Term
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Definition
| Water is 71% of Earth's surface area. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cohesion and Adhesion are a result of water molecule structures (H2O) creates surface tension too and part of how it flows and moves between areas. |
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Term
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Definition
| It takes a lot of energy to change the temperature of water and so it can be warm outside, but the water still is cold or vice versa. |
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Term
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Definition
| Vapor, liquid, or solid. It's form is directly dependent on temperature and salinity of the water. The forms are what make the water cycle possible and water is always moving. |
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Term
*When is water most dense?*
Why is this important? |
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Definition
At 4 degrees celcious. Not 0, not 32 farenheit.
4 degrees C.
The hotter the water, the less dense it is. BUT colder than 4C it starts to freeze and trap oxygen in solid state causing it to rise and be less dense. Important for understanding stratification of bodies of water by temp and DO. |
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Term
| Universal Solvent and Leaching |
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Definition
| Dissolves almost everything over time. Rain has a pH of about 5.6 while pH of 7 is neutral. Meaning water flowing over the land and is able to break things down releasing and moving minerals and nutrients. |
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Term
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Definition
| The sun fuels the entire system and no new water is ever add. it is a closed system. The sun cause evaporation and condensation of the vapor occurs at areas of cooler temps (usually over land) and flows either on top of land or more slowly underground recharging the ocean. |
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Term
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Definition
| Evaporation directly from plants. |
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Term
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Definition
| Evaporation of snow rather than snow just melting and flowing down. |
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Term
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Definition
| Water locked in organisms bodies and not currently part of outside cycle. Super small amount of water compared to amount of water in the outside cycle. |
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Term
| Distribution of Water on Earth |
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Definition
| 97% Saline, only 3% fresh water and most of that fresh water is glacial and groundwater. Only 0.3% is surface water that we see as lakes/rivers. |
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Term
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Definition
| Areas of high elevation are recharge areas that collect percipitation and areas of low elevation are discharge areas where streams/rivers/lakes occur. Different ground structures and plant densities also affect flow of water over and through land. |
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Term
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Definition
| All the recharge areas that lead to a main discharge area. arbitrary dependening on what scale you are looking at things. One watershed can be within a larger watershed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Streams and rivers that are a resukt of water movement over changes in slope. Connects different points in the water cycle and environment. |
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Term
| Stream/Lake Classification |
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Definition
| Streams or Lakes can be organized by increasing "orders". 1st order is closest to being original source and all higher orders have more sources contributing to it. Arbitrary depending on where you determine 1st order to be. |
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Term
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Definition
| Directly related to position on landscape and groundwater composition. Always changing due to erosion and deposition. All straight rivers will become meandering over time as they erode landscape and deposit it at areas of lower slope. Faster flow, greater depth; slower flow, less depth. Curves also always more erosion on outside edge and more deposition on inside edge. |
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Term
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Definition
| Areas of high slope and very erosional and fast. |
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Term
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Definition
| Areas of smaller slope so they are slower waters and eroded material from headwaters has a chance to settle and is depositional. |
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Term
Contributions to Flow:
- Percipitation
- Interruption
- Infiltration
- Runoff
- Percolation
- Evaporation
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Definition
| Water percipitates onto land and is either infiltrateted into groundwater and percolates through ground to another water source or meets interruptions (high density plants, high slope, bedrock) and runsoff to meet a main water source. It evaporates over time to later percipitate again. |
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Term
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Definition
| Depend on outside temp (water temp) to regulate body temp. All fish are ectothermic and so water temp is an important determining factor of where they can surive. |
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Term
| Dissolved Oxygen Importance and Properties |
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Definition
| Fish only get oxygen that is dissolved in the water. Colder water holds more DO, hotter water holds less DO. Important in determining where most oxygen is depending on temp in a body of water, but other factors such as freezing, decomposition and photosynthesis make it not so simple. |
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Term
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Definition
