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Flash cards for Chp. 4-8
Flash cards for test at College of Charleston.
118
Sociology
Undergraduate 1
02/27/2011

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Term
Socialization
Definition
a process in which we learn and internalize the attitudes, values, beliefs and norms of our culture
Term
Nature
Definition
heredity
Term
Nurture
Definition
environment
Term
Sociobiology
Definition
integrates theories and research from biology and sociology in effort to better understand behavior
Term
Feral children
Definition
children hanging out in the wild
Term
Personality
Definition
a dominant pattern of attitudes, feelings and behaviors
Term
Self
Definition
a person's conscious recognition that he or she is a distinct individual part of a larger society
Term
Looking-glass self
Definition
The process in which individuals use others like mirrors and base conceptions of themselves on what is reflected back to them
Term
I
Definition
the unsocialized self as subject
Term
Me
Definition
the socialized self as a subject
Term
Situated self
Definition
The self that emerges in a particular situation
Term
Agents of socialization
Definition
Those groups and institutions that both informally and formally take on the task of socialization
Term
Social learning theory
Definition
The idea that much human behavior is learned from modeling others.
Term
Electronic republic
Definition
what computers and electronic telecommunications have created
Term
Life course
Definition
process in which individuals move from one biological/social stage to another as they grow and develop
Term
Rites of passage
Definition
Ceremonies symbolically acknowledging transitions from one life stage to another
Term
Primary socialization
Definition
Learning of human characteristics and behaviors, development of concept of self
Term
Role taking
Definition
Ability to anticipate what others expect of us, acting accordingly
Term
Significant others
Definition
Specific people with whom we interact and whose response has meaning for us
Term
Generalized others
Definition
The dominant attitudes and expectation of most members of society
Term
Anticipatory socialization
Definition
Learning designed to prepare individual for fulfillment of future statuses, roles.
Term
Developmental socialization
Definition
Learning better to fulfill the roles we already occupy.
Term
Desocialization
Definition
"Unlearning" of previous normative expectations and roles
Term
Resocialization
Definition
Learning a radically different set of norms, attitudes, values, beliefs and behaviors
Term
Total institutions
Definition
Places where people carry out virtually all of their activities
Term
Degradation ceremony
Definition
Process in which an individual is stripped of his/her former self, publically stigmatized, assigned new identity
Term
Social structure
Definition
Ordered relationships and patterned expectations that guide social interaction
Term
Status
Definition
A socially defined position in a social structure
Term
Status set
Definition
All of the statuses a person has at a given time
Term
Status inconsistency
Definition
Two or more statuses that a society deems contradictory
Term
Ascribed statuses
Definition
Statuses assigned to individuals without reference to their abilities or efforts
Term
Acheived statuses
Definition
Statuses secured through effort and ability
Term
Master status
Definition
A status that dominates all other statuses
Term
Role
Definition
A set of expectations, rights, and duties that are attached to a particular status
Term
Role distance
Definition
When people play role but remain detached from it to avoid any negative aspects of the role
Term
Role embracement
Definition
When a person's sense of identity is partially influenced by a role
Term
Role merger
Definition
When a role becomes central to a person's identity and the person literarlly becomes role he/she is playing
Term
Role set
Definition
Multiple roles that are attached to almost every status
Term
Role strain
Definition
Contradictory expectations and demands attached to single role
Term
Role conflict
Definition
When a person cannot fulfill the roles of 1 status without violating those of another
Term
Social network
Definition
The total web of an indivdual's relationship and group memberships.
Term
Social institutions
Definition
Relatively enduring clusters of values, norms, social statuses, roles and groups that address fundamental social needs
Term
Social interaction
Definition
The mutual influence of 2 or more people on each other's behavior
Term
Patterns of Social Interaction
Definition
Exchange, cooperation, competition, conflict, coercion.
Term
Social perception
Definition
The process by which we form impressions of others and ourselves
Term
Stereotypes
Definition
Static and oversimplified ideas about a group or social category
Term
Social acts
Definition
Behaviors influenced or shaped by presence of others
Term
Personal space
Definition
An area around our body that we reserve for ourselves, intimate people, and close friends
Term
Personal space and non-verbal communication
Definition
Intimate distance, personal distance, social distance, public distance
Term
Nonverbal communication
Definition
The body movements, gestures and facial expressions that we use to communicate with others
Term
Definition of the situation
Definition
Idea when people define situations as real they become real in their consequences
Term
Dramaturgy
Definition
Analyzes social interaction as though participants were actors in ongoing drama
Term
Impression Management
Definition
Ways that people use revelation and concealment to make favorable impression on others.
Term
Ethnomethodology
Definition
Way of analyzing "taken-for-granted" aspects that give meaning to social interaction
Term
Aggregate
Definition
A collection of people who happen to be in the same place at the same time.
Term
Category
Definition
People with similar social characteristics or a common status
Term
Social group
Definition
2 or more people who interact in patterned ways, have feelings of unity, share interests and expectations
Term
Primary group
Definition
People who regularly interact and have close and enduring relationships
Term
Secondary group
Definition
Two or more people who interact on formal and impersonal basis to accomplish specific objectives.
