Term
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Definition
| All fluid outside the cells (including intravascular.) |
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Term
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Definition
| Fluids within the cells. 30-45% of body fluid |
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Definition
fluids that circulates in veins and arteries (also falls into the category of extracellular.)
5% of body fluid |
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Definition
fluid that is not in circulation or in cells:
sinovial joint fluid
spinal fluid |
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Term
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Definition
when fluid is not where it is supposed to be.
example:
ascities - fluid is not available for intra or extracellular. |
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Term
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Definition
| 50-60% of body weight is made of fluids. |
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Term
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Definition
| Adipose tissue has less water than lean tissue. Therefore more muscles = greater risk for Fluid Volume Deficit. |
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Term
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Definition
Muscle tissue contains more water than adipose tissue.
Therefore more muscles = greater risk for Fluid Volume Deficit. |
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Term
| those prone to Fluid Volume Deficit: |
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Definition
Elderly
Infants (have higher fluid percentage in body 70-80%)
Athletes - more muscle mass means more fluid-needy cells which means more prone to FVD. |
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Term
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Definition
| Movement of solutes (molecules and ions) from a higher to a lower concentration. |
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Term
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Definition
Movement of a fluid from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration.
"Osmotic Pressure" |
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Term
| sodium potassium pumps maintains concentration of what? |
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Definition
The Sodium Potassium Pump maintains concentrations of solutes between the cellular and extracellular fluids at the following levels:
Extracellular Fluid:
- Sodium (Na)142
- Potassium (K):5
Intracellular Fluid:
- Sodium (Na) 10
- Potassium (K) 150
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Term
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Definition
Filtration is the passage of fluid through a permeable membrane from higher to lower pressure.
Occurs in the kidneys. |
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Term
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Definition
Active Tranport requires energy to move things across a cell membrane.
Movement is from a lesser concentration to a higher concentration. |
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Term
| How do kidneys retain fluid? |
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Definition
| Aldosterone is excreted from the adrenal glands |
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Term
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Definition
| A mineralcorticosteroid secreted from the adrenal glands. Causes retention of sodium which causes retention of water respectively. |
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Term
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Definition
| a mineralcorticosteroid causes retention of sodium. This is the body's mechanism for retaining fluid when dehydrated. |
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Term
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Definition
| ACTH - or adrenocorticotropic hormone - targets the adrenal glands to produce aldosterone, a mineralcorticosteroid. This hormone causes retention of sodium which causes retention of fluid. This is one of the body's methods for dealing with dehydration. |
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Term
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Definition
| ADH is produced by the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary. When released, it prevents fluid loss by HOLDING ONTO WATER (aldosterone causes a similar effect but through sodium retention.) |
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Term
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Definition
The skin loses fluids through:
-Diaphoresis (sweating)
-febrile - for every hour that a pt.'s temp is up over 101, they may loose up to 500cc fluid.
-Evaporation |
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Term
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Definition
The GI tract looses water through:
-diarrhea
-normal functioning GI released 100cc/day |
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Term
| renin-angiotensin system (RAS) |
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Definition
| RAS is a hormone system that regulates blood pressure and water (fluid) balance. System is started by the kidney's release of renin. |
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Term
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Definition
| With metabolic acidosis, the respiratory system goes into resp. alkalosis and blows off the excess hydrogen. |
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Term
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Definition
| With metabolic alkalosis, the respiratory system holds on to hydrogen ions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sudden Inappropriate anti-diuretic hormone. Causes a fluid volume excess. |
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Term
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Definition
| Potassium cations are important in neuron (brain and nerve) function, and in influencing osmotic balance between cells and the interstitial fluid. |
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Term
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Definition
| Na+/K+ pump uses ATP to pump 3 sodium ions out of the cell and 2 potassium ions into the cell, thus creating an electrochemical gradient over the cell membrane. |
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Term
| potassium shortage in the body |
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Definition
A shortage of potassium in body fluids may cause a potentially fatal condition known as HYPOKALEMIA, typically resulting from vomiting, diarrhea, and/or increased diuresis.
