Term
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Definition
States are devoid of emotion.
States do not act on impulse
Decisions are made on basis of Cost-Benefit calculation.
States are rational actors who follow those actions that will maximize their national interest. |
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Term
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Definition
Foreign policies are the products of political contests among the various bureaucracies:
State, Defense, CIA, Treasury
“Where you stand depends upon where you sit.”
EX: If you are Secretary of Defense, you will probably want to go to war. |
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Term
| Standard Operating Procedures |
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Definition
Foreign Policy agencies follow SOPs
SOPs do not consider the nuances of a particular situation and thus can be counterproductive |
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Term
| Critics of Rational Theory |
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Definition
Foreign policy is not necessarily created by a rational deliberative process.
Foreign policy is greatly influenced by:
Political competition between agencies.
Standard Operating Procedures |
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Term
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Definition
October 1962: US discovered that the Soviet Union had placed nuclear missiles in Cuba.
90 miles from the shores of the United States
US policy in the Cuban Missile Crisis did not follow the rational actor theory, but Bureaucratic Politics and SOPs. |
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Term
| SOPs and the Cuban Missile Crisis |
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Definition
US Navy forces Soviet subs to surface.
-Contests between doves and hawks influenced JFK's decision making
Navy fails to move ships.
Surgical strike not presented to JFK
Air Force had not prepared.
Soviet anti-aircraft gunner shoots down US plane. |
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Term
| Individual Decision Making |
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Definition
Foreign policy is made by a single individual – the Head of State
US: The President
IDM is applicable for autocracies. |
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Term
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Definition
| Foreign policy is influenced by actors across society, both inside and outside of govt. |
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Term
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Definition
Foreign policy is made by a small group of policy leaders.
Ex: National Security Council (photo below)
Positives: Efficiency, Secrecy
Negatives: “Groupthink” – Pressure to conform is higher in small groups. Alternatives not considered. |
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Term
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Definition
Foreign policy made by a set of elites.
“Foreign Policy Establishment”
Larger set than small group – hundreds.
Current and former foreign policy officials
Current and retired military leaders
Academics
Business and cultural leaders. |
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Term
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Definition
Realism:
National interests (read: power, wealth) should be pursued w/o regard to morality.
Liberalism:
Morality is an essential component of foreign policy.
National interests are not defined by power alone but by American values, including peace, human rights, democracy. |
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Term
| Unilateralism vs. Multilateralism |
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Definition
| Act alone or in concert with others |
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Term
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Definition
Isolationist Model
Military Isolation - Passivism
Economic Isolation – Anti Globalization
Exemplar Model:
Morality matters, though US should promote democracy by example only.
Internationalism threatens to destroy democracy and intensify economic inequality.
Position of the Anti Globalization Movement. |
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Term
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Definition
Focuses on economics.
Position of MNCs.
Isolationism in military affairs.
Internationalism and Multilateralism in Economics.
Pro Globalization
Opposes moralism in foreign policy.
Especially in economic relations. |
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Term
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Definition
Foreign Policy Moralism
Promotion of democracy and human rights should be a major component of US foreign policy.
Military force may be needed to uphold democracy and HR.
Pro Economic Globalization
Military and Economic Internationalism.
US should foster intl orgs (Multilateralism) |
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Term
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Definition
Military Internationalism
Military employed only to benefit US
Opposes Foreign Policy Moralism
Jus in Bello or Jus ad Bellum
Little concern for civilian casualties.
Economic Isolationism
Strict Unilateralism |
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Term
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Definition
A recent major historical event can greatly influence judgments about future events.
1930s: Evoked Set – WWI
Paradigm: Isolationism
Contributed to WWII
Cold War: Evoked Set – WWII
Paradigm: Interventionism
Contributed to Vietnam |
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Term
| President's Foreign Policy Powers |
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Definition
Commander in Chief
Make Treaties
Appoint Ambassadors
Appoint Leaders of Foreign Policy Agencies
Secretary of State, Sec of Defense |
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Term
| Congress' Foreign Policy Powers |
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Definition
Declare War
Ratify Treaties
Allocate Money
Military, Intelligence Agencies, State Department
Decide Foreign Aid
Advise, Consent
Secretary of State, Sec of Defense
Regulate Foreign Trade |
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Term
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Definition
Congress Cedes power to president because:US Activism in Global Affairs Expanded Exponentially
Belief: Central Direction Needed in US Foreign Policy |
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Term
| Authorizing Military Force |
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Definition
WWII – President seeks Declaration of War from Congress.
