Term
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Definition
| imitate exact same, sensory motor network (pure behaviorism), behavior |
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Term
| ideomotor framework of action |
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Definition
motivations and intentions coded, not just behavior
assume common representations for action and intention (don’t need to “translate” stimulus and responses from action to goal)
a.Code intention/goal and action, expect effects based on experience |
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Term
| evidence for intention more important than behavior (Bekkering) |
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Definition
| children good at copying behaviors, also good at goal (touching red dot) not hand or arm movement. |
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Term
| Dijksterhuis (2 types)of imitation in social behavior |
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Definition
i.Simple- behavior
ii.Higher order- more complex, stereotype priming
1.Scrambled sentence task- associate with older and were primed
a.Those primed with elderly stereotype walked more slowly than the others
2.Primed for elderly vs college students- elderly remembered fewer
3.Primed for college professors and soccer hooligans- college prof outperformed, soccer hooligans did worst |
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Term
| Imitation related to empathy |
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Definition
| + social interactions, liking, closer, fosters mutual care |
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Term
| research evidence for imitation and empathy |
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Definition
i. Strong association between imitative behavior (rub nose/tap foot) and empathy
ii. You like people better who imitate you, state the interaction is smoother |
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Term
| mirror neurons: locations |
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Definition
c.Mirror neurons and Broca’s area
i.Broadman’s area 44 first found mirror neurons
Modifiable by experience and
]ological motion then to frontal neurons (goal intention) or parietal (motor, imitation)
a. Early learning DLPFC- imitation |
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Term
| neural correlates for imitation |
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Definition
i.Premotor cortex: planning and selection of movements activate in goal oriented actions and during observation
ii.Do not response to simple pantomime/ pretending an action
iii.Ideomotor theory of imitation supported- sensation and action share common representational format
a.Congruent neurons (exact same)
b.Broadly congruent neurons (same intention, not necessarily same mvmt) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| imitation and empathy models |
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Definition
| cognitive models, social psychology and neuroscience convergence |
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Term
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Definition
| associative learning is implemented by simultaneous activation of cells that would lead to increased synaptic strength between cells |
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Term
| imitation: importance to evolution |
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Definition
| automatic, pervasive, adaptive b/c facilitate social interactions, increased connectedness, increased liking, closeness and mutual care. Understand feelings and mental states of others. |
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Term
| why mirror neurons are important for explaining imitation |
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Definition
| suggest imitation is pre-reflective, automatic, effortless- hard wired for empathy and social connection |
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Term
| 2 studies supporting ideomotor framework |
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Definition
a. participants shown finger going up, instructed to lift their finger OR participants shown finger going up, instructed to put finger down- faster when observed and imitation was same (Brass)
b. children instructed to copy evaluator- faster and less errors when red dot there to indicate goal. goals given higher priority than movement (Bekkering) |
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Term
| sensory motor framework of action |
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Definition
action initiated in response to environment/ external stimuli, then stimuli-response translation
a. perception and action have different independent representational formats
b. correspondence problem: how is imitation a response to the sensory-motor stimuli of observation?
