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| Ancient ruins that apppear to be the first spiritual temples in history. This changed people's views on how civilizations were formed. |
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An ancient civilization that is current day day day Iraq. It means "Between Two Rivers"(Tigres and Euphrades).
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| An ancient city-state in Mesopotamia. |
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| Another City-state in Mesopotamia. |
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| A code created by Babylonians to keep order. |
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| The first form of writing created by the Sumerians. It could be used to keep trade records, create religions and a sense of law. |
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| A counting system that goes by 60's and 400's. |
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| Massive structures built in Mesopotamia. |
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| Abram was called by God to leave his father Terah's house and native land of Mesopotamia in return for a new land, family, and inheritance in Canaan, the promised land. Threats to the covenant arose – difficulties in producing an heir, the threat of bondage in Egypt, of lack of fear of God – but all were overcome and the covenant was established |
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| The religion of jewish people. |
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| King of Israel known for his wisdom. |
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| The capital and largest city in Isreal |
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| A black stoned building in Mecca that's shaped like a cube. |
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| The scared book of Islam and told Muhammad secrets. |
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| The wife of the prophet, Muhammad. She is often called the mother of islam and believed in Muhammad greatly. |
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| Night Ascension/ Night Journey |
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| A vision Muhammad has as a prophet. He is taken past heaven and flies to mecca on a camel. |
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| An old arab-non-european area. |
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| A charter created by Muhammad. |
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| Sharia (شريعة ; , "way" or "path") is the sacred law of Islam. Muslims believe Sharia is derived from two primary Sources of Islamic law, namely the divine revelations set forth in the Qur'an, and the sayings and example set by the Islamic Prophet Muhammad |
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| the religion of the Muslims, a monotheistic faith regarded as revealed through Muhammad as the Prophet of Allah. |
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| A follower of the religion of Islam. |
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| the Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca that takes place in the last month of the year, and that all Muslims are expected to make at least once during their lifetime. |
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the five pillars: profession of faith |
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The 1st pillar is Shahadah. Shahadah is to believe that there is no god but Allah and that Muhammad is his messenger.
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The 2nd pillar is Salaah. Salaah is prayers, that are performed five times a day. Prayers are led by an Imam in the Mosque. Prayers are said at dawn, mid-day, late-afternoon, sunset and nightfall. Each salaah is performed facing towards the Kaba. Salaah is compulsory on all Muslims. Children should start praying 5 times daily at the age of 10 or 12. Prayers help Muslims communicate and worship Allah. Prayers are said in Arabic and Wudhu is performed before praying to spiritual clean and purify the soul. In Salah, Muslims follow set movements called rakaahs which include kneeling, bowing down and sitting.
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the five pillars: almsgiving |
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The 3rd pillar is Zakaat. Zakaat is charity given to the poor and needy. Zakat means "purification." Each Muslim calculates his or her own zakah individually. The Prophet said, "Even meeting your brother with a cheerful face is an act of charity." The Prophet also said: "Charity is a necessity for every Muslim."
The Prophet said, "The prayer offered in congregation is twenty five times more superior (in reward) to the prayer offered alone in one's house or in a business centre."
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the five pillars: fasting
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The 4th pillar is Saum. Saum is fasting in the 9th month of the Islamic calendar. It is an obligatory act for all adults and children from the age of 10.It helps develop self-control and helps us to overcome selfishness, greed and laziness. You open your fast with a date. Muslims must abstain from food, drink, and sexual intercourse from dawn to dusk during this month. The fast is meant to remember the needy and seek nearness to Allah.
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| the five pillars: pilgrimage |
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The 5th pillar is Hajj. Hajj is to visit the Kaba, in Mecca during the Islamic month of Zul – Hijjah. It is Sunnah for all Muslims who are sane to perform Hajj at least once in their lifetime. Everyone wears white clothes to show we are all equal.