Deficiency symptoms include:
- muscle weakness
- paralytic ileus
- ECG abnormalities
- decreased reflex response
- can cause severe respiratory paralysis, alkalosis and cardiac arrhythmia. |
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Term
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Definition
Hypokalemia is a potassium deficiency in the body.
It can be caused by vomiting, diarrhea, and/or increased diuresis. |
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Term
| Why are the elderly prone to dehydration? |
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Definition
The elderly are prone to dehydration because:
- decreased thirst receptors |
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Term
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Definition
Diabetes insipidus (DI) is a condition characterized by excessive thirst and excretion of large amounts of severely diluted urine, with reduction of fluid intake having no effect on the latter.
The most common type of DI in humans is central DI, caused by a deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
The second common type of DI is nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, which is caused by an insensitivity of the kidneys to ADH. |
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Term
| Who is at risk for fluid imbalance? |
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Definition
At risk for fluid volume deficit:
- elderly
- pt's who are confused
- pt's who are immobile.
- pt's who are NPO |
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Term
| What pt history indicates a risk for fluid imbalance? |
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Definition
history that indicates a risk for fluid volume deficit:
- pt's with cardiac history
- pt's w/ renal disease
- pt's with diabetes melitus
- pt's w/ neurological disorders |
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Term
| best way to track fluid volume excess of deficit? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do you test for skin turgor? |
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Definition
| To test for skin turgor, check for tenting over the sternum (not the back of the hand) |
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Term
| What can the tongue tell you about fluid volume deficit? |
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Definition
Sticky tongue - usually due to increased sodium.
tongue farrows - indicates dehydration |
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Term
| How much water should people drink per day? |
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Definition
50ml per kg a day
or
about 2-3 liters |
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Term
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Definition
Baroreceptors (or baroceptors) are sensors located in the blood vessels.
They are a type of mechanoreceptor that detects the pressure of blood flowing through them.
Baroreceptors can send messages to the central nervous system to increase or decrease total peripheral resistance and cardiac output. |
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Term
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Definition
Classifications of Edema:
- +1 edema - this is edema that is barely detectable.
- +2 edema - A slight indentation is visible when the skin is depressed. A slight indentation remains following skin depression.
- +3 edema - A deeper fingerprint returns to normal in 5 to 30 seconds.
- +4 edema - The extremity may be 1.5 to 2 times normal size.
You also must note:
- pitting - indentation remains after pressure is removed.
- non-pitting - skin does not indent
is it unilateral or bilateral? |
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Term
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Definition
| +1 edema is barely detectable. |
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Term
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Definition
| +2 edema is when a slight indentation is visible when the skin is depressed. A slight indentation remains following skin depression. |
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Term
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Definition
| 3+ Edema is when a deeper fingerprint returns to normal in 5 to 30 seconds. |
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Term
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Definition
| 4+ edema is when the extremity may be 1.5 to 2 times normal size. |
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Term
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Definition
Pulse grading system:
0 pulse - absent
1+ pulse - weak pulse that is obliterated with pressure
2+ pulse - normal pulses that can be felt with pressure
3+ pulse - normal/strong pulse that can be felt with pressure
4+ pulse - bounding pulse that cannot be obliterated with pressure. |
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Term
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Definition
| a 1+ pulse is a weak pulse that is obliterated with pressure. |
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Term
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Definition
| a 2+ pulse is a normal pulse that can be felt with slight pressure. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| How would you describe a pulse with a fluid volume deficit? |
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Definition
| with a fluid volume deficit, a pulse will be 1+ and tachycardic with a lower Pulse Pressure (below 30 or 40). |
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Term
| How would you describe a pulse with a fluid volume excess? |
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Definition
| With a fluid volume excess, a pulse will be bounding and BP with be increased. |
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Term
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Definition
Ascites is usually associated with severe liver disease and is characterized by swelling of the abdomen.
Fluid that is supposed to be intravascular is pulled into the peritoneal space, swelling the abdomen. This causes a Fluid Volume Deficit because the fluid in the cavity is third-spacing and not available to the body systems. |
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