Term
| Fluency (aspect of speech) |
|
Definition
directly applies to way in which we speak
respiration, resonance, phonation, motor planning, inflection, intonation, porosity, rate of speech |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
liquid, smooth, water, continuous
simply the effortless flow of speech
we are trained/wired to produce speech fluently, you only notice if there is an absence of fluency |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
controlled by when and how fast we move our speech structures
temporal control of movement determines our fluency
Pauses, rhythm, intonation, stress, rate
Is dysfluent speech stuttering? NO |
|
|
Term
| The ___ of info flow, not just sound flow is also very important aspect of fluency |
|
Definition
The RATE of info flow, not just sound flow is also very important aspect of fluency.
- speaker who doesn't hesitate, but who has difficulty conveying info is considered dysfluent |
|
|
Term
| Research has shown that it is the _____ that may give rise to judgements that a person is stuttering |
|
Definition
Research has shown that it is the EXCESS EFFORT that may give rise to judgements that a person is stuttering
-ex: it's STUCK, can't get it out, muscles tighten, larynx closes |
|
|
Term
| Not necessarily a stutterer id they have ____ or _____, but are still not fluent |
|
Definition
| Not necessarily a stutterer id they have UNUSUAL RHYTHM or SLOW RATE OF INFO FLOW , but are still not fluent |
|
|
Term
| Stuttering is characterized by an abnormally high frequency and/or duration of ____ in the ___ flow of speech |
|
Definition
Stuttering is characterized by an abnormally high frequency and/or duration of STOPPAGES in the FORWARD flow of speech.
- considered CORE of stuttering behavior |
|
|
Term
| What are the basic speech behaviors of stuttering? |
|
Definition
CORE BEHAVIORS
- seem involuntary to the person who stutters, as if they are out of his control
this is KEY, they are INVOLUNTARY |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 basic forms of CORE behaviors? (directly related to speech) |
|
Definition
1. Repetitions- of sounds, syllables, or one syllable words
2. Prolongations- of sounds
3. Blocks- ariflow or voicing in speech |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ex: I,I, I - repetition of single word, "s,s,s,sorry" repetition of single sound, "far,far,farmer" = rep of single syllable
- most freq among kids when they begin to stutter
-basically where speaker is stuck on sound, like a record speaking
-elicits high emotional reaction
-often what you see first in young kids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- voiceless sounds that appear in the speech of kids beginning to stutter
- appear after rep's, but sometimes they occur at same time
- sound or airflow continues, but movement of articulators is stopped |
|
|
Term
| To the listener, prolongations as short as ___ is perceived as ___ |
|
Definition
To the listener, prolongations as short as HALF A SECOND is perceived as ABNORMAL.
- ex: the drawing out of a sound, the "ssssnake", the sound is stretched out |
|
|
Term
| ____ and ____ are CORE behaviors of advanced stutterers. |
|
Definition
| REPETITIONS and PROLONGATIONS are CORE behaviors of advanced stutterers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-typically last CORE to develop, but some research says it's at same time as prolongations and rep's
- kids can tell you "it's stuck"
*remember all of this is an iceberg and you have to address bottom part where the covert behaviors lie |
|
|
Term
People differ from one another in how ____ they stutter and how long their individual ____ last.
Some stutterers are very ____ and stutter consistently, others are very ___ |
|
Definition
People differ from one another in how FREQUENTLY they stutter and how long their individual CORE BEHAVIORS last.
Some stutterers are very TYPICAL and stutter consistently, others are very RANDOM |
|
|
Term
Stutterers are...
Mild:
Avg:
Severe: |
|
Definition
Mild: fewer than 5% of words they speak or read aloud
Avg: 10% on words read aloud
Severe: 50% of the words spoken or read aloud |
|
|
Term
| The duration of the core behaviors very much less; they average around ___ and are rarely longer than ___. |
|
Definition
The duration of the core behaviors very much less; they average around 1 SECOND and are rarely longer than 5 SECONDS.
- frequency among ppl is wide range, but this is typical |
|
|
Term
| Reactions that develop as a person tries to end core behaviors quickly or avoid the core behaviors all together are called... |
|
Definition
SECONDARY BEHAVIORS
- what they do to avoid stutter
- begin as random struggle, but turn into well learned patterns
EX: facial tick, stomp foot, grimacing, eye blink, pauses |
|
|
Term
| 2 categories of Secondary Behaviors |
|
Definition
1. Escape Behaviors
2. Avoidance Behaviors |
|
|
Term
| ____ occurs when a speaker is stuttering and attempts to terminate the stutter and finish the word. |
|
Definition
ESCAPE BEHAVIORS occurs when a speaker is stuttering and attempts to terminate the stutter and finish the word.
ex: eye blinks, head nods, and interjections of extra sounds (...uh) |
|
|
Term
| ___ are learned when a speaker anticipates stuttering and recalls neg experiences when stuttering. |
|
Definition
AVOIDANCE BEHAVIORS are learned when a speaker anticipates stuttering and recalls neg experiences when stuttering.
- resorts to behaviors he has previously used (eye blinks, uh's) or even changing the word
- become strong habits- initially can provide highly rewarding emotional relief |
|
|
Term
| Problems with avoiding behaviors |
|
Definition
- temporary fixes because our mind corrects it
- stutterer is most resistant to change, it's their crutch
ex: using the name "mikey" to avoid stuttering his real name |
|
|
Term
| Stuttering appears in ___ cultures and has been a problem for humankind of at least ___ centuries. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stuttering begins between ___ and ___, but most often between ages of ___ yrs. Its first appearance may be either a ___ or a ____ onset. |
|
Definition
| Stuttering begins between 18 MONTHS and PUBERTY, but most often between ages of 2-5 yrs. Its first appearance may be either a GRADUAL or a SUDDEN onset. |
|
|
Term
| Prevalence, incidence, recovery rate, gender ratio |
|
Definition
Prev: 1%
Incidence: 5%
Recovery Rate WITHOUT prof help: 75%
male to female ratio in kids/adults- 3:1
young kids- 1:1
*girls spontaneously recover more than boys |
|
|
