Term
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Definition
1) Density of fish flesh is close to density of water (800x more than air)
2) Incompressible
3) More difficult to produce sound, but it propagates further and faster
4) Conducts electricity well
5) Barrier to light: turbid, absorbing and scattering light rays. Light is selectively filtered out with depth |
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Term
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Definition
Telecephalon=Olfaction
Diencephalon=homeostasis, endocrine
Mesencephalon=vision
cerebellum=hearing, balance, lateral line
medulla oblongata=lateral line, electroreception, taste |
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Term
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Definition
1) Receptors in olfactory pits.
2) Arranged on rosette of lamellae
3) Water contains molecular cues that can enter passively or intake through pumping
4) Finding food (klinotaxis)
5) Recognition of opposite sex via pheromones
6) Warning about predators
7) Recognition of young |
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Term
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Definition
1) Receptors, taste buds found in mouth, skin, lips, fins, barbel
2) Similar properties of detection as olfaction |
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Term
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Definition
1) Receptors - eye system of retina, lens, cornea, iris
2) Pineal organ-setting circadian rhythm
3) Retina has rods for definition of brightness, cones for color/hue definition
4) Teleosts have retinal masking pigments that move according to light conditions
5) Tepetum lucidum- Reflecting layer to increase visual sensitivity by reflecting light back through lens
6) Fish from different environements have visual pigments matched to wavelengths in their environment (long wavelengths drop rapidly with depth) |
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Term
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Definition
Acousto-lateralis system
1) inner ear for hearing and balance
2) Lateral line system |
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Term
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Definition
1) Achieved through three semicircular canals filled with endolymph fluid, each with a chamber (ampulla) with gelatinous cupola attached to hair cells. (Pars superior)
2) Canals in three planes
3) Cupola partially block flow of endolymph; fish moves, endolymph lags, cupola rubs hair cell, etc.
4) One sac with otolith (lagging stone) |
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Term
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Definition
For hearing, two sacs with one otolith.
Swimbladder acts as an amplifier for sound |
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Term
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Definition
1) Provides fish with distant touch sense
2) Receptors are neuromasts-groups of hair cells
3) Neuromasts can be free or in shallow pits (canal organs)
4) Cupola responds in the same way as in balance
5) All fish have them
6) Lateral line canal=canal organs surrounded by seawatewr and endolymph
7) Cephalic lateral line-above and below eye |
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Term
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Definition
1) Receptors are specialized neuromasts, no cilia
2) On head, ventral and dorsal area
3) Detect electric stimuli from geomagnetism and tides, swimming through magnetic field, movements of many body parts, fields made by electric organs |
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Term
| Two types of electroreceptive organs |
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Definition
1) Ampullary organs: Sensitive to weak low freq. signals (0.1-50 hz)-passive electrolocation (elasmobranchs, sturgeons, dipnoi, some teleosts
2) Tuberous organs: Sensitive to EOD (elec. organ discharge) of own body, high freq: (50-2000 hz)- active location. |
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Term
| Number of Breeding Opportunities |
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Definition
1) Semelparous=spawn once then die
2) Iteroparous=multiple spawns |
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Term
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Definition
Basis of mating system is anisogymy=difference in egg and sperm sizes.
Females: Maximize resourse intake to produce eggs
Males: Maximize number of matings
Polygyny: Multiple females for one male
Polyandry: Multiple males for one female-group spawning
Monogamy: Partners stay together for extended period of time |
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Term
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Definition
Gonochorism: One sexual tissue type per individual
Hermaphroditism: Has both ovarian and testicular tissue at a time
Unisexuality: One sex |
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Term
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Definition
1) Simultaneous: Both gonadal tissues functional in one individual
2) Sequential: A switch from one gonadal tissue to another
a) Protogynous: Female first
b) Protoandrous: Male first |
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Term
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Definition
1) Parthenogenesis - Female produces only females. No males needed. One example
2) Gynogenisis - No male contribution, only egg activation
3) Hybridogenic - Male contribution is discarded each generation |
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Term
| Secondary Sexual Characteristics |
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Definition
1) Monomorphic: No obvious external differences between male and female
2) Dimorphic:
a) Permenant
b) Seasonal
c) Polymorphic |
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Term
| Mating System Determines size advantage |
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Definition
1) No size advantage and gonochorism
Long term monogamy or mass spawning
2) Male size advantage and protogyny
Large male mate monopolization:harems, defense of mating site
3) Female size advantage and protandry
Monogamy with replacement; random pairing |
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Term
| Spawning Site preparation |
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Definition
1) No preparation: most broadcast spawners
2) Benthic spawners: substrate can be rocks, plants, wood etc
3) Brood hider: Careful location but no subsequent care
4) Nests and chambers produced out of sand, pebbles, etc.
5) Male usually defends,
6) Brooders: Pouch or mouth |
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Term
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Definition
1) No care - Most common
2) Male Parental Care - More common than female care (can accomidate mult. broods)
3) Female Parental Care
a) Oviparity - nourishment from eggs
b ) Ovoviviparity - Internal fertilization (internal brooders where source of nutrition is yolk sac)
c) Viviparity - Internal fertilization where additional nutrition is provided - usually few large active young.
4) Biparental care - Rare |
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Term
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Definition
1) Anadromous - Live in saltwater, reproduce in freshwater (northern, temperate)
2) Catadromous - Live in freshwater, reproduce in saltwater (southern, tropical) |
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Term
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Definition
1) In the egg - Fertilization through the micropyle, chorion (amnyotic sac) stiffens, vertebrate cleavage
2) Hatching - Softening of chorion from enzymes
3) Developmental Scheme - After hatching is egg yolk stage, transition to feeding is highly vulnerable |
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Term
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Definition
Shoals: Groups of fish that remain together for social reasons
Schools: Synchronizes, polarized swimming groups |
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Term
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Definition
1) Visual - Conspicuous bar is common on schooling fish
2) Acoustic - Lateral line
These systems interact, blind fish or those w/o l.l can't school |
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Term
| Potential Functions of Schooling |
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Definition
1) Hydrodynamic advantage
a) Saves energy but up to 65%
b) Spacial relationships required
c) Savings not equal
d) Karmen gait (swimming motion)
2) Avoiding predation
3) Foraging advantages
4) Migration |
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