A caricature is a rendered image showing the features of its subject in a simplified or exaggerated way.

In literature, a caricature is a description of a person using exaggeration of some characteristics and oversimplification of others.

A catastrophe is an extremely large-scale disaster, a horrible event.

Cause and effect may refer to:

• Cause and effect, the philosophical concept of causality
• Cause and effect, a central concept of Buddhism; see Karma in Buddhism
• Cause and effect, the statistical concept and test, see Granger cause
• Cause and effect, the graphical method in quality control engineering, see Ishikawa diagram

Art and entertainment[edit source | editbeta]

• Character (arts), an agent in a work of art, including literature, drama, cinema, opera, etc
• Character (novel), a 1936 Dutch novel by Ferdinand Bordewijk
  • Character (film), a 1997 Dutch film based on that novel
• Character (album), by Dark Tranquillity
• Game character (disambiguation), various types of character in a video game or role playing game
  • Player character, as above but who is controlled or whose actions are directly chosen by a player
  • Non-player character, as above but not player-controlled
• Characters (Stevie Wonder album), 1987
• Characters (John Abercrombie album), 1977
• Character Options, a toy company

Mathematics and science[edit source | editbeta]

• Character (biology), the abstraction of an observable physical or biochemical trait of an organism
• Character (mathematics), a type of function used in algebra
• Character structure, a person's traits
• Moral character, an evaluation of a particular individual's durable moral qualities
• The Characters, a book by the Greek philosopher Theophrastus

Symbols[edit source | editbeta]

• Character (symbol), a sign or symbol
  • Character (computing), a unit of information roughly corresponding to a grapheme
  • Chinese character, a written language symbol (sinogram) used in Chinese, Japanese, and other languages

Other[edit source | editbeta]

• Character (income tax), a type of income for tax purposes in the USA
• Sacramental character, a Catholic teaching
• Charaktery, a monthly magazine in Poland

See also[edit source | editbeta]

• All pages beginning with "Character"
• All pages with titles containing "Character"
• Virtual character (disambiguation)

Characterization

Characterization or characterisation is the art of creating characters for a narrative,^[1] including the process of conveying informationabout them. It is a literary element and may be employed in dramatic works of art or everyday conversation. Characters may be presented by means of description, through their actions, speech, or thoughts.

In fiction, a foil is a character who contrasts with another character (usually the protagonist) in order to highlight particular qualities of the other character.^[2][3][4] A foil usually either differs drastically or is extremely similar but with a key difference setting them apart. The concept of a foil is also more widely applied to any comparison that is made to contrast a difference between two things.^[5] Thomas F. Gieryn places these uses of literary foils into three categories which Tamara Antoine and Pauline Metze explain as: those that emphasize the heightened contrast (this is different because ...), those that operate by exclusion (this is not X because...), and those that assign blame ("due to the slow decision-making procedures of government...").^[6]

Chronology (from Latin chronologia, from Ancient Greek χρόνος, chronos, "time"; and -λογία, -logia) is the science of arranging events in their order of occurrence in time, such as the use of a timeline or sequence of events. It is also "the determination of the actual temporal sequence of past events".^[2]

Chronology is part of periodization. It is also part of the discipline of history, including earth history, the earth sciences, and study of the geologic time scale (see Prehistoric chronologies below).

Biology[edit source | editbeta]

• Climax community, a biological community that has reached a steady state because the life there is best adapted to the area
• Climax vegetation, the vegetation that establishes itself after a long absence of human activity
• Sexual climax, another term for orgasm

Film and television[edit source | editbeta]

• The Climax, a 1944 film
• Climax (1965 film), a 1965 Norwegian film
• Climax (2013 film), a 2013 Malayalam film
• Climax!, a 1950s television series

Music[edit source | editbeta]

• Climax (band), a 1970s American rock band best known for their hit "Precious and Few"
• Climax Blues Band, a British blues-based rock band formed in 1968
• Climax (Ohio Players album), by American band The Ohio Players
• Climax (Railway album), by German heavy metal band Railway
• "Climax" (Slum Village song), a 2000 song by hip hop group Slum Village
• "Climax" (Usher song), a 2012 song by singer Usher
• "CLIMAX", a song by Susumu Hirasawa from Detonator Orgun 3

People[edit source | editbeta]

• John Climacus (John Climax), 7th century Christian monk at the monastery on Mount Sinai

Places[edit source | editbeta]

Canada[edit source | editbeta]

• Climax, Saskatchewan

United States[edit source | editbeta]

• Climax, Colorado, an unincorporated mining village and a former post office
• Climax, Georgia
• Climax, Kansas
• Climax, Michigan
• Climax Township, Michigan
• Climax, Minnesota
• Climax Springs, Missouri
• Climax, New York, a hamlet in Greene County
• Climax, North Carolina
• Climax, Pennsylvania
• Climax, Virginia

