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a process in which we learn and internalize the attitudes, values, beliefs and norms of our culture |
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integrates theories and research from biology and sociology in effort to better understand behavior |
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children hanging out in the wild |
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a dominant pattern of attitudes, feelings and behaviors |
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a person's conscious recognition that he or she is a distinct individual part of a larger society |
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The process in which individuals use others like mirrors and base conceptions of themselves on what is reflected back to them |
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the unsocialized self as subject |
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the socialized self as a subject |
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The self that emerges in a particular situation |
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Those groups and institutions that both informally and formally take on the task of socialization |
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The idea that much human behavior is learned from modeling others. |
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what computers and electronic telecommunications have created |
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process in which individuals move from one biological/social stage to another as they grow and develop |
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Ceremonies symbolically acknowledging transitions from one life stage to another |
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Learning of human characteristics and behaviors, development of concept of self |
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Ability to anticipate what others expect of us, acting accordingly |
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Specific people with whom we interact and whose response has meaning for us |
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The dominant attitudes and expectation of most members of society |
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Anticipatory socialization |
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Learning designed to prepare individual for fulfillment of future statuses, roles. |
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Developmental socialization |
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Learning better to fulfill the roles we already occupy. |
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"Unlearning" of previous normative expectations and roles |
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Learning a radically different set of norms, attitudes, values, beliefs and behaviors |
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Places where people carry out virtually all of their activities |
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Process in which an individual is stripped of his/her former self, publically stigmatized, assigned new identity |
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Ordered relationships and patterned expectations that guide social interaction |
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A socially defined position in a social structure |
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All of the statuses a person has at a given time |
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Two or more statuses that a society deems contradictory |
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Statuses assigned to individuals without reference to their abilities or efforts |
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Statuses secured through effort and ability |
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A status that dominates all other statuses |
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A set of expectations, rights, and duties that are attached to a particular status |
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When people play role but remain detached from it to avoid any negative aspects of the role |
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When a person's sense of identity is partially influenced by a role |
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When a role becomes central to a person's identity and the person literarlly becomes role he/she is playing |
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Multiple roles that are attached to almost every status |
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Contradictory expectations and demands attached to single role |
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When a person cannot fulfill the roles of 1 status without violating those of another |
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The total web of an indivdual's relationship and group memberships. |
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Relatively enduring clusters of values, norms, social statuses, roles and groups that address fundamental social needs |
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The mutual influence of 2 or more people on each other's behavior |
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Patterns of Social Interaction |
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Exchange, cooperation, competition, conflict, coercion. |
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The process by which we form impressions of others and ourselves |
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Static and oversimplified ideas about a group or social category |
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Behaviors influenced or shaped by presence of others |
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An area around our body that we reserve for ourselves, intimate people, and close friends |
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Personal space and non-verbal communication |
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Intimate distance, personal distance, social distance, public distance |
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The body movements, gestures and facial expressions that we use to communicate with others |
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Definition of the situation |
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Idea when people define situations as real they become real in their consequences |
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Analyzes social interaction as though participants were actors in ongoing drama |
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Ways that people use revelation and concealment to make favorable impression on others. |
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Way of analyzing "taken-for-granted" aspects that give meaning to social interaction |
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A collection of people who happen to be in the same place at the same time. |
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People with similar social characteristics or a common status |
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2 or more people who interact in patterned ways, have feelings of unity, share interests and expectations |
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People who regularly interact and have close and enduring relationships |
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Two or more people who interact on formal and impersonal basis to accomplish specific objectives. |
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Group with which people identify and have sense of belonging |
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Group that people do not identify with, consider less worthy and less desirable than own. |
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Material/symbolic devices that identify who is inside or outside of a group |
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Groups that people refer to when evaluating personal qualities, circumstances, attitudes, values and behaviors |
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decision making that ignores alternative solutions in order to maintain group harmony |
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Secondary groups that are formally organized to achieve specific goals |
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Three approaches to organizations |
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Structural functionalist, conflict, symbolic interactionism |
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Large-scale organization that uses rules, hierarchical ranking, rational worldview to achieve efficency. |
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Workers conform to rules and procedures to a degree that they become more important than goals |
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impromptu meetings of people coordinated over Internet |
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Violation of a social norm |
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Adherence to social norms. |
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guidelines that govern our thoughts, beliefs and behaviors |
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Scope of behaviors considered acceptable and defined as conformity |
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terms we apply to people and behaviors based on many circumstances |
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Any act that violates a criminal law |
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Criminal acts against people and their property that are motivated by racial and ethnic prejudices and other social biases |
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Any characteristic that sets people apart and discredits or disqualifies them from full social acceptance and participation |
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Views deviance as analogous to illness |
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Sexually explicit material intended solely for sex |
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A problem that potentially threatens society |
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View that deviance is result of tensions/strain experience by people because of social structure |
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State of social strain when people's behavior is no longer restrained |
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people accepting socially approved goals and pursuing them. |
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Conflict theories of deviance |
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View deviance as occurring when groups of power attempt to impose norms and values on less powerful groups |
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Includes all aspects of white-collar crime, deviant acts in power |
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View deviance and conformity as labels assigned to certain people |
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When individuals violate norms and viewed as deviant but rejects label. |
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Internalization of deviant label and assumption of deviant role |
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Contend all behavior (including deviance) learned through social interaction |
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Contend deviance is normal and conformity must be explained |
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Mechanisms people use to enforce prevailing social norms |
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States deviance will be dettered if - social sanctions are perceived to be certain, swift, severe. |
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Process in which people are set apart for differential treatment by virtue of statuses, roles, other social characteristics |
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Condition in which people have unequal access to wealth, power, prestige |
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Form of inequality in which categories of people systematically ranked in hierarchy on basis of access to scarce resources |
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Society with 2 distinct strata- category of people free and people legally property of others |
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Ranking is hereditary and permanent, marriage btw members of different categories is prohibited |
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Social hierachy centered on monopoly of power and ownership of land by group of elites |
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Economic factor and acheived statuses are principal means of ranking |
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A person's or family's total economic assets |
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Ability to realize one's will, even against resistance and opposition of others |
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Respect and admiration people attach to various social positions |
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Ranking that combines income, occupational prestige, level of education, neighborhood to assess people's positions in stratification |
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When people fall below minimum subsistence level and unable to function as members of society |
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Lack of resources relative to others and overall standards of society |
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Women and girls constitute a disproportionate share of the poor |
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A set of norms, beliefs, values and attiudes that trap small number of urban poor in permanent cycle of poverty |
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Opportunities for securing such things as health, education, autonomy, leisure, and long life. |
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The movement of people from one social position to another in stratification system |
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Large-scale changes in occupational, educational, corporate social strctures |
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Distinctive ways in which group members consume goods/services and display rank |
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