Circumventing Congress:
Korean War – Truman unilaterally enters US into war.
Bay of Pigs
Vietnam |
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Term
| National Security Council |
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Definition
Established By National Security Act of 1947
-Greater centralization of foreign policy under the President.
National Security Advisor (NSA)
Directs NSC staff
Direct Advisor to President on Foreign Policy Matters
Works directly in the White House
President’s principal foreign policy advisory body.
Sec of State, Defense, DNI, NSA, Treasury, Chair JCS |
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Term
| Independent President Personality |
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Definition
Strong need for power
Independent decision maker
Distrusts others
Nationalistic
Strong belief in ability to control outcomes.
Thinks in terms of dichotomies. |
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Term
| Participatory Presdiential Personality |
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Definition
Less need for power.
Participatory decision maker
Includes others in the decision making process.
Less Nationalistic
Believes that state has an uncertain ability control outcomes.
Demonstrates conceptual complexity. |
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Term
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Definition
Zealous beliefs can cause individuals to discount all evidence that contradicts their views.
Ex: President Bush was told there were no Weapons of Mass Destruction, but he continued the way in iraq |
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Term
| Presidential Management Styles |
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Definition
-Hub in Wheel: relies on many sources for advice. Informal management style. Positives; President gains more objective and balanced advice, negatives; leaks
-Pyramid: Advice is centralized.A single or few advisors. Positives;more effecient, fewer leaks. Negatives;president can have narrow perspective. Single advisor can weed out conflicting points of view |
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Term
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Definition
- Sets broad foreign policy.
- Implementation left to others.
- Little Oversight
Ex: Ronald Reagan
Positives:
Efficient
Allows experts to do what they do best.
Negatives:
Minimal oversight can allow irrational policies to develop.
Rogue actors take advantage. |
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Term
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Definition
Set broad policy, but also directly involved in tactical areas of implementation.
Ex: LB Johnson
Positives:
Oversight prevents rogue actors and irrational policies.
Negatives:
Less efficient
Can alienate |
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Term
| Roles of Foreign Policy Agencies |
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Definition
Intelligence Collection
Analysis
Communication
Implement Policy
Independently make policy decisions at microlevel. |
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Term
| Secretary of State Philosophies |
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Definition
Agent for the President
Condoleezza Rice w/Bush
Advocate for the State Dept and US National Interests
Collin Powell w/Bush |
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Term
| Diminution of State Dept Influence |
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Definition
State Department is not as influential as in 1940s (under Marshall)
Why?
National Security Council
Critiqued for:
Risk Adverse Positions
Accusation: “Captured” by Foreign Interests. |
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Term
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Definition
-Revolution in organization of US military.
-Pre WWII:
-War Department
-Department of Navy
-Little central coordination of military branches
-Created Position of Sec of Defense
Civilian director of the military.
Created Dept of Air Force
Created the Joint Chiefs of Staff
JCS: The chiefs of staff of the mil branches met regularly to coordinate military planning.
Chairman of JCS – Principal mil adv to Pres.
1949 - Defense Dept Created
Civilian agency to direct the military. |
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Term
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Definition
1986 – Strengthened the power of the Chairman of the Joint Chief of Staff.
Passed to overcome the coordination problems exp in Lebanon, Grenada in 1983 |
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Term
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Definition
Intelligence:
Information that can be acted upon to protect and promote national security and other national interests.
Mission of Intelligence Agencies:
Collection, Analysis, and Action |
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Term
| Director of National Intelligence |
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Definition
Coordinates activities and analysis of intelligence agencies, so that intelligence is integrated and shared.
Directs all intelligence agencies.
Lead intelligence advisor to President.
Budgetary authority over other agencies.
Current DNI: Adm. Dennis Blair |
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