Describe Common Terms, Sayings, and Quotations used in USMC

First to Fight

• Marines at forefront of every American war since founding 
• Entered Revolution in 1775, just before Declaration of Independence was signed
• >300 landings on foreign shores
• Readiness reflects pride, responsibility, challenge

Describe Common Terms, Sayings, and Quotations used in USMC

Leatherneck

• Neckpiece worn 1775 - 1875
• Protect neck from saber slashes and keep heads erect

Describe Common Terms, Sayings, and Quotations used in USMC

Devil Dog

• 1918: Battle of Belleau Wood near Marne River, France
• Persistent attacks on Germans 
• Earned nickname "Teufelhunden" aka "Devil Dogs"

Describe Common Terms, Sayings, and Quotations used in USMC

Esprit de corps

• Implies devotion and loyalty to USMC
• Regard for hx, traditions, honor
• Epitome of pride in a unit

Describe Common Terms, Sayings, and Quotations used in USMC

Uncommon valor was a common virtue

• Statement by Admiral Nimitz
• Applied Marines' fighting ability on Iwo Jima
• Largest all-Marine battle in Hx

Describe Common Terms, Sayings, and Quotations used in USMC

Semper Fidelis

• "Always Faithful" (Latin)
• Abbreviated Semper Fi
• Adopted 1883

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When was it created?

• Created 10 Nov 1775 in Philadelphia, PA
• Where: Tun Tavern 
• By: Continental Congress 
• What: Raised 2 battalions of Marines
• 1834: Moved under DON
• National Security Act of 1947 (amended 1952):
  • States USMC structure, missions, and functions

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1775

• Continental Congress authorized formation of 2 battalions under Captain Samuel Nicholas
  • First Commandant of USMC

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1776

• 1st USMC landing
• During Revolutionary War
• Invaded New Providence Island in Bahamas
• Seized guns and supplies
• UOD: Leatherneck

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1798

• Congress created USMC as separate military service

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1805

• USMC stormed Barbary pirates' stronghold at Derna (shores of Tripoli)
• Raised "Stars and Stripes" for 1st time in Eastern Hemisphere

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1847

• Occupied Halls of Montezuma during Battle of Chapultepec in Mexico City 
• Royal palace fell to invading Marines, who were 1st to enter capital

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1859

• Marines stormed Harper's Ferry under COL Robert E. Lee, US Army
• Put down revolt led by abolitionist John Brown

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1861

• Limited action/hindered effectiveness due to:
  • Resignations
  • Aging officer corps
  • Inadequate personnel 
• Mainly served with naval detachments at sea

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1868

• Adopted emblem with eagle, globe, anchor
  • Eagle: Nation
  • Globe and anchor: Worldwide service and sea traditions
• BrigGen Jacob Zeilian, 7th Commandant, modified British/Royal Marine emblem to depict Marines as Maritime and American

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1898

• Conducted offensive operations in Pacific and Cuba in response to declaration of war against Spain
• Actions resulted in establishment of several installations overseas

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1900

• Marines from Asiatic station defended American Legation in Peking, China during Boxer Rebellion in support of foreign policy
• Part of multination defense that protected Legation Quarter against attack
• Held against Boxers until relief force reached Peking to end rebellion 

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1901

• 1901 - 1934: "Banana Wars"
• From Far East to Caribbean, Marines:
  • Put down insurrections
  • Guarded and protect American lives and property
  • Restored order

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1913

• USMC established Aviation unit
• First pilot: MAJ Alfred A Cunningham

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1917

• Marines landed in France
• Participated in 8 distinct operations
• Awarded many decorations
  • French Fourragere: still worn by 5th and 6th Marines

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1933

• USMC reorganized into FMF
• Formally established "Command and administrative relations" between Fleet and USMC
• MC Equipment Board established at Quantico, Virginia
  • Began testing materials for landing operations and expeditionary service

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1941

• US entered war after Pearl Harbor attack
• USMC principle force utilized by allies in execution of "island hoping" campaigns
• Amphibious doctrine invaluable in this strategy
• USMC strength: 500,000 during WWII

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1950

• Conflict in Korea
• Established 1st Marine Provisional Brigade from 1st Marine Division
• Marines responded to attack by North Korea
  • Rescued Pusan perimeter
  • Made amphibious landing over seawalls at Inchon
  • 1st time USMC Aviators flew helicopters in battle

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1958

• Completed FMF reorganization
• Created units to conduct landing operations in atomic or nonatomic warfare
• Gave USMC ability to go where needed, stay there, and project power ashore as cutting edge of sea power
  • Landed near Beirut, Lebanon, to support army against internal strife
  • Stabilized situation and left after a few months

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1965

• Landed in South Vietnam (Longest war in Hx)
  • Conducted numerous large scale offensive operations throughout the course of the war
  • Participated in pacification program to win support of local populace
• Landed in Dominican Republic to evacuate and protect US citizens/restore peace