Term
In-group
Definition
Group with which people identify and have sense of belonging
Term
Out-group
Definition
Group that people do not identify with, consider less worthy and less desirable than own.
Term
Social boundaries
Definition
Material/symbolic devices that identify who is inside or outside of a group
Term
Reference groups
Definition
Groups that people refer to when evaluating personal qualities, circumstances, attitudes, values and behaviors
Term
Dyad
Definition
two-person group
Term
Triad
Definition
three-person group
Term
Groupthink
Definition
decision making that ignores alternative solutions in order to maintain group harmony
Term
Formal organizations
Definition
Secondary groups that are formally organized to achieve specific goals
Term
Three approaches to organizations
Definition
Structural functionalist, conflict, symbolic interactionism
Term
Bureaucracy
Definition
Large-scale organization that uses rules, hierarchical ranking, rational worldview to achieve efficency.
Term
Bureaucratic ritualism
Definition
Workers conform to rules and procedures to a degree that they become more important than goals
Term
Flashmobbing
Definition
impromptu meetings of people coordinated over Internet
Term
Deviance
Definition
Violation of a social norm
Term
Conformity
Definition
Adherence to social norms.
Term
Norms
Definition
guidelines that govern our thoughts, beliefs and behaviors
Term
Range of tolerance
Definition
Scope of behaviors considered acceptable and defined as conformity
Term
Deviance and conformity
Definition
terms we apply to people and behaviors based on many circumstances
Term
Crime
Definition
Any act that violates a criminal law
Term
Hate crimes
Definition
Criminal acts against people and their property that are motivated by racial and ethnic prejudices and other social biases
Term
Stigma
Definition
Any characteristic that sets people apart and discredits or disqualifies them from full social acceptance and participation
Term
Medical model
Definition
Views deviance as analogous to illness
Term
Pornography
Definition
Sexually explicit material intended solely for sex
Term
Social pathology
Definition
A problem that potentially threatens society
Term
Strain theories
Definition
View that deviance is result of tensions/strain experience by people because of social structure
Term
Anomic
Definition
State of social strain when people's behavior is no longer restrained
Term
Conformity
Definition
people accepting socially approved goals and pursuing them.
Term
Conflict theories of deviance
Definition
View deviance as occurring when groups of power attempt to impose norms and values on less powerful groups
Term
Elite deviance
Definition
Includes all aspects of white-collar crime, deviant acts in power
Term
Labeling theories
Definition
View deviance and conformity as labels assigned to certain people
Term
Primary deviance
Definition
When individuals violate norms and viewed as deviant but rejects label.
Term
Secondary deviance
Definition
Internalization of deviant label and assumption of deviant role
Term
Social learning theories
Definition
Contend all behavior (including deviance) learned through social interaction
Term
Social control theories
Definition
Contend deviance is normal and conformity must be explained
Term
Social control
Definition
Mechanisms people use to enforce prevailing social norms
Term
Deterrence theory
Definition
States deviance will be dettered if - social sanctions are perceived to be certain, swift, severe.
Term
Violent crimes
Definition
Offenses against persons
Term
Social differentiation
Definition
Process in which people are set apart for differential treatment by virtue of statuses, roles, other social characteristics
Term
Social inequality
Definition
Condition in which people have unequal access to wealth, power, prestige
Term
Social stratification
Definition
Form of inequality in which categories of people systematically ranked in hierarchy on basis of access to scarce resources
Term
Slave system
Definition
Society with 2 distinct strata- category of people free and people legally property of others
Term
Caste system
Definition
Ranking is hereditary and permanent, marriage btw members of different categories is prohibited
Term
Estate system
Definition
Social hierachy centered on monopoly of power and ownership of land by group of elites
Term
Class system
Definition
Economic factor and acheived statuses are principal means of ranking
Term
Wealth
Definition
A person's or family's total economic assets
Term
Power
Definition
Ability to realize one's will, even against resistance and opposition of others
Term
Prestige
Definition
Respect and admiration people attach to various social positions
Term
Socioeconomic status
Definition
Ranking that combines income, occupational prestige, level of education, neighborhood to assess people's positions in stratification
Term
Upper class
Definition
$150,000 or more
Term
Upper middle class
Definition
$100,000 or more
Term
Lower middle class
Definition
$30-75,000
Term
Working class
Definition
$16-30,000
Term
Absolute poverty
Definition
When people fall below minimum subsistence level and unable to function as members of society
Term
Relative poverty
Definition
Lack of resources relative to others and overall standards of society
Term
Feminization of poverty
Definition
Women and girls constitute a disproportionate share of the poor
Term
Culture of poverty
Definition
A set of norms, beliefs, values and attiudes that trap small number of urban poor in permanent cycle of poverty
Term
Life chances
Definition
Opportunities for securing such things as health, education, autonomy, leisure, and long life.
Term
Social mobility
Definition
The movement of people from one social position to another in stratification system
Term
Structural mobility
Definition
Large-scale changes in occupational, educational, corporate social strctures
Term
Lifestyles
Definition
Distinctive ways in which group members consume goods/services and display rank
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