Term
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Definition
pertains to water within the body and the particles dissolved in it. total body water is the total of the water in all fluid compartments
50% total body weight females
60% in males
the more body fat the less water
fluid volume decrease with age |
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Term
Fluid homeostasis
fluid compartments |
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Definition
intracellular compartment fluid (ICF)
-volume 2/3 of total body fluid volume
-composition: K+, Mg+, HPO4-(organic and inorganic phosphates), proteins
extracellular compartment fluid (ECF)
-volume 1/3 of total body fluid
-composition: Na+, Cl-, HCO3-(bicarbonate), Ca++
ICF and ECF have opposite compositions
3rd spacing-an abnormal area fluid gets trapped in |
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Term
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Definition
fluid intake
fluid absorption
fluid distribution
fluid excretion |
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Term
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Definition
| if there are more solutes water will move there |
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Term
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Definition
| the movement of water based upon what is solute in water. interstitial fluid and intracellular fluid exchange |
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Term
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Definition
| pressures exerted on fluid by the solutes, inward pulling force of particles into vascular fluid (capillary osmotic pressure) the inward pulling force of particles in the interstitial fluid (interstitial fluid osmotic pressure) |
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Term
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Definition
| pressure exerted from fluid from interior of vessel out (capillary) the outward push of interstitial fluid against the outside of the capillary walls (interstitial hydrostatic pressure) |
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Term
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Definition
| the way fluid is exchanged between capillaries and interstitial fluid. |
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Term
| Fluid and electrolyte disorders |
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Definition
fluid imbalances
-volume imbalances-saline imbalance (ECF imbalance)
-concentration imbalances-water imbalance-imbalance of body fluid
electrolyte imbalances
-potassium
-calcium
-magnesium
-phosphate |
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Term
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Definition
volume imbalances-saline imbalances:salt water imbalance
-imbalances of ECF volume or amount
-volume imbalance is caused by removal of sodium containing fluid from the body (ascites may deplete ECV)
concentration imbalances-water imbalance
-imbalances of body fluid concentration not amount |
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Term
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Definition
| an example of third space fluid, goes somewhere else due to abnormalities (peritoneum) |
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Term
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Definition
cells (ICF, ECF) keep normal osmololity
-removal of Na+ containing isotonic fluid (saline)from the body
etiology
-gi excretion of excess saline
-renal excretion of saline
-other loss of saline-hemmhorage, diaphoresis
clinical findings
-wt loss, postural hypotension, dizziness, oliguria |
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Term
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Definition
excessive volume of saline
etiology
-excessive IV saline infusion
-renal retention of Na+ and water-hormonal imbalances, congestive heart failure, cirrhosis
clinical findings
-wt gain, edema, circulatory overload |
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Term
concentration imbalances
hyponatremia |
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Definition
low sodium compared to water concentration
etiology
-gain of relatively more water than salt (beer drinking, compulsive water drinking)
-loss of relatively more salt than water (diuretics, diarrhea)
clinical findings
-neuronal swelling (cells expand)
-CNS dysfunction (malaise, N&V, headaches, confusion, lethargy, seizures, coma) death |
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Term
concentration imbalances
hypernatremia |
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Definition
extra salt compared to water, cells shrink. serum sodium concentration above the upper limit of normal-water deficit
etiology
-gain of relatively more salt that water (salt tablets, tube feeding, no water)
-loss of relatively more water than salt (tube feeding, diarrhea)
clinical findings
-neuronal shrinkage
CNS dysfunction similar to those of hyponatremia, death in severe cases |
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Term
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Definition
increased amount of fluid in tissues (interstitial compartment)
may be ECV excess-increased capillary hydrostatic pressure |
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Term
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Definition
etiology and pathogenesis
-increased capillary pressure
-vasodilation
-decreased colloid osmotic pressure
-lymphatic obstruction-lymphedema
-sodium/body water excess |
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Term
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Definition
low potassium
-decreased K+ intake
-K+ redistributed from ECF into cells
-increased K+ loss (normal & abnormal routes)
clinical findings: abnormal conduction
cardiovascular (EKG changes, A&V premature beats, V fib); neuromuscular (weakness); neuropsychiatric (confusion)
most potassium is inside the cells |
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Term
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Definition
an elevation of K+ concentration in ECF
-increased K+ intake
-shift of K+ out of cells into ECF
-decreased excretion of K+
clinical findings: (abnormal conduction)
cardiovascular (arrhythmias, death by asystole or V fib)
neuromuscular (weakness, paresthesia, agitation |
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Term
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Definition
decreased Ca++ intake or absorption
dcreased physiologic availability of Ca++
increased Ca++ excretion (normal routes)
clinical findings: (abnormal conduction)
increased neuromuscular irritability,
(+)Trousseau and Chvostek,
parethesia
muscle twitching and cramping
tetany
seizures
laryngospasm, etc
increased neuromuscualr irritability caused by a decrease in the threshold potential of excitable cells
similar to magnesium |
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Term
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Definition
increased Ca++ intake or absorpstion
shift of Ca++ from bone into ECF
decreased Ca++ excretion
clinical findings: (abnormal conduction)
anorexia
N&V
constipation
fatigue
muscle weakness
decreased reflexes
headache
confusion
lethargy
personality changes
cardiac arrhythmias, etc |
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Term
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Definition
| a carpal spasm can be elicited by compressing the upper arm and causing ischemia to nerves distally-carpal spasm |
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Term
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Definition
| spasm of muscles in the cheek and corner of the mouth produced by tapping the facial nerve in front of the ear |
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Term
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Definition
decreased Mg++ intake or absorption (chronic alcoholism)
decreased physiologic availability of Mg++
increased Mg++ loss through normal routes
Mg++ loss through abnormal routes
clinical findings: (increased neuromuscular activity)
increased neuromuscular excitability (insomnia, increased reflexes, muscle cramping/twitching,(+)Trousseau/Chvostek,
dysphagiam, tetany)
cardiovascular (arrhythmias) |
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Term
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Definition
increased Mg++ intake or absorption (excessive Mg in laxatives and antacids)
decreased Mg++ excretion
clinical findings: (decreased neuromuscular activity)
decreased reflexes
lethargy
hypotension
flushing and diaphoresis
drowsiness
flaccid paralysis
respiratory depression
cardiac arrhythmias (including bradycardia) and arrest |
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Term
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Definition
less likely but may be fatal
decreased PO4 intake or absorption (chronic alcoholism, diarrhea)
shift of PO4 from ECF into cells
increased PO4 excretion through normal renal route
loss of PO4 through abnormal routes
clinical findings: (decreased energy source)
anorexia
malaise
paresthesias
hemolysis
decreased reflexes
muscle aches and weakness
confusion
stupor
seizures
coma
respiratory failure
impaired cardiac function (including cardimyopathies) |
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Term
hyperphosphatemia
(tumor lysis syndrome) |
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Definition
increased PO4 intake or absorption
shift of PO4 from cells into ECF (crushing injury)
decreased PO4 excretion
clinical findings: (hypocalcemia)
deposition of CaPO4 crystals in soft tissues (joints > arthritis, kidneys > abstruction, heart > arrhythmias, lungs > fibrosis, eyes > uremic red eye) |
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