosuppression caused by verapamil and diltiazem.
Definition
Beta blockers
Term
All adults, older than 20, should be screened every 5 yrs for
Definition
total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and triglycerides
Term
Treatment of elevated LDL is based on the person
Definition
10yr risk assessment for major coronary event
Term
People with CHD or risk for CHD are in the _________ 10 yr risk group.
Definition
highest
Term
The higher the 10yr risk assessment the lower the _______ goal
Definition
LDL
Term
What are the primary methods for reducing LDL?
Definition
diet and exercise
Term
When are drugs given when dealing with elevated LDL?
Definition
when diet and exercise are ineffective
Term
How long should a pt expect to stay on medication to reduce their cholesterol?
Definition
indefinitely
-withdrawel from medication usage causes a return in premedication values
Term
Bile-acid are not absorbed from the GI tract and hence do not cause
Definition
systemic adverse effects
Term
Fish oil must contain _____ and _______ to provide cardiovascular protection
Definition
dHA and EPA
Term
Fish oil has been show to reduce
Definition
triglycerides
Term
Arterial thrombi are best prevented with
Definition
antiplatlet drugs like asa
Term
Venous thrombi are best prevented with
Definition
coumadin or heperin
Term
Genetic testing for VKORC1 and CYP2C9 can id those who have an increased sensitivity to
Definition
warfarin
Term
What are the consequences of warfarin use during pregnancy to the fetus?
Definition
malformation, CNS defects, and optic atrophy
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