Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| browswer, selective, eats only plants; grazer, less selective, eats plants and sediments |
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Term
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Definition
| zooplanktivores, suction, ram feeding; benthic inverts; graspers, sorters, crushers. fish feeders active pursuit, stalking, ambushing, luring |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| How its eaten: Oral manipulators |
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Definition
| scrapers: parrotfish; bite off chunks: piranha, sharks |
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Term
| How its eaten: Ram feeders |
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Definition
| predator swims through prey. continuous swimmers: strain food(small items), food not strained but still relatively small, tuna; stalkers or sit&wait:fins often arranged for acceleration:pike |
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Term
| How its eaten: Inertial suction feeders |
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Definition
| majority of fishes; items smaller than mouth |
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Term
| How its eaten: Inertial suction feeders:how its done |
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Definition
| increase volume of buccal cavity, sharks rays lower bonyfish; |
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Term
| How its eaten: Inertial suction feeders:how its done: derived teleost version |
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Definition
| elevating neurocranium, epaxial muscles dropping floow of mouth, hypaxial muscles moving sides of mouth latterally, opening operculum(these 2 r levator operculi),depression of mandible moves mandible forward, rotates permaxilla forward |
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Term
| How its eaten: Inertial suction feeders: advantages of protrusion |
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Definition
| decreasing pred/prey distance; increase suction efficiency(circular mouth);aiming;versatility.potentially high diet |
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Term
| How its eaten: Inertial suction feeders: 4 phases |
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Definition
| Preparation, expansion, compression, recovery |
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Term
| specialization vs generalization:few species specialized on single prey species |
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Definition
| one possible exception: cichlids.decoupling of maxilla and suspensorum permit greater diversification of action patterns and more specialization |
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Term
| specialization vs generalization: in environment |
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Definition
| food items fluctuate in abundance. tend to chance utilization patters. aquatic systems specialize less on food then in terrestrial sytstems |
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Term
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Definition
| as size increases, diet changes. herbivores also begin life feeding on ciliates and zooplankton |
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Term
| Teeth on jaws (advanced bony fish:lower jaw only): other head bones |
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Definition
| lower part of mouth, on tongue; upper part commonly vomer, palatine. |
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Term
| Teeth on jaws (advanced bony fish:lower jaw only): pharyngeal jaws |
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Definition
| modified gill arch elements (ceratobranchials below, bite against pharyngobranchials above) |
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Term
| Teeth on jaws (advanced bony fish:lower jaw only): tooth shape |
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Definition
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Term
| Teeth on jaws (advanced bony fish:lower jaw only): variation in function |
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Definition
| anterior to posterior; capturing anterior, processing posterior |
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Term
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Definition
| short and stubby in most piscvores; long and thin, closely spaced sieve type arrangement in planktivores; basking shark, etc. |
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Term
| Stomach: most have one, some lack (no differentiable lining) |
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Definition
| some highly muscular, gizzard like; usually u-shaped; acidic: hcl and with digestive enzyme (pepsin) acts at low pH |
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Term
| Intestine: diversity in length |
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Definition
| correlated with indigestibility;herbivores, very long; alkaline pH (7.0-9.0) |
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Term
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Definition
| in sharks, increases absorptive surface |
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Term
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Definition
| blind sacs off intestine just beyond stomach. none to thousands(tuna);may be highly branches or simple; absorptive and secretory |
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Term
| Pancreas: produces several enzymes for digestion: proteases |
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Definition
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Term
| Pancreas: produces several enzymes for digestion: amylases |
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Definition
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Term
| Pancreas: produces several enzymes for digestion: chitinases |
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Definition
| chitin breakdown (shells) |
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Term
| Pancreas: produces several enzymes for digestion: lipases |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| produces bile (lipid digestion), stores glycogen, stores lipids |
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Term
| Nutritional Needs: High protein diet |
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Definition
| carnivores 40-55% protein needed; omnivores 35-45% protein needed |
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Term
| Nutritional needs: why such high protein diet? |
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Definition
| proteins needed for growth of new tissue. proteins moderately energy-dense(dont need dense source-ecotherms); few side effects-ease of NH4+ excretion |
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Term
| Nutritional needs: fish more efficient than other verts |
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Definition
| ectothermy:cold blooded; endothermy: warm blooded; energy/matter required to counterbalance gravity. bias of a high-protein diet |
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Term
| Nutritional needs: maintenence ration (MR) |
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Definition
| amount of food needed to remain alive with no growth or reproduction |
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Term
| Nutritional needs: maintenence ration (MR): temperature dependent |
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Definition
| MR increases as temp increases |
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Term
| Nutritional needs: maintenence ration (MR): size-dependent |
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Definition
| MR decreases as size increases |
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