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1982

• Marines deployed to Lebanon as part of multinational peacekeeping force in concept of "Force of Readiness"
• Oct 23 1983: suicide truck bomb killed 241, wounded 70 Americans
• Last Marine withdrew July 1984

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1983

• Urgent Fury
  • Joint military operation in response to request of intervention from neighboring Caribbean nations
  • Following violent assassination of Prime Minister and overthrow of government of Grenada
  • Secured island and safeguarded hundreds of Americans living there

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1989

• Just Cause
  • Ordered by US President due to increasing unrest in Panama
  • Purpose: to overthrow military government of Panama headed by General Manuel Noriega
  • Result: Installed civilian gov't (had been denied office after free elections were illegally declared invalid by Noreiga's gov't)
• General Noriega: Under indictment in US for drug trafficking and racketeering; arrested sent to US for trial for

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1990

• Operation Desert Shield
  • Following invasion of Kuwait by Iraqi forces
  • Purpose:
    • To hold advance of Iraqi forces
    • Position multinational forces for offensive operations/expel invading force
  • Result:
    • Validated USMC Maritime Propositioning Force (MPF) concept
    • Enacted plan of tailoring units to accomplish mission as part of Marine Air Ground Task Force (MAGTF)

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1991

• Operation Desert Storm
  • After Iraqi gov't refused to comply with United Nations' resolutions
  • Marine aviation heavily used when air phase commenced Jan 1991
  • Ground forces used when bombing failed
  • Result:
  • Liberated country
  • Severe damage to Iraqi military capability

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Presley Neville O'Bannon

• Heroism in Battle for harbor fortress of Derna (Tripoli) in Mediterranean
• His Marines were 1st US Forces to raise flag over Old World territory
• Presented with "Mameluke" sword (curved sword used by Mamluk warriors of Egypt)

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Archibald Henderson

• Commandant 1820 - 1859
  • Indian Wars, War with Mexicao, "opening" of China, disorders in Central America
• "Grand old Man of the Marine Corps"
• Introduced higher standards of personal appearance, training, discipline, professional military source

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John H. Quick

• Participated in operation at Cuzco Well (Guantanamo Bay, Cuba) to seize advanced base for Atlantic Fleet battalion of Marines
• Medal of Honor: Semaphoring (conveying information) for an emergency lift of Naval bombardment while under Spanish and American shellfire
• Demonstrated usefulness of Marines as assault troops, added strength for capture and defense of advanced bases, becoming a primary mission of USMC

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Daniel Daly

• SgtMaj Daly
• Earned 2 Medals of Honor
  • Chinese Boxer Rebellion
  • First Caco War in Haiti
• When pinned down in Battle of Belleau Wood, yelled "C'mon you sons of bxxxx, do you want to live forever?"

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Smedley D. Butler

• MajGen Butler
• Earned 2 Medals of Honor:
  • Veracruz
  • First Caco War in Haiti
• By end of 1916, USMC recognized as national force in readiness and leadership gained from continual combat and expeditionary experience

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John A. Lejeune

• MajGen Lejeune
• Served as 13th Commandant of the USMC (1920 - 1929)
• 1st Marine officer ever to command an army division in combat (France during WWI, 1918)

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Lewis B. ("Chesty") Puller

• Lieutenant General Puller
• Served in Nicaragua through several periods of political unrest and rebellious activity
• "Tiger of the Mountains"
  • 32 Marines famous for engaging rebel groups and bandits while scouring jungles in Nicaraga to Honduran border
• USMC Mascot: English bulldog named "Chesty"

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Joseph L. Foss

• Captain Foss
• Medal of Honor:
  • Marine Pilot instrumental in taking Japanese airfield at Guadalcanal
• 2nd ranking Marine ace by end of WWII: 26 kills

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Gregory R. ("Pappy") Boyington

• Maj Boyington
• Recognized for prowess in aerial dogfights
• Commanded VMH-214 Black Sheep during WWII
• Recognized as top ranking flying ace by end of WWII: 28 kills

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Ira H. Hayes

• Corporal Hayes
• Pima Indian
• Immortalized in famous photograph taken of second flag raising on Mount Suribachi shortly after Japanese stronghold was taken on Feb 23, 1945

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Opha Mae Johnson

• Private Johnson
• USMC 1st enlisted woman: Aug 13, 1918
• Her enlistment was a reflection of dramatic changes in status of women brought about by US entry into WWI
• Official title: Marine Reserve (F)
• Nicknames: "Skirt Marines" "Marinettes"

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Annie L. Grimes

• CWO Grimes
• 3rd black woman to become a Marine
• 1st black woman officer to retire after her "full 20"

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Margaret A. Brewer

• BrigGen Brewer
• Served as last director of Women Marines (WM): 1973-1977
• 7th and last director of WMs, only post-WW woman to hold the position
• 1st woman general officer: May 11, 1978

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Molly Marine

• Monument in New Orleans to women who serve and have served
• Dedicated on USMC birthday in 1943
• Joan D'Arc: First statute of a woman in uniform anywhere in world (in full armor) in Orleans, France