| Nutrients loading form external sources such as organic material simply falling in, animal feces, and drowning. |
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Term
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Definition
| Nutrient loading from internal sources in the lotic system such as groundwater discharge and photosynthesis/primary production by plants inhabiting the water. |
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Term
| Lentic Systems and Limnology |
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Definition
| Lakes and the study of them. Occur in various shapes and sizes and nutrient richness. Can guess the composition of a lake based on its elevation, sources, climate, and location. |
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Term
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Definition
| How shape affects the temp., DO, carrying capacity, evaporation rates, available nutrients, etc. Measures Surface Area (SA), Volume (V), Maximum width/length, and Depth (Zmean and Zmax). |
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Term
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Definition
| How long a molecule of water stays in a certain area or body of water. Ex: Atmosphere=9 days, Deep Groundwater= 10,000 years. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fetch is the area of water the wind affects. Wind creates friction when it hits water which causes waves, but size and strength depends on shape of water body and strentgh/direction of wind. |
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Term
| Langmuir Circulation and Spirals |
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Definition
| Occur when wind blows consistently in one direction over body of water. Water as a whole moves in same direction, but spirals forward causing debris to gather in rows in direction with the wind between spirals and mixes water body. |
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Term
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Definition
| When wind is powerful and consistent enough to push the body of water up onto the opposing shore for a period of time. When wind subsides, water draws allochthonous elements from shore and introduces them to water body, adding new nutrients. Not the same as tide! |
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Term
*Stratification*
Draw the Thermal Profiles of 4 Season in lakes.
(Temp VS Depth) |
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Definition
| Water gets stratified based on temp because of the relationship between temp and density. (Colder = Denser BUT colder that 4C density starts lessening because of freezing!) Winter: Coldest(Ice) nearer surface, 4C water at deepest point. Summer: Hotter closer to surface, 4C at deepest point (slow increase). Fall: Consistent temp at all depths; water warmer from Summer. Spring: Consistent temp at all depths; water colder from Winter. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mixing of stratification by temperature during Fall and Spring when temperatures change. Wind and storms allow water to mix and reorient as temps change. Helps to mix DO levels and nutrients throughout body of water. |
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Term
| Dissolved Oxygen Stratification |
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Definition
| Technically colder water holds more DO, more decomposition and less photosynthesis occurs at greater depths reducing DO levels there. At surface, more DO from atmosphere added, and more light for photosythesis. In winter trapped algea in ice and coldest temps at surface. |
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Term
*Nutrient Cycle*
(Draw this as well.) |
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Definition
| Lakes are nutrient sinks because of how things can settle there. Phosphorous (used in ATP/DNA) and Nitrogen (amino acids/protiens) most important nutrients. Nutrients use light to photosynthesize and allocthonous debris enters at surface. Debris falls to deeper portions where decomposition releases nutirents too and nutrients leach from ground (autocthonous). Turnover mixes these nutrients. |
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Term
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Definition
| Nutrient poor, deep, pine dominated area means not a lot of different organic matter to decompose and add nutrients. Found at high elevations mostly. |
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Term
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Definition
| Good amount of nutrients. Some sediment build up, deciduous trees around and moderate depth. |
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Term
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Definition
| Nutrient rich, shallow and murky due to sediment build up, prairie surrounding, and many plants. |
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Term
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Definition
| Determines where photosynthesis occurs and amount of primary production in a body of water. |
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Term
*Primary Production*
(Name producers and equation) |
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Definition
Base of the entire food web through initial conversion of light energu to food energy through photosynthesis. By-product of oxygen helps increase DO in water. Phytoplankton/macrophytes in lakes, periphyton slime in rivers
Sunlight+Water+Carbon Dioxide+Nutrients(Nitrogen & Phosporous) = Organic Matter + Oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
| Freezes at -2C, not 0C. It is more dense than freshwater, BUT find highest salinity just at surface of ocean because evaporation leaves salt behind. Salinty changes depending on depth and global location due to currents. Ocean's salinty is NOT homogeneous. |
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Term
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Definition
| Water's solvent properties dissolved sediment that released salt, hydrothermal vents release salt into water, evaporation allows water to leave and salt remain in ocean, and there is simply more salt water on Earth than freshwater. |
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Term
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Definition