c. **** Iacoboni refutes the sensory-motor framework of action. Not supported by research on imitation and mirror neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| response to stimuli isn't necessarily 1:1 reaction. ie how is firing of mirror neurons response to observation of goal oriented task? |
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Term
| associative learning sequence model |
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Definition
| imitative abilities are based on association between sensory and motor representations of neurons, “linking” of sensory and motor areas |
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Term
| importance of environment in associative learning |
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Definition
i. Finding that people are faster at responding when they see the same movement (e.g. finger up and down) but can be overridden by training- suggests two separate areas
ii. Finding that people imitate humans faster than robots- can be trained to imitate robots just as fast as humans |
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Term
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Definition
| mirror neurons fire in response to both visual input and auditory input. sensory stimuli co-occur (observation and then imitation through sight and sound. Monkeys mirror neurons activate with sight and sound) |
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Term
| experience in both models |
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Definition
both ideomotor and associative learning explain increase imitation from experience
Study: macaques trained to use tools: increase 20% firing of mirror neurons in inferolateral F5 area- more neurons fired based on experience |
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Term
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Definition
1. direct (gestures, postures, facial expressions speech)
2. complex (subtle priming, priming of stereotypes)
a. studies: participants walked slower to the elevator when primed with old people words, remembered less when primed with old people words, remembered more when primed with college professor words and less when primed with soccer hooligans words- evidence for complex imitation (Dijksterius) |
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Term
| 3 studies related imitation to empathy |
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Definition
1. when confederates rub nose or shake their foot, participants more likely to do these behaviors
2. when confederates mimic participants- report liking more and smoother social interaction
3. when participants exhibit high levels of imitative behaviors, score higher in self-reported empathy (Chartrand and Bargh, 1999) |
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Term
| support for associative learning model |
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Definition
1. Studies with Macaque monkeys: premotor cortext= F5 part that controls mouth and hand- activate mirror neurons when doing behavior and when observing
a. Mirror neurons: fired when doing behavior and when observing- suggests motor and perception share common representation
b. in macaques- mirror neurons don’t fire with pantomime- recognize goal |
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Term
| 2 types of mirror neurons |
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Definition
a. Strict congruent: only 1/3 fire for same executed and observed behavior
b. Broad congruent: 2/3 fire to when the executed and observed behaviors are not identical, but share common intention
i. *indicates flexible coding of observations: best because we usually do not engage in exact imitation, but rather a coordinated, cooperative, complementary action |
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Term
| 2 studies supporting associative learning model |
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Definition
ii. When objects hidden, about half of the mirror neurons for that behavior fire (study with grasping when object is there, when no object there)
iii. Mirror neurons fire in absence of visual input (study with sound of behavior and white noise- mirror neurons fired with congruent sound- suggests mirror neurons are multimodal
1. Macaque area F5 (mirror neurons fire with sound) is analogous to human Broadman’s area 44- imitation necessary for emergence of language? |
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Term
| neuroscience support for ideomotor framework |
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Definition
1. Can code intentions only and not motor/sensory information
a. In monkeys, single cell recordings in PF/PFG in F5 part of brain
i. Different mirror neurons for same action with different intentions
ii. Different firing for coding to place a piece of food on the table vs place a piece of food in the mouth
iii. Monkeys trained to use hand-open pliers as a tool- same mirror neurons fired as hand close to pick up objects |
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Term
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Definition
1. 1883- monkeys imitate a lot, then do not imitate (associated with higher order thought) Current: they do imitate, likely due to mirror neurons
a. Marmosets: mimic new behavior (observe monkey opening a box in a peculiar way)
b. Baby rhesus macaques: similar imitation behaviors as human neonates
c. Monkey preferred experimenter who imitated the monkey (with cube, looked at experimenter more) |
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Term
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Definition
a.Single unit recordings (too invasive for humans, poor monkeys
b.Lesion studies
c.Brain imaging- BOLD fMRI correlates well with spiking neuronal activity
d.TMS- transcranial magnetic stimulation |
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Term
| 4 locations of mirror neurons |
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Definition
a. Dorsal premotor cortex: associated with classical conditioning
i. 2 PET and 1 TMS study showed mirror neurons in ventral premotor cortex and inferior frontal cortex
b. Posterior part of inferior frontal gyrus (analogous to F5 in macaques)
i. Pars opercularis- part of Broca’s area
c. Rostral part of posterior parietal cortex (analogous to PF/ PFG in macaques)
d. Posterior part of temporal sulcis- higher order visual info (motion and intention) |
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Term
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Definition
Superior temporal cortex (action)
Parietal cortex (code motor) and frontal cortex (code intention/goal)
Dorsal frontal cortex- imitation and conditioned learning or Limic system- social and emotional expression, empathy |
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Term
| 3 types of support for mirror neurons related to empathy |
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Definition
4. Limited activity in mirror neuron areas of frontoparietal cortex- increases severity of autism
5. Mirror neuron areas- increased interpersonal competence and empathy
6.Mirror neuron areas- empathy and increased activity in both observation and action mirror neuron areas |
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Term
| general neuroscience support for ideomotor framework |
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Definition
1. Differential action execution and observation areas
2. Lesions to frontal lobe- problems with motor. Lesions to medial temporal lobe- problems with perception
a.Mirror neuron activity- united at single cells, BUT separated at system level |
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Term
| general neuroscience support for the associative learning framework |
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Definition
| 1.Sensory unit (medial temporal neurons) and motor unit (frontal neurons) separated |
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