Transportation[edit source | editbeta]

• Airborne Climax, a hang glider
• Climax locomotive, a geared steam locomotive

Video games[edit source | editbeta]

• Climax Entertainment, a video game studio based in Japan
• Climax Group, a global game development studio

Other uses[edit source | editbeta]

• Climax (narrative), the point of highest tension in a narrative work
• Climax (figure of speech), a figure of speech that lists items in order of importance
• Coventry Climax, an engine manufacturer

See also[edit source | editbeta]

• Climacs

Comic relief usually means a releasing of emotional or other tension resulting from a comic episode interposed in the midst of serious or tragic elements in a drama. Comic relief often takes the form of a bumbling, wisecracking sidekick of the hero or villain in a work of fiction. A sidekick used for comic relief will usually comment on the absurdity of the hero's situation and make comments that would be inappropriate for a character who is to be taken seriously. Other characters may use comic relief as a means to irritate others or keep themselves confident.

Language[edit source | editbeta]

• Comparison (grammar), the modification of adjectives and adverbs to express relative degree
• Mass comparison, a test for the relatedness of languages

Mathematics[edit source | editbeta]

• Comparison (mathematics), notation for comparing variable values
• Comparison of topologies, the comparison of topology structures
• Multiple comparisons, a procedure of statistics

Computer science[edit source | editbeta]

• File comparison, the automatic comparison of file data by a computer program
• Comparison (computer programming), code that makes decisions and selects alternatives based on them
• Comparison sort, a type of data sort algorithm

Psychology[edit source | editbeta]

• Pairwise comparison, a test of psychology
• Social comparison theory, a branch of social psychology

Other[edit source | editbeta]

• Comparison microscope
• Price comparison service, an Internet service
• Cross-cultural studies, which involve cross-cultural comparisons
• Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education

See also[edit source | editbeta]

• Comparability, a mathematical definition
• Comparator (disambiguation)
• Comparative (disambiguation)

Conflict may refer to:

• Conflict (process)
• Armed conflict or war
• Social conflict

Film and television[edit source | editbeta]

• Conflict (1936 film), a boxing film starring John Wayne
• Conflict (1945 film), a suspense film starring Humphrey Bogart
• Judith (1966 film) or Conflict, a film starring Sophia Loren
• Samar (film) or Conflict, a 1999 Indian film by Shyam Benegal
• Conflict (TV series), a 1956 American television series
• Conflict (1978 TV series), a TVB television series

Games[edit source | editbeta]

• Conflict (board game), a Parker Brothers board game
• Conflict (video game), a 1989 Nintendo Entertainment System war game
• Conflict (series), a 2002–2008 series of war games for the PS2, Xbox, and PC
• Conflict: Middle East Political Simulator, a 1990 strategy computer game

Magazines[edit source | editbeta]

• Conflict (pulp magazine), an adventure pulp magazine from 1933-34 that published a story by Margie Harris
• Conflict (wargame magazine), a wargame magazine that included board wargames
• Conflict (fanzine), an underground art fanzine by Gerard Cosloy

Other uses[edit source | editbeta]

• Conflict (narrative), a literary element
• Conflict (air traffic control), a loss of separation between two aircraft
• Conflict (album), a 2008 album by Sy Smith
• Conflict (band), an anarcho-punk band
• HMS Conflict (1873), a schooner launched in 1873 and sold in 1882
• HMS Conflict (1894), a Conflict-class destroyer launched in 1894 and sold in 1920
• Conflict, a 1963 album by Jimmy Woods
• "Conflict", a song by Disturbed from The Sickness

See also[edit source | editbeta]

• Conflict of interest
• Conflict resolution

A connotation is a commonly understood cultural or emotional association that some word or phrase carries, in addition to the word's or phrase's explicit or literal meaning, which is its denotation.

A connotation is frequently described as either positive or negative, with regards to its pleasing or displeasing emotional connection. For example, a stubborn person may be described as being either strong-willed or pig-headed; although these have the same literal meaning (stubborn), strong-willed connotes admiration for the level of someone's will (a positive connotation), while pig-headedconnotes frustration in dealing with someone (a negative connotation).

Contrast may refer to:

• Contrast (vision), the difference in color and light between parts of an image
• Contrast (form), vertical, horizontal, concave, convex, geometric, organic, soft, hard, coarse, smooth etc.
• Contrast (linguistics), expressing distinctions between words
• Contrast (statistics), a combination of averages whose coefficients add up to zero, or the difference between two means
• Contrast (literary), describing the difference(s) between two or more entities
• Negative (positive) contrast effect, a phenomenon studied in psychology (behavior analysis)

The dénouement (pronounced /deɪnuːˈmɑ̃ː/, /deɪˈnuːmɒn/, or US /deɪːnuˈmɑ̃ː/; French: [denuˈmɑ̃]) comprises events from the end of the falling action to the actual ending scene of the drama or narrative. Conflicts are resolved, creating normality for the characters and a sense of catharsis, or release of tension and anxiety, for the reader. Etymologically, the French word dénouement is derived from the Old French word desnouer, "to untie", from nodus, Latin for "knot." It is the unraveling or untying of the complexities of a plot.