| Result of gravitational pull of moon and centripital forces. Spring tides are extreme tides caused by combined gravitional pulls of sun and moon when they are aligned. Neap tides are weak tides that occur when the sun and moon are working against each other. |
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Term
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Definition
| Work to cause major currents in the world oceans. Coriolis effect a result of Earths rotation and causes water to "drift" in a certain direction depending on the hemisphere. Convection responsible for the way heat travels in relation to the coriolis effect creating prevailing winds of the Earth. |
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Term
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Definition
| Vertical spiral of water column that from prevailing winds and deflection tendencies of coriolis effect. Helps in mixing of ocean. |
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Term
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Definition
| Not spread evenly over oceans, dependent on tilt and curvature of the Earth. Equator = hotter, poles = colder. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ice and snow has high albedo and reflects more of the suns rays than water and land which absorbs more. Global warming melting the reflective snow and ice! D: |
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Term
| Intertropical Conversion Zone |
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Definition
| Area along equator most exposed to sunlight that pumps warm water into the atmosphere through evaporation. Origin of most hurricanes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Massive current path that connects all oceans because of changes in temp from Poles to Equator causing everything to mix and keeping the seas from every being homogeneous. |
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Term
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Definition
| Circular currents that occur in every ocean. Moves things but also tends to make things get stuck in the center. |
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Term
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Definition
| Phytoplankton at surface uptake carbon through photosynthesis, then eaten by zooplankton, they both decompose and release carbon at lower depths and mixing occurs naturally throughout water. |
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Term
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Definition
| Exists in atmosphere and enters water through turbulence and is fixed by phytoplankton where it enters the food chain and is distributed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Comes from organic debris falling in but also from the weathering of rocks and sediment from acidity of water releasing it into the water. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ideal ratio of Carbon to Nitrogen to Phosphorus for a phytoplankton cell to undergo photosynthesis. Its 106:16:1, respectively. |
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Term
| Other Contributions to Nutrient Loading |
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Definition
Upwelling: wind causing surface water to deflect away from shore and lower waters replace it causing mixing and erosion.
Runoff: Sediment displaced from land and deposited by rivers and their erosion. |
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Term
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Definition
| Low light levels, cold, nutrient rich, biologically productive but mainly for microbes and plankton. |
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Term
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Definition
| Between equator and poles, moderate light levels, seasonal temperatures, nutrient rich mainly at coastlines, biologically productive. |
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Term
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Definition
| High light levels, high temperatures, nutrient poor due to lack of runoff/lots of nutrient users, biologically diverse due to coral reefs that occur near the few runoff areas. |
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Term
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Definition
| Area where two biotic communities meet based on either distance or how plants work in the environment. Highly variable areas that change regularly due to changes in environment. Creates Edge Effect where microclimates occur. (Ex:hot marsh to cool woods in a few steps.) |
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Term
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Definition
| Area of land where the soil is saturated with moisture, either permanently or seasonally. Natural filter of contaminates. Discharge area that serves as vital habitat and filtration system. Includes Bogs, Vernal Pools, Fens, and Marshes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Persipitation dominated. Exist because of a depression of the landscape that has trapped water. Not a result of runoff. Consists mainly of peat and sphagnum moss, little to no water on surface. Acidic waters due to coniferous area, low nutrients, waterlogged land, often underlain by permafrost. Occur most northernly or wetlands. |
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Term
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Definition
| Percipitation dominated. Water level fluxuates greatly with season (most water in spring, dry in the summer). Occur in depressions left by glaciers. Not fed by runoff or groundwater. Important habitat for migratory birds and occur in prairie/farm land. Occur to the North. |
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Term
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Definition
| Groundwater dominated. More nutrients, higher biodiversity, and less acidic than bogs. Form peat and can turn into bogs if too much peat builds up. Occur in northern hemisphere. |
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Term
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Definition
| Surface water dominated. Almost continually full of water and have open water. Has emergent vegetation as well as fully aquatic plants. More nutrients because of exposure to atmosphere (N) and runoff (P). Happen at coasts and important habitat for many animals. |
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Term
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Definition
- Hydrologically: Groundwater recharge/discharge. Slows flow of runoff; flood prevention.
