Term
Hyponatremia Normal levels of sodium 135-145mEq/L |
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Definition
Serum sodium levels<135mEq/L Serum osmolality<280mOsm/kg lower than normal concentration of sodium in the blood, which occurs with net sodium loss or net water excess. Signs and Symptoms apprehension, personality change, confusion, postural hypotension, postural dizziness, abdominal cramping, nausea, vommiting, diarrhea,tachycardia, convulsions, coma, and fingerprints remaining in sternum after palpation. |
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Term
Hypernatremia Normal serum sodium levels 135-145 mEq/L |
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Definition
serum sodium levels >145mEQ/L serum osmolality>295 mOsm/kg greater than normal concentration of sodium in ECF. Excess water loss or overall sodium excess is often the cause of this. Signs and Symptoms thirst, dry and flushed skin, dry and sticky tongue and mucous membranes, fever, agitation, convulsions, restlessness, and irritability. |
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Term
Hypokalemia Normal potassium levels 3.5-5 mEq/L |
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Definition
serum potassium levels<3.5mEq/L and ECG abnormalities(ventricular abnormalities) one of the most common electrolyte imbalances in which an inadequate amount of potassium circulates in ECF. The most common cause is the use of potassium-wasting diuretics, such as thiazide and loop diuretics. Signs and symptoms weakness and fatigue, decreased muscle tone, intestinal distentsion, decreased bowel sounds, ventricular dysrythmias,psrethesias, and weak ,irregular pulse. |
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Term
Hyperkalemia Normal serum potassium levels 3.5-5mEq/L |
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Definition
serum potassium levels >5.3mEq/L and ECG abnormalities greater than normal amounts of potasssium, primary cause is renal failure. Signs and symptoms anxiety, dysrythmias,paresthesias,weakness,abdominal cramps, and diarrhea. |
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Term
Hypocalcemia normal serum calcuim 4-5mEqL normal total calcium 8.5-10.5 md/dl |
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Definition
serum calcium level<4.0 mEq/L or 8.5mg/100 ml and abnormal ECG. Signs and symptoms numbness and tingling of fingers and circumoral region,hyperactive reflexes, positive Trousseau's sign(carpopedal spasm with hypoxia), positive Chvostek's sign(contraction of facial muscles when facial nerve is tapped), tetany, muscle cramps, and pathological fractures( chronic hypocalcemia) |
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Term
Hypercalcemia Normal serum levels 4-5mEq/L Total calcium 8.5-10.5 mg/dl |
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Definition
Serum levels >5 mEq/L or 10.5 mg/100ml. Frequently a symptom of and underlying disease resulting in excess bone resorption with release of calcium. Signs and Symptoms anorexia, nausea, vommiting, constipation, weakness, lethargy, low back pain from kidney stones, decreased level of consciousness, personality changes, and cardiac arrest. |
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Term
Repiratory acidosis Normal pH 7.35-7.45 PaCO2 partial pressure of carbon dioxide 35-45mmHg |
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Definition
An increased arterial carbon dioxide concentration(PaCO2), exces carbonic acid(H2CO3), and an increase Hydrogen ion (H+) concentration (decreased pH). Signs and symptoms confusion,dizziness,lethargy, headache, ventricular dysrythmias, warm and flushed skin, muscular twitching, convulsions and coma. |
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Term
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Definition
pH>7.45, PaCO2<35 mm Hg, PaO2 normal and bicarbonate normal. Signs and Symptoms dizziness, confusion,dysrythmias, tachypnea, numbness and tingling of extremities, convulsions and coma. |
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Term
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Definition
Lab findings: pH< 7.35, PaCO2 normal if uncompensate of < 35mm Hg if compensated. PaO2 normal, Oxygen sat normal, an biocarbonate < 22 mEq/L. Signs and Symptoms headache, lethargy, confusion, dysrhythmias, tahcypnea with deep repirations, abdominal cramps, and flushed skin. |
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Term
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Definition
Lab findings: pH>7.45, PaCO2 normal if uncompensated or >45mm Hg, PaO2 normal, bicarbonat level>26 mEq/L Signs and symptoms dizziness, dysrhythmias,numbness and tingling of fingers, toes, and circumoral region, muscle cramps and tetany |
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Term
| What does serum electrolyte test measure? |
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Definition
| Determine hydration status , the electrolyte concentration of the blood plasma, and acid-base balance. |
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Term
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Definition
| measures of the muber and type of red and white blood cells per cubic millimeter of blood. As long as the patient is not anemic the hematocrit is an indicator of the hydration satus of the patient. The hematocrit will increase insituations where fluid is lost and will decrease in situations where fluid is excesivley retained in the vascular space. |
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Term
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Definition
| measure the kidney function. Creartine is a normal by product of muscle metabolism and the kidneys excrete it at a fairly constant levels, regardless of factors such as fluid intake, diet, or excercise. it provides a measure of renal function that is relatively independent of hydration status. |
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Term
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Definition
| The amount of nitrogenous substances present in the nlood as urea, rough indicator of kidney function. |
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Term
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Definition
measures the concentration of the plasma osmolality decreases with hypoosmolas fluid imbalance (water excess) or hyponatrmia. Decrease serum omolality results in osmosis, which moves the fluid onto the body cells (cellular edema). Osmolality increases with hyperosmolar fluid imbalance (water defecit) or hypernatrmia or other gains of solutes such as glucose. Fluid moves out of the cell and into the interstital space (cellular shrinkage). Both cellular edema and shrinkage disrupt normal cell processes. |
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Term
| Urine Specific gravity test |
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Definition
Normal range 1.010 and 1.025 measures the urine's degree of concentration and evaluates the kidney's ability to conserve or excrete water. |
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Term
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Definition
| provides information on the status of the acid-base balance and the effectiveness of ventilatory function in providing normal oxygen-carbon dioxide exchange. evaluate in a systamatic approach. first examin pH, the check PaCO2, they normaly move in opposite directions. Then examine the biocabonate, |
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