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| The Shia (Arabic: شيعة, Shīʿah) represent the second largest sect of Islam after Sunni Islam and comprise approximately 15-25% of Muslims worldwide.[citation needed] Adherents of Shia Islam are called the Shi'a as a collective or Shi'i individually.[1] "Shia" is the short form of the historic phrase Shīʻatu ʻAlī (شيعة علي), meaning "followers", "faction", or "party" of Muhammad's son-in-law and cousin Ali, whom the Shia believe to be Muhammad's successor in the Caliphate. Twelver Shia or the Ithnā'ashariyyah' is the largest branch of Shia Islam, and the term Shia Muslim often refers to the Twelvers by default. |
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| Sufis believe they are practicing ihsan (perfection of worship) as revealed by Gabriel to Muhammad: "Worship and serve Allah as you are seeing Him and while you see Him not yet truly He sees you". Sufis consider themselves as the original true proponents of this pure original form of Islam. Sufism is opposed by Wahhabi and Salafist Muslims. |
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| The House of Wisdom (Arabic: بيت الحكمة; Bayt al-Hikma) was a library, translation institute and research center established in Abbasid-era Baghdad, Iraq.[1] It was a key institution in the Translation Movement and is considered to have been a major intellectual hub during the Islamic Golden Age. |
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| Four Rightly Guided Caliphs |
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| The Rightly Guided Caliphs or The Righteous Caliphs (الخلفاء الراشدون al-Khulafā’u r-Rāshidūn) is a term used in Sunni Islam to refer to the first four caliphs after the Islamic prophet Muhammad who established the Rashidun Caliphate: Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman ibn Affan and Ali. The concept of "Rightly Guided Caliphs" originated with the later Abbasid Caliphate, which was based in Baghdad. It is a reference to the Sunni tradition, "Hold firmly to my example (sunnah) and that of the Rightly Guided Caliphs" (Ibn Majah, Abu Dawood).[1] The implication of the term is that later caliphs were less "righteous" and perhaps lesser examples of Muslim piety. |
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| Umayyad dynasty, also spelled Omayyad, the first great Muslim dynasty to rule the empire of the Caliphate (661–750 ce), sometimes referred to as the Arab kingdom (reflecting traditional Muslim disapproval of the secular nature of the Umayyad state). The Umayyads, headed by Abū Sufyān, were a largely merchant family of the Quraysh tribe centred at Mecca. They had initially resisted Islam, not converting until 627, but subsequently became prominent administrators under Muhammad and his immediate successors. In the first Muslim civil war (fitnah; 656–661)—the struggle for the caliphate following the murder of ʿUthmān ibn ʿAffān, the third caliph (reigned 644–656)—Abū Sufyān’s son Muʿāwiyah, then governor of Syria, emerged victorious over ʿAlī, Muhammad’s son-in-law and fourth caliph. Muʿāwiyah then established himself as the first Umayyad caliph. |
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| Sunni Islam (/ˈsuːni/ or /ˈsʊni/) is the largest branch of Islam; its adherents are referred to in Arabic as ahl as-sunnah wa l-jamāʻah (Arabic: أهل السنة والجماعة), "people of the tradition of Muhammad and the consensus of the Ummah" or ahl as-sunnah (Arabic: أهل السنة). For short, in English, they are known as Sunni Muslims, Sunnis, and Sunnites. Sunni Islam is the largest religious denomination in the world.[1] |
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| The Abbasid Empire[1] was the tenth of the ten great Muslim caliphates of the Arab Empire. It overthrew the Umayyad caliphs from all but Al-Andalus. It was built by the descendant of Muhammad's youngest uncle, Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib. It was created in Harran in 750 of the Christian era and shifted its capital in AD 762 from Harran to Baghdad. It flourished for two centuries. Abbasid rule was ended in 1258, when Hulagu Khan, the Mongol conqueror, sacked Baghdad. But they continued to claim authority in religious matters from their base in Egypt. |
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| Córdoba (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈkorðoβa]; Arabic: قُرطبة, DIN: Qurṭubah), also called Cordova in English,[1] is a city in Andalusia, southern Spain, and the capital of the province of Córdoba. An Iberian and Roman city in ancient times, in the Middle Ages it became the capital of an Islamic caliphate. The old town contains numerous architectural reminders of when Corduba was the capital of Hispania Ulterior during the Roman Republic and capital of Hispania Baetica during the Roman Empire; and when Qurṭubah (قرطبة) was the capital of the Islamic Caliphate of Córdoba, including most of the Iberian Peninsula. |
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| Abu Bakr as-Șiddīq (Abdullah ibn Abi Quhafa) (Arabic: عبد الله بن أبي قحافة, translit.: ʿAbd Allāh ibn Abī Quḥāfah), c.( 573 CE – 23 August 634 CE) also known as Abū Bakr (Arabic: أبو بكر, meaning Father of the Virgin) was a senior companion (Sahabi) and the father-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. He ruled over the Rashidun Caliphate from 632–634 CE when he became the first Muslim Caliph following Muhammad's death.[1] As Caliph, Abu Bakr succeeded to the political and administrative functions previously exercised by Muhammad, since the religious function and authority of prophethood ended with Muhammad's death according to Islam. He was called Al-Siddiq (The Truthful)[2] and was known by that title among later generations of Muslims. |
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| Uthman ibn Affan (Arabic: عثمان بن عفان, strict transliteration: ʻUthmān ibn ʻAffān) (577 – 20 June 656) was one of the companions of Islamic prophet, Muhammad. He played a major role in early Islamic history as the third of the Sunni Rashidun or Rightly Guided Caliphs. |