- Nutrient Transformation: Bacteria turns inorganic nitrogen to usable nitrogen for organisms. Bacteria takes in excess phosphorus. Filters organic matter and carbon/sulfate storage. Also traps metals to eventual make micronutrients.
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Term
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Definition
| Gradient of emergent plants on shore to floating plants farther in to submerged plants. Works to filter and litter contributes to carbon source as it decomposes there. |
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Term
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Definition
| Areas of high biodiversity and niches. Many creatures depend on them for parts of their life cycles (eggs, breeding, etc.). Other larger creatures depend on them for food, safety, and migration support. Fauna poop also adds nutrients from other areas. |
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Term
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Definition
| Where fresh water runoff/rivers meet salt water and is tidal. Differences in density create clear difference in areas. |
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Term
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Definition
| The diffusion gradient of salt water when encounter fresh water. Still never homogeneous. |
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Term
Physical Processes of Coastlines
(Tide and Waves) |
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Definition
| Tides transport animals and nutrients in and out. Waves can be destructive and change coast depending on strength. (Consistent or storm.) |
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Term
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Definition
| Salt tolerant, work as filters, move nutrients, and add carbon. Ex: Phragmites, mangroves. |
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Term
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Definition
| Can have fresh and salt water fish because of salinity profile. Important nursery grounds for many fish and shrimp. Anadromous fish enter here. Birds take advantage of the ecotone between terrestrial and aquatic that happens here. Huge biodiversity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Form from a varietie of factors and are always changing. Determined by erosion and deposition based on currents, gyres, tides, geology of area, storm frequency, etc. |
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Term
Rocky Intertidal Zone
(Draw) |
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Definition
| Dynamic environment experiencing constant change, but still has zonation driven by both biotic and abiotic factors. Higher up it is saltier (salt spray) and drier (desiccation), but lower down there is more competition/predation and wave energy. Fauna adapted to deal with certain areas. (Periwinkle, limpets, lichens at top; barnacles, then mussels and some seaweeds; larger seaweeds.) |
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Term
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Definition
| Aquatic, ectotherms, utilize gills to harness DO/gas exchange, generally fusiform (football shaped), 2-chambered hearts, either bony (most fish) or cartilaginous (sharks, rays, etc.). |
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Term
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Definition
Consumptive- nutritional, cultural, liesure/hobby fishing.
NonConsumptive- Fishing for fun, to test water quality, viewing in aquarium. |
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Term
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Definition
| Know as "tail" usually and main source of thrust. |
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Term
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Definition
| Section between main body and caudal fin (tail). |
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Term
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Definition
| Fin on "dorsal" side or top of fish (it's "back"). |
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Term
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Definition
| A bony plate that covers and protects the gills. Also helps in movement of water over gills. |
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Term
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Definition
| On sides of main body behind operculum. Used for steering. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fin on bottom of main body closer to the head. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fin closest to caudal fin on bottom of fish. Directly proceeded by the anus/vent. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tiny nub of a fin behind dorsal fin on back before the caudal fin. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Cells connected to brain that can sense other fish(for schooling or hunting) that runs along the sides of the main body. |
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Term
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Definition
| Afferent Bronchial Arteries send oxygen poor blood from heart to gills. Efferent Bronchial Arteries send oxygen rich blood from gills to body. Heart pumping AND bugal pump of mouth/operculum push water over blood in gills to oxygenate it. |
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Term
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Definition
| Creates pressure gradient that filters water through brachial arteries. When mouth opens, operculum closes. Mouth closes, operculum opens and forces water out through gills. Only works in this direction, part of why fish never swim backwards. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bony structure in gills that consists of fine feathery structures called lamella that increase surface area for to extract oxygen into blood. Only one or two cells thick. |
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Term
| Adaptations to Low Dissolved Oxygen |
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Definition
- Evolved Response: Increased lamella in consistently low DO level areas.
- Behavioral Response: Being able to swim to areas of higher DO levels.