The comedy ends with a dénouement (a conclusion), in which the protagonist is better off than at the story's outset. The tragedy ends with a catastrophe, in which the protagonist is worse off than at the beginning of the narrative. Exemplary of a comic dénouement is the final scene of Shakespeare’s comedy As You Like It, in which couples marry, an evildoer repents, two disguised characters are revealed for all to see, and a ruler is restored to power. In Shakespeare's tragedies, the dénouement is usually the death of one or more characters.

Modern works may have no dénouement, because of a quick or surprise ending.

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Didacticism is a philosophy that emphasizes instructional and informative qualities in literature and other types of art. The term has its origin in the Ancient Greek word διδακτικός (didaktikos), "related to education and teaching", and signified learning in a fascinating and intriguing manner.

Didactic art was meant both to entertain and to instruct. Didactic plays, for instance, were intended to convey a moral theme or other rich truth to the audience. An example of didactic writing is Alexander Pope's An Essay on Criticism (1711), which offers a range of advice about critics and criticism. An example of didactism in music is the chant Ut queant laxis, which was used by Guido of Arezzoto teach solfege syllables.

Around the 19th century the term didactic came to also be used as a criticism for work that appears to be overly burdened with instructive, factual, or otherwise educational information, to the detriment of the enjoyment of the reader (a meaning that was quite foreign to Greek thought). Edgar Allan Poe even called didacticism the worst of "heresies" in his essay The Poetic Principle.

Dissonance has several meanings, all related to conflict or incongruity:

• Consonance and dissonance in music are properties of an interval or chord (the quality of a discord)
• Cognitive dissonance is a state of mental conflict
• Dissonance in poetry is the deliberate avoidance of assonance, i.e. patterns of repeated vowel sounds. Dissonance in poetry is similar to cacophony and the opposite of euphony.
• Dissonance (album), a 2009 album by Enuff Z'Nuff
• Cultural dissonance is an uncomfortable sense experienced by people in the midst of change in their cultural environment.

This type of irony is the device of giving the spectator an item of information that at least one of the characters in the narrative is unaware of (at least consciously), thus placing the spectator a step ahead of at least one of the characters. The OED has:

the incongruity created when the (tragic) significance of a character's speech or actions is revealed to the audience but unknown to the character concerned; the literary device so used, orig. in Greek tragedy.^[15]

According to Stanton,^[16] dramatic irony has three stages—installation, exploitation, and resolution (often also called preparation, suspension, and resolution) —producing dramatic conflict in what one character relies or appears to rely upon, the contrary of which is known by observers (especially the audience; sometimes to other characters within the drama) to be true. In summary, it means that the reader/watcher/listener knows something that one or more of the characters in the piece is not aware of.

For example:

• In City Lights the audience knows that Charlie Chaplin's character is not a millionaire, but the blind flower girl (Virginia Cherrill) believes him to be rich.^[17]
• In North by Northwest, the audience knows that Roger Thornhill (Cary Grant) is not Kaplan; Vandamm (James Mason) and his accomplices do not. The audience also knows that Kaplan is a fictitious agent invented by the CIA; Roger (initially) and Vandamm (throughout) do not.^[18]
• In Oedipus the King, the audience knows that Oedipus himself is the murderer that he is seeking; Oedipus, Creon and Jocasta do not.^[19]
• In Othello, the audience knows that Desdemona has been faithful to Othello, but Othello does not. The audience also knows that Iago is scheming to bring about Othello's downfall, a fact hidden from Othello, Desdemona, Cassio and Roderigo.^[20]
• In The Cask of Amontillado, the reader knows that Montresor is planning on murdering Fortunato, while Fortunato believes they are friends.^[21]
• In The Truman Show, the viewer is aware that Truman is on a television show, but Truman himself only gradually learns this.^[22]
• In Romeo and Juliet, the audience knows that Juliet is already married to Romeo, but her family do not. Also, in the crypt, most of the other characters in the cast think Juliet is dead, but the audience knows she only took a sleeping potion. Romeo is also under the same misapprehension when he kills himself.^[23]

M. H. Abrams notes the following three features of the dramatic monologue as it applies to poetry:

1. A single person, who is patently not the poet, utters the speech that makes up the whole of the poem, in a specific situation at a critical moment […].
2. This person addresses and interacts with one or more other people; but we know of the auditors' presence, and what they say and do, only from clues in the discourse of the single speaker.
3. The main principle controlling the poet's choice and formulation of what the lyric speaker says is to reveal to the reader, in a way that enhances its interest, the speaker's temperament and character.^[1]