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| Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib (Arabic: علي بن أبي طالب, translit.: ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib, Arabic pronunciation: [ʕæliː ibn ʔæbiː t̪ˤæːlib]; 13th Rajab, 22 or 16 BH – 21st Ramaḍān, 40 AH; September 20, 601 or July 17, 607 or 600[6] – January 27, 661[2]) was the cousin and son-in-law of Islamic prophet Muhammad, ruling over the Islamic Caliphate from 656 to 661.[7] A son of Abu Talib,[7] Ali was also the first male who accepted Islam.[8][9] Sunnis consider Ali the fourth and final of the Rashidun (rightly guided Caliphs), while Shias regard Ali as the first Imam and consider him and his descendants the rightful successors to Muhammad, all of whom are members of the Ahl al-Bayt, the household of Muhammad. This disagreement split the Ummah (Muslim community) into the Sunni and Shia branches.[1] |
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| Muawiyah I (Arabic: معاوية ابن أبي سفيان Muʿāwiyah ibn ʾAbī Sufyān; 602 – April 29 or May 1, 680) established the Umayyad Dynasty of the caliphate,[1][2] and was the second caliph from the Umayyad clan.[3] Muawiyah became a secretary for Muhammad, and during the first and second caliphates of Abu Bakr and Umar (Umar ibn al-Khattab), fought with the Muslims against the Byzantines in Syria. Muawiyah was politically adept in dealing with the Eastern Roman Empire and was therefore made into a secretary by Muhammad.[4][5] |
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| The arabesque is a form of artistic decoration consisting of "surface decorations based on rhythmic linear patterns of scrolling and interlacing foliage, tendrils" or plain lines,[1] often combined with other elements. Within the very wide range of Eurasian decorative art that includes motifs matching this basic definition the term "arabesque" is used consistently as a technical term by art historians to describe only elements of the decoration found in two phases: Islamic art from about the 9th century onwards, and European decorative art from the Renaissance onwards (see Arabesque (European art)). Arabesques are a fundamental element of Islamic art but they develop what was already a long tradition by the coming of Islam. |
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| Aniconism is the practice of or belief in the avoiding or shunning of images of divine beings, prophets or other respected religious figures, or in different manifestations, any human beings or living creatures. The term aniconic may be used to describe the absence of graphic representations in a particular belief system, regardless of whether an injunction against them exists. The word itself derives from Greek εικων 'image' with the negative prefix an- (Greek privative alpha) and the suffix -ism (Greek -ισμος). |
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| Muqarnas (Arabic: مقرنص Persian: مقرنس) is a type of corbel employed as a decorative device in traditional Islamic and Persian architecture. The related mocárabe refers only to projecting elements that resemble stalactites, alveole.[1][2] |
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| Islam (Arabic: الإسلام al-’islām, pronounced [ʔislæːm] ( listen) is the religion articulated by the Qur’an, a book considered by its adherents to be the verbatim word of the single incomparable God (Arabic: الله, Allāh), and by the Islamic prophet Muhammad's demonstrations and real-life examples (called the Sunnah, collected through narration of his companions in collections of Hadith). The word Islam, a triliteral of the word salaam, is a homograph, having multiple meanings, including peace and surrender (to God). Adherents are known as Muslims, which is the active participle of the verb of which Islām is the infinitive. Muslims regard their religion as the completed and universal version of a monotheistic faith revealed at many times and places before, including, notably, to the prophets Abraham, Moses and Jesus. Islamic tradition holds that previous messages and revelations have been changed and distorted over time. Religious practices include the Five Pillars of Islam, which are five duties that unite Muslims into a community. Isl |
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| Jalāl ad-Dīn Muhammad Balkhī (Persian: جلالالدین محمد بلخى), also known as Jalāl ad-Dīn Muhammad Rūmī (جلالالدین محمد رومی), and more popularly in the English-speaking world simply as Rumi (30 September 1207 – 17 December 1273), was a 13th-century Persian[1][6] poet, jurist, theologian, and Sufi mystic.[7] Iranians, Turks, Afghans, Tajiks, and other Central Asian Muslims as well as the Muslims of South Asia have greatly appreciated his spiritual legacy in the past seven centuries.[8] Rumi's importance is considered to transcend national and ethnic borders. His poems have been widely translated into many of the world's languages and transposed into various formats. In 2007, he was described as the "most popular poet in America."[9 |
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| The Persian people[20] are an Iranian people who speak the modern Persian language[21] and closely akin Iranian dialects and languages.[22][23] Their origins are traced to the ancient Iranian peoples, themselves part of the Indo-Iranian branch of the greater Indo-European peoples. |
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| Medina (/mɛˈdiːnə/; Arabic: اَلْمَدِينَة اَلْمَنَوَّرَة, officially al-Madīnah al-Munawwarah, “the radiant city”, or اَلْمَدِينَة al-Madīnah, also officially transliterated as Madinah by the Saudi Government and in modern Islamic literature generally), is a modern city in the Hejaz region of western Saudi Arabia, and the capital of Al Madinah Province. An alternative name is Madinat Al-Nabi ("The City of the Prophet," i.e. Muhammad). The Arabic word madinah simply means "city." Before the advent of Islam, the city was known as Yathrib but was personally renamed by Muhammad. |
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