- Physiological Response: Swim more to filter more water over gills, but costs more energy.
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Term
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Definition
- Freshwater: Water trying to diffuse through osmosis into relatively "salty" fish, so they pee a TON.
- Saltwater: Water trying to diffuse through osmosis out of relatively "not salty" fish, so they drink a TON.
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Term
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Definition
| Life of a fish from birth to death. Three main stages of growth, maintenance/survival, and reproduction. Biotic and abiotic factors influence ability to focus on any one part, all about trying to maximize indiviuals "fitness" or ability to reproduce. |
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Term
| Abiotic & Biotic Factors of Life History |
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Definition
- Abiotic: Temperature is MASTER factor, determines metabolism and dissolved oxygen levels. Currents also important.
- Biotic: Amount of predators, competition, (in food, habitat, spawning areas), and prey.
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Term
Indeterminate Growth
(Draw) |
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Definition
| Growth rate NEVER plateaus. May grow at different rates when more energy is diverted to reproduction or survival, but they can grow forever. Growth usually slows down after reaching sexual maturity. |
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Term
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Definition
| How productive a female is reproductively. High fecundity=high number of eggs. The larger the female, the more eggs she can carry thus why indeterminate growth exist. |
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Term
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Definition
| Spawn only once, then you die. Usually have fewer, but larger eggs that they care for and nest build. |
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Term
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Definition
| Spawn repeatedly. Have many smaller eggs that they do not care for. |
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Term
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Definition
Egg Laying
- External fertilization from broadcasting or sperm and egg. Most common, small, numerous, not cared for.
- Internal fertilization of few large eggs, cared for by nest builders.
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Term
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Definition
| Livebearing, internal fertilization. Eggs that are never laid and instead hatch inside. Not nourished by mother, just hang out inside. Advantage: Large strong offspring. Disadvantages: Loss of mother loses all offspring, low dispersal, small numbers. |
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Term
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Definition
| Like humans, internal fertilization, young nourished directly by mother. Same advantages and disadvantages as Ovoviviparity, plus harder on mother. |
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Term
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Definition
- Gonochromism: Seperate sexes that dont change.
- Hermaphroditeism: Either protogynous (female to male) or protandrous (male to female)
- Mimics: Pretend to be a female to avoid males.
- Satellites: Hide until right as eggs released and sneak in with sperm.
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Term
| Population Demographic Metrics |
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Definition
| Age, weight, length, used to see growth, mortality, maturity, and life span. Used to get Life History of a population. |
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Term
| *Age: Direct Observation* |
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Definition
| Mark and recapture over time. But it's time consuming and not very practical. |
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Term
| *Age: Length Frequency Distribution* |
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Definition
| Measure a large number of individuals then graph for average. only works because of indeterminate growth because the bigger the fish, the older it must be. Curves for each age group should become apparent when graphed. BUT, doesn't for fish not growing evenly due to lack of food or other factors that affect growth from year to year. |
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Term
| *Age: Calcified Structures* |
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Definition
| Counting marks that occur based on growth on parts of fish. Otoliths(ear bones), operculum, vertebrea very accurate but kill fish. Scales, fin rays, etc. don't hurt fish, but could be new and not have full life history. Ring counting is subjective, and tropic fish don't have as obvious changes between seasons. |
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Term
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Definition
There is an ultimate carrying capacity, but also boom and bust cycles.
- Density-Dependent: based on factors like food vs pop.
- Density-Independent: factors that affect pop no matter what size it is. Storms, temp changes, oil spill.
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Term
| Abundance Measuring Methods |
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Definition
- Relative Estimate (Catch Per Unit Effort): Cast a net and note number caught versus time and net size.Con is no standard net size or method.
- Population Estimate (Mark-Recapture): Collect fish and mark. Catch more, determine number recaptured. Con is doesnt account for predation, migration, or human error in marking.
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Term
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Definition
Determines how much energy a fish is assigning to reproduction.
- Males: Gonadosomatic index which measures gonad size versus body size.
- Females: Count eggs in relation to fish size and measure egg size in relation to fish size.
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